GNGT2 explained

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 is a signalling protein protein that in humans and vertebrates is encoded by the GNGT2 gene.^{[1] [2] [3]} Either GNGT1 or GNGT2 is the gamma subunit of the G_βγ part of transducin (written G(T) or G_t), a heterotrimeric G-protein naturally expressed in vertebrate retina rod and cone cell of the eye, where it is thought to play a crucial role in phototransduction. GNGT2 only occurs in cone cells, and GNGT1 only occurs in rod cells.

As the gamma subunit (G_γ) of three different families of G proteins (G(I)/G_i, G(S)/G_s and G(O)G_o), GNGT2 is expressed in at least 23 tissues^[4] and other cell types, including monocytes of the vertebrate innate immune system, where at increased levels it has been shown to be a potential prognostic marker for some types of cancer, including esophageal cancer.^[5]

Several transcript variants encoding the GNGT2 protein have been found for the GNGT2 gene. There is evidence for use of multiple polyadenylation sites by this gene.

Further reading

• Cohen NA . Inhibition of an inward rectifier potassium channel (Kir2.3) by G-protein betagamma subunits . J. Biol. Chem. . 271 . 50 . 32301–5 . 1997 . 8943291 . 10.1074/jbc.271.50.32301 . vanc. Sha Q . Makhina EN . 3 . Lopatin . AN . Linder . ME . Snyder . SH . Nichols . CG . free .
• Huang CL, Jan YN, Jan LY . Binding of the G protein betagamma subunit to multiple regions of G protein-gated inward-rectifying K+ channels . FEBS Lett. . 405 . 3 . 291–8 . 1997 . 9108307 . 10.1016/S0014-5793(97)00197-X . 44072628 .
• Cook LA . Identification of a region in G protein γ subunits conserved across species but hypervariable among subunit isoforms . Protein Sci. . 10 . 12 . 2548–55 . 2002 . 11714923 . 10.1110/ps.ps.26401 . 2374038 . vanc. Schey KL . Cleator JH . 3 . Wilcox . Michael D. . Dingus . Jane . Hildebrandt . John D. .
• Strausberg RL . Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 99 . 26 . 16899–903 . 2003 . 12477932 . 10.1073/pnas.242603899 . 139241 . vanc. Feingold EA . Grouse LH . 3 . Derge . JG . Klausner . RD . Collins . FS . Wagner . L . Shenmen . CM . Schuler . GD . 2002PNAS...9916899M . free .
• Cuello F . Activation of heterotrimeric G proteins by a high energy phosphate transfer via nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) B and Gbeta subunits. Complex formation of NDPK B with Gbeta gamma dimers and phosphorylation of His-266 IN Gbeta . J. Biol. Chem. . 278 . 9 . 7220–6 . 2003 . 12486123 . 10.1074/jbc.M210304200 . vanc. Schulze RA . Heemeyer F . 3 . Meyer . HE . Lutz . S . Jakobs . KH . Niroomand . F . Wieland . T . free .
• Ivanina T . Mapping the Gbetagamma-binding sites in GIRK1 and GIRK2 subunits of the G protein-activated K+ channel . J. Biol. Chem. . 278 . 31 . 29174–83 . 2003 . 12743112 . 10.1074/jbc.M304518200 . vanc. Rishal I . Varon D . 3 . Mullner . C . Frohnwieser-Steinecke . B . Schreibmayer . W . Dessauer . CW . Dascal . N . free .
• Gerhard DS . The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) . Genome Res. . 14 . 10B . 2121–7 . 2004 . 15489334 . 10.1101/gr.2596504 . 528928 . vanc. Wagner L . Feingold EA . 3 . Shenmen . CM . Grouse . LH . Schuler . G . Klein . SL . Old . S . Rasooly . R .
• DePuy SD . The molecular basis for T-type Ca2+ channel inhibition by G protein β2γ2 subunits . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 103 . 39 . 14590–5 . 2006 . 16973746 . 10.1073/pnas.0603945103 . 1600004 . vanc. Yao J . Hu C . 3 . McIntire . W . Bidaud . I . Lory . P . Rastinejad . F . Gonzalez . C . Garrison . JC . 2006PNAS..10314590D . free .

Notes and References

1. Ong OC, Hu K, Rong H, Lee RH, Fung BK . Gene structure and chromosome localization of the G gamma c subunit of human cone G-protein (GNGT2) . Genomics . 44 . 1 . 101–9 . Nov 1997 . 9286705 . 10.1006/geno.1997.4814 .
2. Web site: Entrez Gene: GNGT2 guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), gamma transducing activity polypeptide 2.
3. Web site: GNGT2 Gene search NCBI. . 2024-02-18. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 2024-02-18. "vertebrates (410)".
4. Web site: GNGT2 G protein subunit gamma transducin 2 [Homo sapiens (Human)] - Gene - NCBI .
5. Liu . GM . Ji X . X . Lu TC . TC . Duan . LW . Comprehensive multi-omics analysis identified core molecular processes in esophageal cancer and revealed GNGT2 as a potential prognostic marker . World J. Gastroenterol. . 2019-12-28 . 25 . 48 . 6890–6901 . 10.3748/wjg.v25.i48.6890 . free . 31908393 . 6938725.