Gatineau Explained

Gatineau
Official Name:Ville de Gatineau
Settlement Type:City
Image Blank Emblem:Gatineau Logo.svg
Blank Emblem Type:Logo
Nickname:G-town
Motto:Fortunae meae, multorum faber[1] ("Maker of my fate and that of many others")
Pushpin Map:Canada Quebec
Pushpin Label Position:top
Pushpin Map Caption:Location of Gatineau in Quebec
Coordinates:45.4833°N -114°W
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name:Canada
Subdivision Type1:Province
Subdivision Type2:Region
Subdivision Type3:RCM
Subdivision Name1:Quebec
Subdivision Name2:Outaouais
Subdivision Name3:None
Established Date:1806
Established Title1:Constituted
Established Date1:1 January 2002
Government Type:Gatineau City Council
Leader Title:Mayor
Leader Name:Maude Marquis-Bissonnette
Area Total Km2:381.30
Area Land Km2:341.84
Area Urban Km2:549.49
Area Metro Km2:8046.99
Population Total:291,041 (18th)
Population As Of:2021
Population Density Km2:851.4
Population Urban:1068821 (6th)
Population Density Urban Km2:1945.1
Population Metro:1,488,307 (4th)
Population Density Metro Km2:185.0
Population Blank1 Title:Pop 2011–2016
Population Blank1: 5.4%
Population Blank2 Title:Dwellings
Population Blank2:125608
Postal Code Type:Postal code(s)
Postal Code:J8L, J8M, J8P, J8R, J8T, J8V, J8X to J8Z, J9A, J9H to J9J, various K1A (Government Offices)
Area Codes:819, 873, 468
Leader Title2:Federal riding
Leader Name2:Gatineau / Hull—Aylmer / Pontiac / Argenteuil—La Petite-Nation
Leader Title3:Prov. riding
Leader Name3:Chapleau / Gatineau / Hull / Papineau / Pontiac
Area Metro Footnotes:[2]
Timezone:EST
Utc Offset:−5
Timezone Dst:EDT
Utc Offset Dst:−4
Blank1 Name Sec1:GDP Per Capita
Blank1 Info Sec1:CAD$ 38 079 (2018)

Gatineau (; in French ɡatino/) is a city in southwestern Quebec, Canada. It is located on the northern bank of the Ottawa River, immediately across from Ottawa, Ontario. Gatineau is the largest city in the Outaouais administrative region of Quebec and is also part of Canada's National Capital Region. As of 2021, Gatineau is the fourth-largest city in Quebec with a population of 291,041,[3] and it is part of the Ottawa-Gatineau census metropolitan area with a population of 1,488,307 making it the fourth largest in Canada.[4] [5] [6]

Gatineau is coextensive with a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality (TE) and census division (CD) of the same name, whose geographical code is 81. It is the seat of the judicial district of Hull.[7]

It is also the most bilingual (French-English) city in Canada.[8]

Toponomy

In 1613, during his first passage on the Ottawa River, the great explorer Samuel de Champlain was the first European to speak of "the river that comes from the north", traveled for millennia by Aboriginals, but he did not name it. In 1721, Canadian surveyor Noël Beaupré recorded the river, but did not give it a name. In short, the name Gatineau was not used in New France.[9]

In fact, it was not until 1783 that the river was mentioned as Lettinoe in a report by Lieutenant David Jones to the Governor of Quebec, Sir Frederic Haldimand. In 1817, a map by Theodore Davis shows Gatteno, a name taken up with Gatino, Gateno and Gattino on plans by Philemon Wright, the founder of Hull Township, and by Lieutenant-Colonel John By, the engineer responsible for building the Rideau Canal.

It was not until 1821 that the name Gatineau first appeared on a map of Nepean Township, Ontario. The same name appears again on William Henderson's map of 1831, and on another drawn thirty years later by surveyor Thomas Devine. Thereafter, the river was always referred to as the Gatineau.

There are two hypotheses to explain the origin of the city's name. It would be either of Indigenous origin or of French origin:

  1. The name of the river and the city would come from the Anishinaabemowin (language of the Algonquin Anishinaabeg) Tenagatino Zibi, according to the elders of Kitigan Zibi.[10]
  2. In his 1889 article published in the Echo de la Gatineau,[11] Benjamin Sulte wrote: "One hundred years ago, the Gatineau family was extinct, or thereabouts; it is hardly likely that we waited for its disappearance to consecrate the memory of the three or four fur traders it produced. The custom must have been established during the lifetime of these men, and because they traded in these places. Of the latter fact, for instance, I am not certain." In his own words, Sulte writes that he is creating a myth and that the story that the Gatineau family gave the river its name is a myth, invented by Sulte himself. According to Sulte, the name Gatineau comes from the Gastineau family - not Gatineau - one of its members, Nicolas Gastineau sieur Duplessis (1627-1689).[12] [13]

History

Prior to European settlement, the Gatineau area was inhabited by the Algonquin people which is part of the larger Anishinaabe.[14] The current city of Gatineau is centred on an area formerly called Hull. It is the oldest European colonial settlement in the National Capital Region, but this area was essentially not developed by Europeans until after the American Revolutionary War, when the Crown granted land through the Leaders and Associates [15] program of the Lower Canada Executive, which brought settlement in the Ottawa Valley.[16]

Hull was founded on the north shore of the Ottawa River in 1800 by Philemon Wright at the portage around the Chaudière Falls, just upstream (or west) from the confluence of the Gatineau and Rideau rivers with the Ottawa River. Wright brought his family, four other families, and twenty-five (or 33, according to Philemon's own conflicting reports) labourers[17] with the hope of establishing an agricultural community, but by 1806, Wright and his family took advantage of the large forest stands and began the Ottawa River timber trade, floating the first square timber raft down the Ottawa River to Québec City. For a while, the industry was under a monopoly known as the Gatineau Privilege. The original settlement was called Wright's Town, Lower Canada, and was later renamed as Hull, when it was incorporated in 1875. Bytown, founded in 1832, stood across the river from Wright's Town. In 2002, after amalgamation, Hull became part of a larger jurisdiction named the City of Gatineau.

In 1820, before immigrants from Ireland and Great Britain arrived in great numbers, Hull Township had a population of 707, including 365 men, 113 women, and 229 children. The high number of men were related to workers in the lumber trade. In 1824, there were 106 families and 803 persons. During the rest of the 1820s, the population of Hull doubled, with the arrival of Protestant immigrants from Ulster, now Northern Ireland. By 1851, the population of the County of Ottawa was 11,104, of which 2,811 lived in Hull. By comparison, Bytown had a population of 7,760 in 1851. By 1861, Ottawa County had a population of 15,671, of which 3,711 lived in Hull.

Gradually French Canadians also migrated to the township; their proportion of the population increased from 10% in 1850, to 50% in 1870, and 90% in 1920.[18] Industrial development in the mid-nineteenth century attracted large numbers of French-Canadian workers to Hull.

The Gatineau River, like the Ottawa River, was a basic transportation resource for the draveurs, timber rafters who transported logs via the rivers from lumber camps to downriver destinations. (The Gatineau River flows south into the Ottawa River, which flows east to the St. Lawrence River near Montreal.) The log-filled Ottawa River, as viewed from Hull, was featured on the back of the Canadian one-dollar bill; the paper money was replaced by a dollar coin (the "loonie") in 1987. The last of the dwindling activity of the draveurs on these rivers ended a few years later.

Very little remains of the original 1800 settlement of Hull because the oldest sectors of the town were destroyed by several fires, especially the destructive fire in 1900. The fire also seriously damaged the pont des Chaudières (Chaudière Bridge), but the bridge was rebuilt to join Ottawa to Hull at Victoria Island.

In the 1940s, during World War II, Hull, along with various other regions within Canada, such as Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, and Île Sainte-Hélène, was the site of prisoner-of-war camps.[19] Hull's prison was identified only by a number, as were Canada's other war prisons.[19] [20] The prisoners of war (POWs) were organized by nationality and status: civilian or military status.[19] In the Hull camp, POWs were mostly Italian and German nationals who were detained by the government as potential threats to the nation during the war. As a result of the Conscription Crisis of 1944, Canadians who had refused conscription were also interned in the camp.[19] The prisoners were required to perform hard labour, which included farming and lumbering the land.[19]

During the 1970s and early 1980s, the decaying old downtown core of Hull was redeveloped. Old buildings were demolished and replaced by a series of large office complexes. In addition some 4,000 residents were displaced, and many businesses uprooted along what was once the town's main commercial area.[21]

On 11 November 1992, Ghislaine Chénier, Mayor by interim for the city of Hull, unveiled War Never Again, a marble stele monument that commemorates the cost of war for the men, women and children of Hull.[22]

Geography

Gatineau is located in southwestern Quebec, on the northern bank of the Gatineau River. It is situated at an elevation of around 50 m (164.042 ft)[23] The Gatineau Hills are the foothills of the Laurentian Mountains and located in the region. It is also the location of the second largest urban park in the world. They supply great skiing and snowboarding opportunities within minutes of the city. Gatineau is situated close to where the Canadian shield and the Saint Lawrence Lowlands intersect. The area has several major fault lines[24] and small earthquakes do occur somewhat regularly, on average, there are at least one earthquake of intensity III or higher once every three years in Ottawa-Gatineau. The most memorable being the 2010 Central Canada earthquake that occurred in Quebec. The epicentre was situated approximately 56 kilometres (35 mi) north of Ottawa, Ontario, in the municipality of Val-des-Bois, Quebec.

The city is covered in parks and green spaces. The beautiful Gatineau Park occupies almost 360 square kilometers of forest. The park offers hiking, biking, cross-country skiing and beaches. The Ottawa and Gatineau Rivers flow through Gatineau and Gatineau offers boat rides on the Ottawa River.[25] Gatineau Park has 165 km of pathways and more than 200 km of groomed cross-country ski trails, making it one of the largest trail networks in North America.[26]

Hydrography

Gatineau's entire territory is drained by the Ottawa River, the main tributary of the St. Lawrence. The river marks the city's southern boundary. To the southwest, it widens to form Lac Deschênes. The city is also crossed by several rivers: the Gatineau, the Lièvre and the Blanche. The territory is also criss-crossed by a dozen streams, including the ruisseau de la Brasserie, which forms an island in the downtown area.

There are several lakes in Gatineau, the most notable of which are Lac Leamy, Lac Beauchamp, Lac des Fées, Lac de la Carrière and Lac Pink. Pink is one of the few meromictic lakes in North America.

Climate

Gatineau has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb)[27] with four distinct seasons and is between Zones 5a and 5b on the Canadian Plant Hardiness Scale.[28] The climate in Gatineau is cold and temperate. Gatineau receives significant precipitation, even during the driest month. The average temperature in this city is 6.5 °C (43.7 °F).[29]

Summer lasts from the end of June to the end of September. The precipitation peaks in June, with an average of 102 mm.[30] From 21 May to 18 September, the warm season lasts 3.9 months, with an average daily high temperature above 20 °C. July is the hottest month in Gatineau, with average highs of 26 °C and lows of 15 °C.

The cold season lasts 3.2 months, from 3 December to 11 March, with an average daily high temperature of less than 1 degree Celsius. January is the coldest month in Gatineau, with an average low of -15 °C and a high of -5 °C.

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Ville de Gatineau (1933–1974) – Armoiries . 19 June 2013 . 8 August 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140808110743/http://www.ville.gatineau.qc.ca/docs/histoire_cartes_statistiques/archives/docs/Gat33_armoi.htm . live .
  2. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=50524&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Ottawa%20-%20Gatineau%20[Quebec%20part]&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=505&TABID=1 Ottawa – Gatineau (Quebec part) (Census metropolitan area), 2011 Census profile
  3. Web site: 2021 Census . Statistics Canada . 9 February 2022 . Government of Canada . 25 August 2022 . 25 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220825105106/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=gatineau&DGUIDlist=2021A00053506008,2021A00052481017&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 . live .
  4. Web site: Census Profile, 2016 Census – Ottawa – Gatineau (Quebec part) [Census metropolitan area], Quebec and Quebec [Province]]. Canada. Government of Canada, Statistics. www12.statcan.gc.ca. 8 February 2017. en. 2 June 2017. 7 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200807011333/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=24505&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=ottawa&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1. live.
  5. Web site: Census Profile, 2016 Census – Ottawa – Gatineau [Census metropolitan area], Ontario/Quebec and Ontario [Province]]. Canada. Government of Canada, Statistics. www12.statcan.gc.ca. 8 February 2017. en. 22 June 2017. 24 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190924035827/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=505&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=ottawa&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1. live.
  6. Web site: 2021 CMA Census . Statistics Canada . 9 February 2022 . Government of Canada . 25 August 2022 . 25 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220825105107/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=gatineau&DGUIDlist=2021A00053506008,2021S0503505&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 . live .
  7. http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/D_11/D11_A.HTM Territorial Division Act
  8. Web site: Government of Canada . Statistics Canada . 21 June 2023 . English–French bilingualism in Canada: Recent trends after five decades of official bilingualism . 17 November 2023 . www12.statcan.gc.ca.
  9. Web site: L'origine incertaine du toponyme Gatineau - French . 17 November 2023 . L'info de la vallee.
  10. Rick Henderson, https://www.capitalchronicles.ca/post/gatineau-paddling-through-the-history-of-a-river-s-name www.capitalchronicles.ca, 13 novembre 2021
  11. Benjamin Sulte, « Gatineau », L'Écho de la Gatineau, 6 juillet 1889, http://data2.collectionscanada.ca/001094/pdf/18890706-echo-de-la-gatineau-pointegatineau.pdf, pg. 1 and 2
  12. Rick Henderson, https://www.capitalchronicles.ca/post/gatineau-paddling-through-the-history-of-a-river-s-name, 31 novembre 2021
  13. Commission de toponymie du Québec — ville de Gatineau [archive], https://toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/fiche.aspx?no_seq=24715
  14. Web site: Gatineau . 2024-03-30 . www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca . en.
  15. Web site: Leaders and Associates – the unique land grant system of early Lower Canada . 19 November 2020 . 27 March 2023 . 27 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230327191011/https://jchmhistorian.com/2020/11/18/leaders-and-associates-the-unique-land-grant-system-of-early-lower-canada/ . live .
  16. http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/wright_philemon_7E.html, 3rd & 4th paragraphs
  17. John H. Taylor, Ottawa: An Illustrated History, James Lorimer & Company, Publishers, Toronto, 1986, p.11
  18. Martin, Michael, Working Class Culture and the Development of Hull QC p. 48, 2006.
  19. Tremblay, Robert, Bibliothèque et Archives Canada, et al. "Histoires oubliées – Interprogrammes : Des prisonniers spéciaux" Interlude. Aired: 20 July 2008, 14h47 to 15h00.
  20. Note: See also List of POW camps in Canada.
  21. Harold Kalman and John Roaf, Exploring Ottawa: An Architectural Guide to the Nation's Capital. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1983. p. 88
  22. Web site: 'War Never Again' memorial. National Defence Canada. 16 April 2008. 22 May 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140523230653/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/nic-inm/sm-rm/mdsr-rdr-eng.asp?PID=4166. 23 May 2014. dead.
  23. Web site: Carte topographique Gatineau, altitude, relief . 17 November 2023 . Cartes topographiques . fr.
  24. Web site: 14 April 2009 . Urban Geology of the National Capital Area – Bedrock topography . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110518182649/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/urbgeo/natcap/bed_topo_e.php . 18 May 2011 . 20 August 2010 . Gsc.nrcan.gc.ca .
  25. Web site: George . 14 March 2015 . Historique de la ville de Gatineau . 27 February 2023 . Histoire du Québec . fr-CA . 27 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230227143501/https://histoire-du-quebec.ca/gatineau/ . live .
  26. Web site: Why Gatineau? . 17 November 2023 . Why Gatineau? . en-CA.
  27. Web site: June 2005 . Climatic Regions [Köppen] ]. live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120403011507/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/archives/3rdedition/environment/climate/030 . 3 April 2012 . 25 December 2012 . Atlas of Canada . Natural Resources Canada.
  28. Web site: phz1981-2010 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180807130053/http://planthardiness.gc.ca/?lang=en&m=24&speciesid=1000000&phz=phz1981-2010&bc=1 . 7 August 2018 . 14 December 2018 . Canada's Plant Hardiness Site . Natural Resources Canada.
  29. Web site: Gatineau climate: Weather Gatineau & temperature by month . 17 November 2023 . en.climate-data.org.
  30. Web site: Gatineau Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Canada) - Weather Spark . 17 November 2023 . weatherspark.com . en.
  31. Web site: National Capital Act (Consolidated federal laws of Canada) . Justice Canada . September 30, 2013 . March 15, 2024.
  32. Web site: Referendums of June 20, 2004 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060629/http://www.electionsquebec.qc.ca/english/tables/result-referendum-2004.php . 4 March 2016 . 19 February 2017 . Directeur-Général des Élections.
  33. Web site: Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), Quebec . . 9 February 2022 . 29 August 2022 . 13 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230213130057/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000202&geocode=A000224 . live .
  34. Web site: 1 March 2007 . Ottawa – Gatineau (Que. part – Partie Qc) . 6 February 2008 . Census Metropolitan Area of Residence 5 Years Ago (37), Mother Tongue (8), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (9), Age Groups (16) and Sex (3) for the Inter-Census Metropolitan Area Migrants Aged 5 Years and Over of Census Metropolitan Areas, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data . Statistics Canada . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731233440/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2006&PID=89182&GID=843983&METH=1&APATH=3&PTYPE=88971&THEME=71&AID=&FREE=0&FOCUS=&VID=0&GC=99&GK=NA&RL=0&d1=0&d2=0&d3=0&d4=0 . live .
  35. Web site: 1 March 2007 . Ottawa – Hull (Que. part – Partie Qc) . 6 February 2008 . Visible Minority Groups (15) and Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas 1 and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census – 20% Sample Data . Statistics Canada .
  36. Web site: 15 January 2008 . Ottawa – Gatineau (Que. part – Partie Qc) . 6 February 2008 . Aboriginal Identity (8), Sex (3) and Age Groups (12) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data . Statistics Canada .
  37. Web site: 4 December 2007 . Ottawa – Gatineau (Que. part – Partie Qc) . 6 February 2008 . Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (8) and Place of Birth (261) for the Immigrants and Non-permanent Residents of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data . Statistics Canada .
  38. Web site: Government of Canada . Statistics Canada . 27 October 2021 . Census Profile, 2016 Census . 12 January 2023 . www12.statcan.gc.ca . 28 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230828223202/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=2481017&Geo2=CD&Code2=2481&SearchText=Gatineau&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0 . live .
  39. Web site: Government of Canada . Statistics Canada . 27 November 2015 . NHS Profile . 12 January 2023 . www12.statcan.gc.ca . 28 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230828223205/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=2481017&Data=Count&SearchText=Gatineau&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 . live .
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  43. Web site: 20 November 2007 . Ottawa – Gatineau (Que. part – Partie Qc) . 6 February 2008 . Detailed Mother Tongue (186), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 and 2006 Censuses – 20% Sample Data . Statistics Canada .
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  54. Web site: À propos • Centre Slush Puppie • Aréna multidisciplinaire . 17 November 2023 . Centre Slush Puppie . fr-FR.
  55. Web site: History and Recognitions . Casino Lac-Leamy Sound of Light . 19 July 2018 .
  56. Web site: Gatineau Playground Festival . 17 November 2023 . quebecgetaways.com.
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