Gary Ruvkun Explained

Gary Ruvkun
Birth Date:26 March 1952[1]
Birth Place:Berkeley, California, U.S.[2]
Workplaces:University of California, Berkeley
Harvard University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Massachusetts General Hospital
Alma Mater:University of California, Berkeley (BA)
Harvard University (PhD)
Thesis Title:The molecular genetic analysis of symbiotic nitrogen fixation (NIF) genes from rhizobium meliloti
Thesis Url:https://www.proquest.com/docview/303226138/
Thesis Year:1982
Doctoral Advisor:Frederick Ausubel

Gary Bruce Ruvkun (born March 26, 1952) is an American molecular biologist and Nobel laureate at Massachusetts General Hospital and professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School in Boston.[3]

Ruvkun discovered the mechanism by which lin-4, the first microRNA (miRNA) discovered by Victor Ambros, regulates the translation of target messenger RNAs via imperfect base-pairing to those targets, and discovered the second miRNA, let-7, and that it is conserved across animal phylogeny, including in humans. These miRNA discoveries revealed a new world of RNA regulation at an unprecedented small size scale, and the mechanism of that regulation. Ruvkun also discovered many features of insulin-like signaling in the regulation of aging and metabolism.

He was elected a Member of the American Philosophical Society in 2019. Ruvkun was awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation.[4]

Early life and education

Ruvkun was born into a Jewish family, the son of Samuel and Dora (née Gurevich) Ruvkun.[5]

Ruvkun received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) with a major in biophysics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1973. He received a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in biophysics from Harvard University in 1982.[6] He conducted his doctoral studies in the laboratory of Frederick M. Ausubel, where he investigated bacterial nitrogen fixation genes. Ruvkun completed postdoctoral research with Robert Horvitz at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Walter Gilbert of Harvard.[7]

Research

miRNA lin-4

Ruvkun's research revealed that the miRNA lin-4, a 22 nucleotide regulatory RNA discovered in 1992 by Victor Ambros' lab, regulates its target mRNA lin-14 by forming imperfect RNA duplexes to down-regulate translation. The first indication that the key regulatory element of the lin-14 gene recognized by the lin-4 gene product was in the lin-14 3’ untranslated region came from the analysis of lin-14 gain-of-function mutations which showed that they are deletions of conserved elements in the lin-14 3’ untranslated region. Deletion of these elements relieves the normal late stage-specific repression of LIN-14 protein production, and lin-4 is necessary for that repression by the normal lin-14 3' untranslated region.[8] [9] In a key breakthrough, the Ambros lab discovered that lin-4 encodes a very small RNA product, defining the 22 nucleotide miRNAs. When Ambros and Ruvkun compared the sequence of the lin-4 miRNA and the lin-14 3’ untranslated region, they discovered that the lin-4 RNA base pairs with conserved bulges and loops to the 3’ untranslated region of the lin-14 target mRNA, and that the lin-14 gain of function mutations delete these lin-14 complementary sites to relieve the normal repression of translation by lin-4. In addition, they showed that the lin-14 3' untranslated region could confer this lin-4-dependent translational repression on unrelated mRNAs by creating chimeric mRNAs that were lin-4-responsive. In 1993, Ruvkun reported in the journal Cell on the regulation of lin-14 by lin-4.[10] In the same issue of Cell, Victor Ambros described the regulatory product of lin-4 as a small RNA.[11] These papers revealed a new world of RNA regulation at an unprecedented small size scale, and the mechanism of that regulation.[12] [13] Together, this research is now recognized as the first description of microRNAs and the mechanism by which partially base-paired miRNA::mRNA duplexes inhibit translation.[14]

microRNA, let-7

In 2000, the Ruvkun lab reported the identification of second C. elegans microRNA, let-7, which like the first microRNA regulates translation of the target gene, in this case lin-41, via imperfect base pairing to the 3’ untranslated region of that mRNA.[15] [16] This was an indication that miRNA regulation via 3’ UTR complementarity may be a common feature, and that there were likely to be more microRNAs. The generality of microRNA regulation to other animals was established by the Ruvkun lab later in 2000, when they reported that the sequence and regulation of the let-7 microRNA is conserved across animal phylogeny, including in humans.[17]

miRNAs and siRNAs

When siRNAs of the same 21-22 nucleotide size as lin-4 and let-7 were discovered in 1999 by Hamilton and Baulcombe in plants,[18] the fields of RNAi and miRNAs suddenly converged. It seemed likely that the similarly sized miRNAs and siRNAs would use similar mechanisms. In a collaborative effort, the Mello and Ruvkun labs showed that the first known components of RNA interference and their paralogs, Dicer and the PIWI proteins, are used by both miRNAs and siRNAs.[19] Ruvkun's lab in 2003 identified many more miRNAs,[20] [21] identified miRNAs from mammalian neurons,[22] and in 2007 discovered many new protein-cofactors for miRNA function.[23] [24] [25]

C. elegans metabolism and longevity

Ruvkun's laboratory has also discovered that an insulin-like signaling pathway controls C. elegans metabolism and longevity. Klass[26] Johnson[27] and Kenyon[28] showed that the developmental arrest program mediated by mutations in age-1 and daf-2 increase C. elegans longevity. The Ruvkun lab established that these genes constitute an insulin like receptor and a downstream phosphatidylinositol kinase that couple to the daf-16 gene product, a highly conserved Forkhead transcription factor.[29] Homologues of these genes have now been implicated in regulation of human aging.[30] These findings are also important for diabetes, since the mammalian orthologs of daf-16 (referred to as FOXO transcription factors) are also regulated by insulin.[31] The Ruvkun lab has used full genome RNAi libraries to discover genes that regulate aging and metabolism. Many of these genes are broadly conserved in animal phylogeny and could be targeted in diabetes drug development.[32]

SETG: The Search for Extraterrestrial Genomes

The Ruvkun lab in collaboration with Maria Zuber at MIT, Chris Carr (now at Georgia Tech), and Michael Finney (now a San Francisco biotech entrepreneur) has been developing protocols and instruments that can amplify and sequence DNA and RNA to search for life on another planet that is ancestrally related to the Tree of Life on Earth.[33] The Search for Extraterrestrial Genomes, or SETG, project has been developing a small instrument that can determine DNA sequences on Mars (or any other planetary body), and send the information in those DNA sequence files to Earth for comparison to life on Earth.[34]

Innate immune surveillance

In 2012, Ruvkun made an original contribution to the field of immunology with the publication of a featured paper in the journal Cell describing an elegant mechanism for innate immune surveillance in animals that relies on the monitoring of core cellular functions in the host, which are often sabotaged by microbial toxins during the course of infection.[35]

Microbial life beyond the Solar System

In 2019, Ruvkun, together with Chris Carr, Mike Finney and Maria Zuber,[36] presented the argument that the appearance of sophisticated microbial life on Earth soon after it cooled, and the recent discoveries of Hot Jupiters and disruptive planetary migrations in exoplanet systems favors the spread of DNA-based microbial life across the galaxy. The SETG project is working to have NASA send a DNA sequencer to Mars to search for life there in the hope that evidence will be uncovered that life did not arise originally on Earth, but elsewhere in the universe.[37]

Published articles and recognition

As of 2018, Ruvkun has published about 150 scientific articles. Ruvkun has received numerous awards for his contributions to medical science, for his contributions to the aging field[38] and to the discovery of microRNAs.[39] He is a recipient of the Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research,[40] the Gairdner Foundation International Award, and the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science.[41] Ruvkun was elected as a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2008.[42]

Awards

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Who are Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun, winners of 2024 Nobel Prize in Medicine? . October 7, 2024 . Hindustan Times . en-US . October 7, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241007203753/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/who-are-victor-ambros-and-gary-ruvkun-2024-nobel-prize-in-medicine-winners-101728293721820.html . live .
  2. Who's Who in America 66th edition. Vol 2: M–Z. Marquis Who's Who, Berkeley Heights 2011, p. 3862
  3. Nair . P.. 10.1073/pnas.1111960108. Profile of Gary Ruvkun. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2011. 21844349. 3174634 . 108 . 37 . 15043–5. 2011PNAS..10815043N . free.
  4. Web site: Press release: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2024 . October 7, 2024 . NobelPrize.org . en-US . October 8, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241008022805/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2024/press-release/ . live .
  5. Web site: Jewish Nobel Prize Winners in Medicine . October 7, 2024 . www.jinfo.org . August 4, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240804124114/https://www.jinfo.org/Nobels_Medicine.html . live .
  6. Web site: PI BIO . October 7, 2024 . Center for Computational and Integrative Biology . October 8, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241008022650/https://ccib.mgh.harvard.edu/ruvkun . live .
  7. Web site: Harvard Medical School faculty page . February 6, 2009 . February 3, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090203235730/http://www.hms.harvard.edu/dms/bbs/fac/ruvkun.html . live .
  8. 1916265. 1991. Arasu . P.. Wightman . B.. Ruvkun . G.. Temporal regulation of lin-14 by the antagonistic action of two other heterochronic genes, lin-4 and lin-28. 5. 10. 1825–1833. Genes & Development. 10.1101/gad.5.10.1825. free.
  9. 1916264. 1991. Wightman . B.. Bürglin . T. R.. Gatto . J.. Arasu . P.. Ruvkun . G.. Negative regulatory sequences in the lin-14 3'-untranslated region are necessary to generate a temporal switch during Caenorhabditis elegans development. 5. 10. 1813–1824. Genes & Development. 10.1101/gad.5.10.1813. free.
  10. 8252622. 1993. Wightman . B.. Ha . I.. Ruvkun . G.. Posttranscriptional regulation of the heterochronic gene lin-14 by lin-4 mediates temporal pattern formation in C. Elegans. 75. 5. 855–862. Cell. 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90530-4. free.
  11. 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90529-Y . 1993 . The C. Elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14 . Cell . 75 . 5 . 843–854 . 8252621 . Lee . R. C. . Feinbaum . R. L. . Ambros . V.. free .
  12. 1742500. 1991. Ruvkun. G. Wightman. B. Bürglin. T. Arasu. P. Dominant gain-of-function mutations that lead to misregulation of the C. Elegans heterochronic gene lin-14, and the evolutionary implications of dominant mutations in pattern-formation genes. 1. 47–54. Development. Supplement.
  13. 2565854. 1989. Ruvkun . G.. Ambros . V.. Coulson . A.. Waterston . R.. Sulston . J.. Horvitz . H. R.. Molecular Genetics of the Caenorhabditis Elegans Heterochronic Gene Lin-14. 121. 3. 501–516. 1203636. Genetics. 10.1093/genetics/121.3.501.
  14. 15055593. 2004. Ruvkun . G.. Wightman . B.. Ha . I.. The 20 years it took to recognize the importance of tiny RNAs. 116. 2 Suppl. S93–S96, 2 S96 following S96. Cell. 10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00034-0. 17490257. free.
  15. 2000 . The 21-nucleotide let-7 RNA regulates developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans . Nature . 403 . 6772 . 901–906 . 10706289 . Reinhart . B. J. . Slack . F. J. . Basson . M. . Pasquinelli . A. E. . Bettinger . J. C. . Rougvie . A. E. . Horvitz . H. R. . Ruvkun . G. . 10.1038/35002607. 2000Natur.403..901R . 4384503 .
  16. 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80245-2 . 2000 . The lin-41 RBCC gene acts in the C. Elegans heterochronic pathway between the let-7 regulatory RNA and the LIN-29 transcription factor . Molecular Cell . 5 . 4 . 659–669 . 10882102 . Slack . F. J. . Basson . M. . Liu . Z. . Ambros . V. . Horvitz . H. R. . Ruvkun . G.. free .
  17. 2000 . Conservation of the sequence and temporal expression of let-7 heterochronic regulatory RNA . E. . Ruvkun . P. . Davidson . M. . Leahy . J. . Levine . J. . Corbo . M. . Finnerty . A. . Fishman . J. R. . Srinivasan . Nature . P. . 408 . 6808 . Spring . 86–89 . 11081512 . B. . Pasquinelli . A. E. . Reinhart . B. J. . Slack . Müller . F. . Martindale . M. Q. . Kuroda . M. I. . Maller . B. . Hayward . D. C. . Ball . E. E. . Degnan . B. . 10.1038/35040556 . 2000Natur.408...86P. 4401732 .
  18. 10542148. 1999. Hamilton . A. J.. Baulcombe . D. C.. A species of small antisense RNA in posttranscriptional gene silencing in plants. 286. 5441. 950–952. Science. 10.1126/science.286.5441.950.
  19. 11461699. 2001. Grishok . A.. Pasquinelli . A. E.. Conte . D.. Li . N.. Parrish . S.. Ha . I.. Baillie . D. L.. Fire . A.. Ruvkun . G.. Mello . C. C.. Genes and mechanisms related to RNA interference regulate expression of the small temporal RNAs that control C. Elegans developmental timing. 106. 1. 23–34. Cell. 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00431-7. 6649604. free.
  20. 12769849. 2003. Grad . Y.. Aach . J.. Hayes . G. D.. Reinhart . B. J.. Church . G. M.. Ruvkun . G.. Kim . J.. Computational and experimental identification of C. Elegans microRNAs. 11. 5. 1253–1263. Molecular Cell. 10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00153-9. free.
  21. 10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.058. 18023351. 2007. Parry . D.. Xu . J.. Ruvkun . G.. A whole-genome RNAi Screen for C. Elegans miRNA pathway genes. 17. 23. 2013–2022. 2211719. Current Biology. 2007CBio...17.2013P.
  22. 10.1073/pnas.2333854100. 14691248. 2004. Kim . J.. Krichevsky . A.. Grad . Y.. Hayes . G.. Kosik . K.. Church . G.. Ruvkun . G.. Identification of many microRNAs that copurify with polyribosomes in mammalian neurons. 101. 1. 360–365. 314190. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2004PNAS..101..360K . free.
  23. 10.1242/dev.02655. 17065234. 2006. Hayes . G.. Frand . A.. Ruvkun . G.. The mir-84 and let-7 paralogous microRNA genes of Caenorhabditis elegans direct the cessation of molting via the conserved nuclear hormone receptors NHR-23 and NHR-25. 133. 23. 4631–4641. Development. free.
  24. 10.1101/sqb.2006.71.018. 17381276. 2006. Hayes . G.. Ruvkun . G.. Misexpression of the Caenorhabditis elegans miRNA let-7 is sufficient to drive developmental programs. 71. 21–27. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. free.
  25. 10.1111/j.1525-142X.2007.00217.x. 18184361. 2008. Pierce . M.. Weston . M.. Fritzsch . B.. Gabel . H.. Ruvkun . G.. Soukup . G.. MicroRNA-183 family conservation and ciliated neurosensory organ expression. 10. 1. 106–113. 2637451. Evolution & Development.
  26. 10.1038/260523a0. 1264206. 1976. Klass . M.. Hirsh . D.. Non-ageing developmental variant of Caenorhabditis elegans. 260. 5551. 523–525. Nature. 1976Natur.260..523K . 4212418.
  27. 8608934. 1988. Friedman . D. B.. Johnson . T. E.. A Mutation in the Age-1 Gene in Caenorhabditis Elegans Lengthens Life and Reduces Hermaphrodite Fertility. 118. 1. 75–86. 1203268. Genetics. 10.1093/genetics/118.1.75.
  28. 10.1038/366461a0. A C. Elegans mutant that lives twice as long as wild type. 8247153. 1993. Kenyon . C.. Chang . J.. Gensch . E.. Rudner . A.. Tabtiang . R.. Nature. 366. 6454. 461–464. 1993Natur.366..461K . 4332206.
  29. Lee . Siu Sylvia . Kennedy . Scott . Tolonen . Andrew C. . Ruvkun . Gary . DAF-16 Target Genes That Control C. elegans Life-Span and Metabolism . Science . 25 April 2003 . 300 . 5619 . 644–647 . 10.1126/science.1083614. 12690206 . 2003Sci...300..644L .
  30. 10.1038/nature08980. 20336132. The genetics of ageing. 2010. Kenyon . C. J.. Nature. 464. 7288. 504–512. 2010Natur.464..504K . 2781311.
  31. Kenyon . Cynthia . The first long-lived mutants: discovery of the insulin/IGF-1 pathway for ageing . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 12 January 2011 . 366 . 1561 . 9–16 . 10.1098/rstb.2010.0276. 21115525 . 3001308 .
  32. Web site: Gary Ruvkun, Ph.D. Mass General Research Institute . Mass General Research Institute . 9 October 2024 . en.
  33. Web site: Ruvkun . Gary . Finney . Michael . Zuber . Maria T. . Carr . Chris . Church . George M. . Gilbert . Walter . Quake . Stephen . Mayer . William F. . SETG, a Search for Extraterrestrial Genomes: An in situ PCR Detector for Life on Mars Ancestrally Related to Life on Earth . 9 October 2024 . October 9, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241009120257/http://155.52.206.9/PDFs/ruvkun_SETG.pdf . live .
  34. Web site: Overview ‹ Search for Extra-Terrestrial Genomes (SETG) — MIT Media Lab . MIT Media Lab . 9 October 2024 . November 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231130014737/https://www.media.mit.edu/projects/search-for-extra-terrestrial-genomes-setg/overview/ . live .
  35. Melo. Justine A.. Ruvkun. Gary. April 13, 2012. Inactivation of conserved C. elegans genes engages pathogen- and xenobiotic-associated defenses. Cell. 149. 2. 452–466. 10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.050. 1097-4172. 3613046. 22500807.
  36. Web site: Ruvkun . Gary . Gary Ruvkun . YouTube Video (24:32) – Breakthrough Discuss 2019 – What is True for E. coli on Earth Will Be True for Life on Proxima Centauri b . April 17, 2019 . . July 9, 2019 . October 9, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241009120350/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CFDPLkddRqE . live .
  37. Chotiner . Isaac . What If Life Did Not Originate on Earth? . July 8, 2019 . . en . 0028-792X . July 9, 2019 . March 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200321113657/https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/what-if-life-did-not-originate-on-earth . live .
  38. Web site: Dan David Prize 10th Anniversary 2011 Laureates Announced: The Coen Brothers – for Cinema; Marcus Feldman – for Evolution; Cynthia Kenyon and Gary Ruvkun – for Ageing. www.newswire.ca. en. April 25, 2018. April 21, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180421095459/http://www.dandavidprize.org/laureates/2011/94-future-ageing-facing-the-challenge/204-gary-ruvkun. live.
  39. http://www.gairdner.org/awards/awardees2/2008/2008awarde/garyruvkun "Gary Ruvkun"
  40. http://www.laskerfoundation.org/press/pdf/2008pressrelease.pdf "Gary Ruvkun"
  41. Web site: Franklin Award. https://web.archive.org/web/20080515075228/http://www.fi.edu/franklinawards/08/laureate_bf_lifescience-ambros-baulcombe-ruvkin.html. dead. May 15, 2008. December 14, 2021.
  42. Web site: Gary Ruvkun – NAS . National Academy of Sciences . 9 October 2024.
  43. Web site: Rosenstiel Award Winners . Brandeis University . October 7, 2024 . August 4, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170804105015/http://www.brandeis.edu/rosenstiel/rosenstielaward/past.html . live .
  44. Web site: Warren Triennial Prize . MGH Executive Committee on Research . 9 October 2024.
  45. Web site: Gary Ruvkun - Gairdner Foundation Award Winner . The Gairdner Foundation . 9 October 2024 . en . 7 October 2024.
  46. Web site: Morrison . Mike . Mass General Hospital researcher Gary Ruvkun honored with 2024 Nobel Prize . Massachusetts General Hospital . 9 October 2024 . 7 October 2024.
  47. Web site: 2010 - 2001 Awardees . Columbia University Irving Medical Center . 9 October 2024 . en . 11 November 2022.
  48. Web site: Gary B. Ruvkun American Academy of Arts and Sciences . American Academy of Arts & Sciences . 9 October 2024 . en . 9 October 2024.
  49. Web site: Past Laureates . Massry Prize . 9 October 2024.
  50. Web site: Center for Computational and Integrative Biology . 9 October 2024.
  51. Web site: Victor Ambros awarded 2016 March of Dimes prize for co-discovery of MicroRNAs. University of Massachusetts Medical School. September 9, 2016. May 3, 2016. July 22, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240722142929/https://www.umassmed.edu/news/news-archives/2016/05/victor-ambros-awarded-2016-march-of-dimes-prize-for-co-discovery-of-micrornas/. live.
  52. Web site: ScholarGPS Profile: Gary Ruvkun . October 9, 2024 . October 9, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241009120317/https://scholargps.com/scholars/42472098479047/gary-ruvkun . live .

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