GeGeGe no Kitarō explained

Ja Kanji:ゲゲゲの鬼太郎
Type:manga
Author:Shigeru Mizuki
Publisher:Kodansha
Imprint:Shōnen Magazine Comics
Magazine:Weekly Shōnen Magazine
First:1960
Last:1969
Volumes:9
Type:tv series
Music:Taku Izumi
Studio:Toei Animation
Network:FNS (Fuji TV)
First:January 3, 1968
Last:March 30, 1969
Episodes:65
Episode List:List of GeGeGe no Kitarō (1968) episodes
Type:tv series
Music:Taku Izumi
Studio:Toei Animation
Network:FNS (Fuji TV)
First:October 7, 1971
Last:September 28, 1972
Episodes:45
Episode List:List of Gegege no Kitaro episodes#1971
Type:tv series
Music:Masahiro Kawasaki
Studio:Toei Animation
Network:FNS (Fuji TV)
First:October 12, 1985
Last:March 21, 1988
Episodes:115
Episode List:List of GeGeGe no Kitarō (1985) episodes
Type:tv series
Director:Daisuke Nishio[1]
Music:Kaoru Wada
Studio:Toei Animation
Network:FNS (Fuji TV)
First:January 7, 1996
Last:March 29, 1998
Episodes:114
Episode List:List of Gegege no Kitaro episodes#1996
Type:tv series
Director:Yukio Kaizawa[2]
Music:Katsumi Horii
Studio:Toei Animation
Network:FNS (Fuji TV)
First:April 1, 2007
Last:March 29, 2009
Episodes:100
Episode List:List of GeGeGe no Kitarō (2007) episodes
Type:tv series
Hakaba Kitaro
Director:Kimitoshi Chioki[3]
Music:Kaoru Wada
Studio:Toei Animation
Network:Fuji TV (Noitamina)
First:January 10, 2008
Last:March 20, 2008
Episodes:11
Episode List:Hakaba Kitarō (TV series)
Type:live film
Kitaro
Director:Katsuhide Motoki
Producer:Chihiro Kameyama
Music:Yūta Nakano
Studio:Shochiku
Runtime:105 minutes
Type:live film
Kitaro and the Millennium Curse
Director:Katsuhide Motoki
Studio:Shochiku
Runtime:115 minutes
Type:Film
GeGeGe no Kitarō: Explosive Japan!!
Director:Gō Koga[4]
Music:Seiji Yokoyama
Studio:Toei Animation
Released:December 13, 2008
Runtime:85 minutes
Episode List:List of Gegege no Kitaro episodes
Type:tv series
Director:Kōji Ogawa
Studio:Toei Animation
Licensee:Crunchyroll
Network:FNS (Fuji TV)
First:April 1, 2018
Last:March 29, 2020
Episodes:97
Episode List:List of GeGeGe no Kitarō (2018) episodes
Anime film
Content:
  • (2023)

, originally known as, is a Japanese manga series created in 1960 by Shigeru Mizuki. It is best known for its popularization of the folklore creatures known as, a class of spirit-monster which all of the main characters belong to. This story was an early 20th-century Japanese folk tale performed on . It has been adapted for the screen several times, as anime, live action, and video games. The word in the title is similar to Japanese sound symbolism for a cackling noise but refers to Mizuki's childhood nickname,[5] a mispronounciation of his given name.

Selections of the manga and the theatrical live-action films have been published in English, simply titled Kitaro. The 2018 anime series is streamed with English subtitles as GeGeGe no Kitaro. The publisher of the North American English manga is Drawn & Quarterly.

Plot

GeGeGe no Kitarō focuses on the young Kitarō—the last survivor of the Ghost Tribe—and his adventures with other ghouls and strange creatures of Japanese mythology. Along with: the remains of his father, Medama-Oyaji (a mummified Ghost tribesman reincarnated to inhabit his old eyeball); Nezumi-Otoko (the rat-man); Neko-Musume (the cat-girl) and a host of other folkloric creatures, Kitarō strives to unite the worlds of humans and Yōkai.

Many storylines involve Kitarō facing off with myriad monsters from other countries, such as the Chinese vampire Yasha, the Transylvanian Dracula IV, and other such non-Japanese creations. In addition to this, Kitarō also locks horns with various malevolent who threaten the balance between the Japanese creatures and humans.

Some storylines make overt reference to traditional Japanese tales, most notably the folk tale of Momotarō, in which the young hero defends a Japanese territory from demons with the help of the native animals. The Kitarō series draws a great deal of influence from this story, with Kitarō and his friends driving a group of Western ghouls away from an island.

While the character of Kitarō in GeGeGe no Kitarō is a friendly boy who genuinely wants the best outcome for humans and alike, his earlier incarnation in Hakaba Kitarō portrays him as a much more darkly mischievous character. His apparent lack of empathy for humans combined with his general greed and desire for material wealth drives him to act in an unbecoming manner towards the human characters—often deceptively leading them into nightmarish situations or even to hell itself.

Characters

Kitarō is a boy born in a cemetery and, aside from his mostly decayed father, the last living member of the . His name, rendered with the character for (a kind of ogre-like) can be translated as "Demon Boy"—a name which references both his human and heritage. He is missing his left eye, but his hair usually covers the empty socket. He fights for peace between humans and, which generally involves protecting the former from the wiles of the latter. When questioned in the 2007 movie, Kitarō responds that he is three hundred and fifty years old. In the 1985 series, he is half-human on his mother's side. As a member of the Ghost Tribe, Kitarō has an assortment of powers and weapons.
  • While his powers are featured prominently in the GeGeGe no Kitarō series, Hakaba Kitarō plays down Kitarō's supernatural abilities. Beyond having the power to travel through hell unharmed with the help of his Chanchanko, as well as the ability to regenerate from almost any injury (as evidenced when his body is recoverable after being dissolved by Johnny in the Fog), his powers are more of deception than of fighting prowess: something much more in line with traditional characters.
    Medama-oyaji is Kitarō's father. Once a fully-formed adult ghost, he perished from a disease, only to be reborn out of his decayed body as an anthropomorphic version of his own eyeball. He looks small and fragile, but has a strong spirit and a great love for his son. He is also extremely knowledgeable about ghosts and monsters. He enjoys staying clean, and is often seen bathing in a small bowl. He has a great love for sake.
  • In the 2002 Kodansha International Bilingual Comics edition and in Crunchyroll's subtitled version of the 2018 anime, he is referred to as "Daddy Eyeball".
    Nezumi Otoko is a rodent-like –human half-breed. He has been alive for three hundred and sixty years, and in that time has almost never taken a bath, rendering him filthy, foul-smelling, and covered in welts and sores. While he is usually Kitarō's friend, Nezumi Otoko will waste no time cooking up vile schemes or betraying his companions if he thinks there's money to be had or a powerful enemy to side with. He claims to be a college graduate of the . He can immobilize even the strongest that accost him with a pungent flatulence attack. And, akin to cats and mice, he and Nekomusume cannot stand being around each other.
  • Nezumi Otoko first appears in the story "The Lodging House" (rental manga version) as Dracula IV's minion.
  • In the 2002 Kodansha International Bilingual Comics edition and in Crunchyroll's subtitled version of the 2018 anime, he is referred to as "Ratman".
    A normally quiet half-human girl, who shapeshifts into a frightening catlike monster with fangs and feline eyes when she is angry or hungry for fish. Predictably, she does not get along well with Nezumi-Otoko. She seems to harbor a slight crush on Kitarō, who sees her only as a friend. In recent iterations (possibly due to the recent anime phenomenon of fanservice), she is very fond of human fashion and is seen in different outfits and uniforms. She bears some resemblance to the of Japanese folklore.
  • Neko Musume first appears in the story "Neko-Musume and Nezumi-Otoko" (Weekly Shōnen Magazine version); however, another cat-girl named simply "" appears in the earlier stories "The Vampire Tree and the Neko-Musume" and "A Walk to Hell" (rental version).
  • In the 2002 Kodansha International Bilingual Comics edition and in Crunchyroll's subtitled version of the 2018 anime, she is referred to as "Catchick".
    (Japanese)
  • Sunakake Babaa is an old human-like woman who carries sand which she throws into the eyes of enemies to blind them. She serves as an advisor to Kitarō and his companions, and manages a apartment building. The original sunakake-baba is an invisible sand-throwing spirit from the folklore of Nara Prefecture.
  • Sunakake babaa first appears in a cameo as one of many attending a party in the story "A Walk to Hell" (rental version) before making a more prominent appearance in "The Great Yōkai War" (Shōnen Magazine version).
  • In the 2002 Kodansha International Bilingual Comics edition and in Crunchyroll's subtitled version of the 2018 anime, she is referred to as the "Sand Witch".
    (Japanese)
  • Konaki Jijii is a comic, absent-minded old human-like man who attacks enemies by clinging to them and turning himself to stone, increasing his weight and mass immensely and pinning them down. He and Sunakake Babaa often work as a team. The original konaki jijii is a ghost which is said to appear in the woods of Tokushima Prefecture in the form of a crying infant. When it is picked up by some hapless traveller, it increases its weight until it crushes him.
  • Konaki Jijii first appears in a cameo as one of many attending a party in the story "A Walk to Hell" (rental version) before making a more prominent appearance in "The Great Yōkai War" (Shōnen Magazine version).
  • In the 2002 Kodansha International Bilingual Comics edition and in Crunchyroll's subtitled version of the 2018 anime, he is referred to as "Old Man Crybaby".
    Ittan Momen is a flying resembling a strip of white cloth. Kitarō and friends often ride on him when traveling. The original is a spirit from Kagoshima Prefecture myth which wraps itself around the faces of humans in an attempt to smother them.
  • Ittan Momen first appears in the story "The Great Yōkai War" (Shōnen Magazine version).
  • In the 2002 Kodansha International Bilingual Comics edition and in Crunchyroll's subtitled version of the 2018 anime, he is referred to as "Rollo Cloth".
    Nurikabe is a large, sleepy-eyed, wall-shaped, who uses his massive size to protect Kitarō and his friends. The original nurikabe is a spirit which blocks the passage of people walking at night.
  • Nurikabe first appears in a cameo as one of many attending a party in the story "A Walk to Hell" (rental version) before making a more prominent appearance in "The Great Yōkai War" (Shōnen Magazine version).
  • In the 2002 Kodansha International Bilingual Comics edition and in Crunchyroll's subtitled version of the 2018 anime, he is referred to as "Wally Wall".
    Kitarō's old rival, he is depicted as an old man who comes at other people's houses and drinks their tea. He is also a member of the Gazu Hyakki Yagyō, and Nurarihyon has a member he always uses named Shu no Bon.
  • Back Beard is the boss of the Western and Kitarō's second greatest foe after Nurarihyon. He is loosely based on the bugbear. He is a giant, round shadow with a single large eye in the center and several tentacles extending from his body. He appeared most prominently in the story "The Great Yōkai War", where he rallied all the Western into a war against the Japanese . He used his hypnotic powers to make Nezumi Otoko betray Kitarō and later hypnotized Kitarō himself. He has since appeared semi-regularly throughout the franchise.

    • Media

    Kamishibai

    The Kitarō story began life as a in 1933, written by and illustrated by . Itō's version was called ; the title is generally written in katakana to distinguish it from Mizuki's version of the tale.

    According to Itō, her Kitarō was based on local legends describing the same or similar stories.[6] It is also said to be a loose reinterpretation of the similar Japanese folktale called the or, which were inspired by Chinese folklore from 12th to 13th centuries.[7]

    In 1954, Mizuki was asked to continue the series by his publisher, Katsumaru Suzuki.

    Manga

    Kitarō of the Graveyard was published as a rental manga in 1960, but it was considered too scary for children. In 1965, renamed to Hakaba no Kitarō, it appeared in Shōnen Magazine (after one of the editors came across the kashibon and offered Mizuki a contract)[8] and ran through 1970. The series was renamed GeGeGe no Kitarō in 1967 and continued in Weekly Shōnen Sunday, Shōnen Action, Shukan Jitsuwa and many other magazines.[9] [10] [11]

    In 2002, GeGeGe no Kitarō was translated by Ralph F. McCarthy and compiled by Natsuhiko Kyogoku for Kodansha Bilingual Comics. Three bilingual (Japanese–English) volumes were released in 2002.[12] [13] [14]

    Since 2013, compilation volumes of selected manga chapters from the 1960s have been published by Drawn & Quarterly, with English translations by Zack Davisson and an introduction by Matt Alt in the first compilation volume.[15] Drawn & Quarterly later published a large collection of Kitaro manga under the title Kitaro, with Jocelyne Allen as the translator. Zack Davisson wrote the volume's afterword.[16]

    Anime

    Seven anime adaptations were made from Mizuki's manga series. They were broadcast on Fuji Television and animated by Toei Animation.

    The opening theme to all six series is "Gegege no Kitarō", written by Mizuki himself. It has been sung by Kazuo Kumakura (1st, 2nd), Ikuzo Yoshi (3rd), Yūkadan (4th), Shigeru Izumiya (5th), the 50 Kaitenz (6th) and Kiyoshi Hikawa (7th). The song was also used in the live-action films starring Eiji Wentz. In the first film, it was performed by Wentz' WaT partner Teppei Koike.

    In January 2008, the sixth anime series (also produced by Toei) premiered on Fuji TV during the late night hours in the Noitamina block. This anime uses the original manga title,,[17] and unlike the usual anime versions, it is closer to Mizuki's manga and is not part of the existing remake canon. It also features a completely different opening theme song ("Mononoke Dance" by Denki Groove) and ending theme song ("Snow Tears" by Shoko Nakagawa).

    A seventh series, announced in early 2018,[18] directed by Kōji Ogawa and written by Hiroshi Ohnogi started airing on Fuji TV on April 1, 2018, to celebrate the anime's 50th anniversary. The series concluded on March 29, 2020, as it entered its final arc, the "Nurarihyon Arc", on October 6, 2019.[19] It streamed on Crunchyroll, making it the first Kitarō anime to be available in North America.[20]

    An English dub aired as Spooky Kitaro on Animax Asia. The 2008 anime was released with English subtitles on DVD in Australia.

    GeGeGe no Kitarō series

    No.RunEpisodesSeries direction
    1January 3, 1968 – March 30, 196965
    2October 7, 1971 – September 28, 197245
    3October 12, 1985 – March 21, 1988115Osamu Kasai, Hiroki Shibata
    4January 7, 1996 – March 29, 1998114Daisuke Nishio
    5April 1, 2007 – March 29, 2009100Yukio Kaizawa
    6April 1, 2018 – March 29, 202097Kōji Ogawa
    Total1968 – 2020536-

    Films

    1968 series
    1971 series
    1985 series
    1996 series
    2007 series
    2018 series
    Other

    Live-action films

    Two live-action films have been released. The first one, Kitaro (released in Japan as), was released on April 28, 2007. It stars Eiji Wentz as Kitarō and Yo Oizumi as Nezumi Otoko.[22] The film follows Kitarō as he tries to save a young high school girl, Mika Miura, while also trying to stop the powerful "spectre stone" from falling into the wrong hands. The live-action film makes extensive use of practical costumes and CG characters to depict the cast of .

    The second film,, was released on July 12, 2008. Wentz reprised his role as Kitarō.[23] [24] It follows Kitarō and his friends as they try to solve a 1000-year-old curse that threatens the life of his human companion Kaede Hiramoto.

    Video games

    See also

    Further reading

    External links

    Notes and References

    1. Web site: Ge-Ge-Ge No Kitaro 4. Toei Animation. ja. January 19, 2018. January 19, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180119235210/http://lineup.toei-anim.co.jp/ja/tv/kitaro_4th/staff/. live.
    2. Web site: Ge-Ge-Ge No Kitaro 5. Toei Animation. ja. January 19, 2018. January 19, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180119235148/http://lineup.toei-anim.co.jp/ja/tv/kitaro/staff/. live.
    3. Web site: http://www.toei-anim.co.jp/tv/hakaba/cast/index.html. ja:墓場鬼太郎. Toei Animation. ja. January 19, 2018. January 8, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150108100017/http://www.toei-anim.co.jp/tv/hakaba/cast/index.html. live.
    4. Web site: ja:劇場版 ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 日本爆裂！！. March 30, 2016. https://www.toei-video.co.jp/catalog/dutd02961/. Toei Video Co.,LTD.. November 16, 2018. April 7, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190407133021/https://www.toei-video.co.jp/catalog/dutd02961/. live.
    5. Web site: Kinokuniya Web Store. July 21, 2022. July 21, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220721040457/https://www.kinokuniya.co.jp/c/20110320000620.html. live .
    6. Web site: Takoshima. Sunao. ja:もう一人の鬼太郎とその原像 ──伊藤正美作「墓場奇太郎」をめぐって──. http://kiyou.lib.agu.ac.jp/pdf/kiyou_02F/02__34F/02__34_41%28192%29.pdf. Aichi Gakuin University Library and Information Center. September 20, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20210801103105/http://kiyou.lib.agu.ac.jp/pdf/kiyou_02F/02__34F/02__34_41(192).pdf. August 1, 2021. ja.
    7. Book: Katō, Tōru. ja: 怪力乱神. Supernatural Things. August 2007. Chuokoron-Shinsha. 978-4-12-003857-0. 228–231. ja.
    8. Web site: "Kitaro" (1968). Brubaker, Charles. Cartoon Research. June 11, 2014. September 29, 2016. October 2, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161002093811/http://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/kitaro-1968/. live.
    9. Web site: ja:ゲゲゲの鬼太郎. https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/C92324. Media Arts Database. Agency for Cultural Affairs. September 20, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230920061932/https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/C92324. September 20, 2023. ja. live.
    10. Web site: ja:ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 スポーツ狂時代. https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M212433. Media Arts Database. Agency for Cultural Affairs. September 20, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230920062653/https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M212433. September 20, 2023. ja. live.
    11. Web site: ja:複数社から発売された『墓場鬼太郎（ゲゲゲの鬼太郎）』を振り返る. https://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/10947549/. via Livedoor News. September 20, 2023. ja. December 13, 2015. September 20, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230920063707/https://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/10947549/. live.
    12. Web site: Thompson, Jason. Jason Thompson (writer). Jason Thompson's House of 1000 Manga - Shigeru Mizuki. Anime News Network. September 20, 2023. May 3, 2012. March 25, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230325235818/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/house-of-1000-manga/2012-05-03. live.
    13. Web site: ja:ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 1 [講談社バイリンガル・コミックス]. https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M361912. Media Arts Database. Agency for Cultural Affairs. September 20, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230920062942/https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M361912. September 20, 2023. ja. live.
    14. Web site: ja:ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 3 [講談社バイリンガル・コミックス]. https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M361890. Media Arts Database. Agency for Cultural Affairs. September 20, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230920062952/https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M361890. September 20, 2023. ja. live.
    15. Web site: The Birth of Kitaro. https://web.archive.org/web/20150907130206/https://drawnandquarterly.com/birth-kitaro. 2015-09-07. Drawn & Quarterly. September 29, 2016. live.
    16. Web site: Kitaro. Drawn and Quarterly. 2023-03-11. March 11, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230311060527/https://drawnandquarterly.com/books/kitaro/. live.
    17. Web site: Hakaba Kitaro DVD | Siren Visual. 2017-08-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20160324214527/http://sirenvisual.com.au/index.php/shop/hakaba-kitaro-dvd.html. 2016-03-24. dead .
    18. Web site: Shigeru Mizuki's Kitarō Gets 'New Project' for Anime's 50th Anniversary . Anime News Network. January 2, 2018. January 2, 2024.
    19. Web site: Current GeGeGe no Kitaro Anime Ends in March After 2 Years. Anime News Network. en. 2020-01-21. March 24, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200324112044/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-01-21/current-gegege-no-kitaro-anime-ends-in-march-after-2-years/.155594. live.
    20. Web site: Hodgkins. Crystalyn. Crunchyroll Adds New GeGeGe no Kitarō Anime. Anime News Network. March 31, 2018. en. March 31, 2018. April 8, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180408020238/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-03-31/crunchyroll-adds-new-gegege-no-kitaro-anime/.129792. live.
    21. Web site: Kitarō Tanjō: Gegege no Nazo Film Reveals New Visual, Fall 2023 Debut. 2022-03-06. Anime News Network. March 6, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220306180446/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-03-06/kitaro-tanjo-gegege-no-nazo-film-reveals-new-visual-fall-2023-debut/.183291. live.
    22. Web site: ja:ゲゲゲの鬼太郎. http://db.eiren.org/contents/01050586201.html. Eiren Database. Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan, Inc.. September 20, 2023. ja. November 28, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221128150205/http://db.eiren.org/contents/01050586201.html. live.
    23. Web site: Loo. Egan. 2nd Live-Action Gegege no Kitaro Film's Trailer Posted. Anime News Network. September 20, 2023. June 20, 2008. December 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221208221347/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-06-20/2nd-live-action-gegege-no-kitaro-film-trailer-posted. live.
    24. Web site: ja:ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 千年呪い唄. http://db.eiren.org/contents/01050651001.html. Eiren Database. Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan, Inc.. September 20, 2023. ja. November 25, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201125104421/http://db.eiren.org/contents/01050651001.html. live.
    25. Web site: ja:ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 妖怪大魔境. https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M727722. Media Arts Database. Agency for Cultural Affairs. September 20, 2023. ja. January 9, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220109213131/https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M727722. live.
    26. Web site: ja:ゲゲゲの鬼太郎2 妖怪軍団の挑戦. https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M727592. Media Arts Database. Agency for Cultural Affairs. September 20, 2023. ja. September 20, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230920073811/https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M727592. live.
    27. Web site: ja:ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 復活! 天魔大王. https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M748016. Media Arts Database. Agency for Cultural Affairs. September 20, 2023. ja. September 20, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230920073811/https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M748016. live.
    28. Web site: ja:ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 妖怪ドンジャラ. https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M748017. Media Arts Database. Agency for Cultural Affairs. September 20, 2023. ja. September 20, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230920073811/https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M748017. live.
    29. Web site: ja:ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 妖怪創造主現る!. https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M748018. Media Arts Database. Agency for Cultural Affairs. September 20, 2023. ja. September 20, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230920073812/https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M748018. live.
    30. Web site: ja:ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 幻冬怪奇譚. https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M748015. Media Arts Database. Agency for Cultural Affairs. September 20, 2023. ja. September 20, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230920073812/https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M748015. live.
    31. Web site: ja:ゲゲゲの鬼太郎. https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M748009. Media Arts Database. Agency for Cultural Affairs. September 20, 2023. ja. September 20, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230920074327/https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M748009. live.
    32. Web site: ja:必殺パチンコステーションnow5 ゲゲゲの鬼太郎. https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M765500. Media Arts Database. Agency for Cultural Affairs. September 20, 2023. ja. September 20, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230920074340/https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M765500. live.
    33. Web site: ja:妖怪花あそび. https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M766560. Media Arts Database. Agency for Cultural Affairs. September 20, 2023. ja. September 20, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230920074314/https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M766560. live.
    34. Web site: ja:ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 逆襲! 妖魔大血戦. https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M748014. Media Arts Database. Agency for Cultural Affairs. September 20, 2023. ja. September 20, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230920074331/https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M748014. live.
    35. Web site: ja:ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 異聞妖怪奇. http://www.jp.playstation.com/Item/2/6156059.html. PlayStation. September 20, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20040408181647/http://www.jp.playstation.com/Item/2/6156059.html. April 8, 2004. ja.
    36. Web site: ja:ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 危機一発! 妖怪列島. https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M748012. Media Arts Database. Agency for Cultural Affairs. September 20, 2023. ja. September 20, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230920074408/https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M748012. live.
    37. Web site: ja:ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 妖怪大運動会. https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M748019. Media Arts Database. Agency for Cultural Affairs. September 20, 2023. ja. September 20, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230920074314/https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M748019. live.
    38. Web site: ja:ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 妖怪大激戦. https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M748020. Media Arts Database. Agency for Cultural Affairs. September 20, 2023. ja. September 20, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230920074816/https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/id/M748020. live.
    39. Book: Matsunomoto, Kazuhiro. The Gamera Chronicles. 1996. Takeshobo. 104–1605. 9784812401668.
    40. Book: ja:甦れ!妖怪映画大集合!!. 2005. Takeshobo. 97, 116–119. 9784812422656.
    41. Book: Minemori, Hirokazu. – Side Story: Heian Hyakkitan. 2021. Kadokawa Shoten. 265–271. 9784049139068.
    42. Book: Kyogoku, Natsuhiko. Natsuhiko Kyogoku. Uso Makoto Yōkai Hyaku Monogatari. 2018. Kadokawa Shoten. 373–375, 392. 9784041074343.

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