| Kainantu–Goroka | |
| Also Known As: | East Highlands |
| Region: | highlands of Kainantu and Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea |
| Familycolor: | Papuan |
| Fam1: | Trans–New Guinea |
| Fam2: | Eastern Highlands – Kratke Range |
| Child1: | Goroka |
| Child2: | Kainantu |
| Glotto: | kain1273 |
| Glottorefname: | Kainantu–Goroka |
| Map: | Kainantu-Goroka languages.svg |
| Mapcaption: | Map: The Kainantu–Goroka languages of New Guinea |
The Kainantu–Goroka languages are a family of Papuan languages established by Arthur Capell in 1948 under the name East Highlands. They formed the core of Stephen Wurm's 1960 East New Guinea Highlands family (the precursor of Trans–New Guinea), and are one of the larger branches of Trans–New Guinea in the 2005 classification of Malcolm Ross.
The constituent Kainantu and Goroka families are clearly valid groups, and both William A. Foley and Timothy Usher consider their TNG identity to be established. The languages are:[1]
The pronouns reconstructed by Ross (2005) for proto-Kainantu–Goroka, proto-Kainantu, and proto-Goroka are as follows:
|
|
|
The possessive forms are:
| 1 |
|
| |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 |
|
| |
| 3 |
|
|
Kainantu–Goroka reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[2]
Innovations in proto-Kainantu-Goroka replacing proto-Trans-New Guinea forms:[2]
Gorokan basic vocabulary from William A. Foley (1986).[3]
Despite the presence of reconstructions in the left column, the words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. ya, yafa, yava for “tree”) or not (e.g. tuva, logo, hali for “fire”).
| gloss | Proto-Gorokan | Fore | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 'two' |
| ogondrari | lele | loe | lole | tara | |
| 'man' |
| vei | we | vo | ve | wa | |
| 'water' |
| nogoi | no | nagami | ni(na) | wani | |
| 'fire' | tuva | yo | logo | hali | yakuʔ | ||
| 'tree' |
| izo | ya | yafa | yava | yaː | |
| 'leaf' | kuruma | aila | haya(ʔa) | haeya | aʔyeʔ | ||
| 'root' |
| tovaya | lufawa | lufusa(ʔa) | havu | aubu | |
| 'house' |
| nomu | numu(na) | no(hi) | yo(na) | naːmaʔ | |
| 'breast' |
| ami- | ami(na) | amiha(ʔa) | ami(maʔa) | nono | |
| 'tooth' |
| va(iza) | auma | yogo(ʔa) | (ä)vep | (a)wa | |
| 'bone' |
| yami- | auma | felisa(ʔa) | (a)pu(va) | (a)yaːmpu | |
| 'ear' |
| ka- | ka(la) | (e)kesa(ʔa) | (ä)geta | (a)ge | |
| 'hair' |
| yogo | yowa(la) | oka(ʔa) | (a)yokaʔ | (a)yaːʔ | |
| 'leg' |
| kia- | kiya(na) | gigusa(ʔa) | (a)gia | (a)gisaː | |
| 'blood' |
| mamia- | wanu | golaha(ʔa) | gola(na) | koraːʔ | |
| 'hand' |
| ya | a(na) | yaha(ʔa) | (ä)ya | ya | |
| 'egg' |
| mura | mula | mu(ʔa) | mu(na) | amuʔ | |
| 'sun' |
| po | fo | yafi | yafo | yaːbu | |
| 'axe' |
| tu | luna | lu | lu | tuʔ | |
| 'netbag' |
| ko | owo | gu(ʔi) | gu(na) | koʔ | |
| 'eat' |
| na- | n- | na- | no- | na- | |
| 'die' |
| pri- | fol- | fili- | fili- | puri- | |
| 'say' |
| ti- | l- | li- | hi- | i- | |
| 'give' |
| imi- | om- | m- | mi- | mi- | |
| 'big' |
| namba | namba | napa | legepa | tabe |
Kainantu basic vocabulary from William A. Foley (1986):[3]
| gloss | Tairora | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 'two' | tɔtare | kaiʔa | kaantani | taaraʔanta | |
| 'man' | wɛ | waiya | banta | bainti | |
| 'water' | no | nomba | nomi | namari | |
| 'fire' | ira | irama | ikai | iha | |
| 'tree' | ta | taima | yaani | katari | |
| 'leaf' | ɔnɔ | anama | anai | mare | |
| 'root' | anuʔ | anuʔa | anuʔi | tuʔa | |
| 'house' | nɔ | naamba | maʔi | naabu | |
| 'breast' | nɔ | naamba | naami | naama | |
| 'tooth' | awɛ | awaiyamba | abakuni | aabai | |
| 'bone' | ayɔnta | ayaantamba | ayampai | buhaarima | |
| 'ear' | ɔre | aʔa | aakami | aato | |
| 'hair' | (a)yɔra | aayara | -nyoi | kauhi | |
| 'leg' | ai | aisamima | akani | aiʔu | |
| 'blood' | nɛe | naema | naarei | naare | |
| 'hand' | ayɔnobeh | ayamba | aayaami | kauʔu | |
| 'egg' | au | auma | amuʔi | auru | |
| 'sun' | popoʔnah | aabauma | ikona | kauri | |
| 'axe' | konaro | koraroba | kuntaʔi | kaarima | |
| 'netbag' | unɔ | unaamba | unaami | uta | |
| 'eat' | nɔno | nare | naano | naana | |
| 'die' | pukire | pukai | pukono | ʔutubiro | |
| 'say' | iraruwo | siyo | seʔu | tiena | |
| 'give' | awiʔ | ami | ameno | amina | |
| 'big' | aanotɔ | anomba | inoʔna | nora |
Some lexical reconstructions of Proto-East Kainantu and Proto-North Kainantu by Usher (2020) are:[4] [5]
| gloss | Proto-East Kainantu | Proto-North Kainantu | |
|---|---|---|---|
| head |
|
| |
| hair/feather |
|
| |
| ear |
|
| |
| eye |
|
| |
| nose |
|
| |
| tooth |
|
| |
| tongue |
|
| |
| leg |
|
| |
| blood |
|
| |
| bone |
|
| |
| breast |
|
| |
| louse |
|
| |
| dog |
|
| |
| pig |
|
| |
| bird |
|
| |
| egg |
|
| |
| tree |
|
| |
| sun |
|
| |
| moon |
|
| |
| water |
|
| |
| fire |
|
| |
| stone |
|
| |
| path |
|
| |
| man |
|
| |
| woman |
|
| |
| name |
|
| |
| eat |
| ||
| one |
|
| |
| two |
|
|