Gaius Julius Sohaemus Philocaesar Philorhomaeus[1] [2] (Greek, Modern (1453-);: Γάιος Ιούλιος Σόαιμος Φιλοκαίσαρ Φιλορωμαίος, Gaius Julius Sohaemus, lover of Caesar, lover of Rome) also known as Sohaemus of Emesa and Sohaemus of Sophene, was a prince and a Roman Client Priest King from Syria who lived in the 1st century. He ruled the Emesan kingdom from 54 until 73. His name may derive from the Aramaic root ŠḤM, which described the color black.
Sohaemus was a member of the Royal family of Emesa. He was the second born son and a child to Priest King Sampsiceramus II who ruled the Emesene Kingdom from 14 until 42 and Queen Iotapa. He had an elder brother called Gaius Julius Azizus, who was the first husband of the Herodian Princess Drusilla and had two sisters: Iotapa who married the Herodian Prince Aristobulus Minor and Mamaea.[3] Sohaemus was born and raised in Emesa. His paternal grandfather was the former Emesene Priest King Iamblichus II, while his maternal grandparents were the former Commagenean monarchs Mithridates III of Commagene and his cousin-wife Iotapa.
Azizus had died in 54 and Sohaemus succeeded his brother as Priest King. He ruled from 54 until his death in 73 and was the priest of the Syrian Sun God, known in Aramaic as El-Gebal. At an unknown date in his reign, Sohaemus became the patron of the Roman colony of Heliopolis[4] (modern Baalbek, Lebanon). In honour of his patronage of Heliopolis, a statue of Sohaemus with an accompanied honorific inscription was dedicated to him in the city. The honorary Latin inscription reads:
Latin: Regi magno C(aio) Iulio Sohaemo regis magni Sam- sigerami f(ilio), philo- caesari et philo- [r]okmaeo, honora- t[o ornamentis] consulari- b[us-------------------------------]. patrono coloniae (duum)viro quinquenn(ali) L(ucius) Vitellius L(uci) f(ilius) Fab(ia tribu) Soss[i]a[nus].
The inscription dedicates and honours, Sampsiceramus II with his son Sohaemus each as a Great King [Regis Magni]. In the inscription, Sohaemus is honoured as a duumveir quinquennalis; a Patron of the colony at Heliopolis and has been granted the ornamenta consularia [honorary consular status].
In the first year of his reign, under either Roman emperor Claudius or Nero, Sohaemus received the Roman province of Sophene to rule. As Sophene was near the source of the Tigris river, he would have been able to mount his archers to ward off the Parthians. In 56, Sohaemus married his relative who was the Princess Drusilla. She was the child of the late Roman client monarchs Ptolemy of Mauretania and Julia Urania. Drusilla was the great grandchild of Ptolemaic Greek Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt and Roman Triumvir Mark Antony.
During Sohaemus’ reign, Emesene's relations with the Roman government grew closer. When Vespasian became Roman emperor in 69, Sohaemus was among the first to swear allegiance to him. Under him, Emesa sent the Roman military a regular levy of archers and assisted them in their siege of Jerusalem in 70. In 72, Sohaemus supplied troops to the Roman General Lucius Caesennius Paetus who was the head of the Legio VI Ferrata, in the annexation of the Kingdom of Commagene.
Drusilla was a Queen consort to Sohaemus. Drusilla bore him a son called Gaius Julius Alexio, who was also known as Alexio II. When Sohaemus died, he was buried in the tomb of his ancestors at Emesa and was succeeded by his son. Through his son, Sohaemus would have various descendants ruling on the Emesene throne and among those who claimed from his family's ancestry was Queen of Palmyra, Zenobia.