GNGT1 explained

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GNGT1 gene.^{[1] [2]} Either GNGT1 or GNGT2 is the gamma subunit (G_γ) of the G_βγ part of transducin (written G(T) or G_t), a heterotrimeric G-protein naturally expressed in vertebrate retina rod and cone cells. GNGT1 only occurs in rod cells, and GNGT2 only occurs in cone cells, with a different alpha (G_α) subunit.^{[3] [4]}

Further reading

• Simonds WF, Butrynski JE, Gautam N . G-protein beta gamma dimers. Membrane targeting requires subunit coexpression and intact gamma C-A-A-X domain. . J. Biol. Chem. . 266 . 9 . 5363–6 . 1991 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)67601-5 . 1706334 . etal. free .
• Ray K, Kunsch C, Bonner LM, Robishaw JD . Isolation of cDNA clones encoding eight different human G protein gamma subunits, including three novel forms designated the gamma 4, gamma 10, and gamma 11 subunits. . J. Biol. Chem. . 270 . 37 . 21765–71 . 1995 . 7665596 . 10.1074/jbc.270.37.21765 . free .
• Tao L, Pandey S, Simon MI, Fong HK . Structure of the bovine transducin gamma subunit gene and analysis of promoter function in transgenic mice. . Exp. Eye Res. . 56 . 4 . 497–507 . 1993 . 8500562 . 10.1006/exer.1993.1063 .
• Yan K, Kalyanaraman V, Gautam N . Differential ability to form the G protein betagamma complex among members of the beta and gamma subunit families. . J. Biol. Chem. . 271 . 12 . 7141–6 . 1996 . 8636150 . 10.1074/jbc.271.12.7141 . free .
• Gaudet R, Savage JR, McLaughlin JN . A molecular mechanism for the phosphorylation-dependent regulation of heterotrimeric G proteins by phosducin. . Mol. Cell . 3 . 5 . 649–60 . 1999 . 10360181 . 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80358-5 . etal. free .
• Xu S, Ladak R, Swanson DA . PHR1 encodes an abundant, pleckstrin homology domain-containing integral membrane protein in the photoreceptor outer segments. . J. Biol. Chem. . 274 . 50 . 35676–85 . 2000 . 10585447 . 10.1074/jbc.274.50.35676 . etal. free .
• Marin EP, Krishna AG, Zvyaga TA . The amino terminus of the fourth cytoplasmic loop of rhodopsin modulates rhodopsin-transducin interaction. . J. Biol. Chem. . 275 . 3 . 1930–6 . 2000 . 10636894 . 10.1074/jbc.275.3.1930 . etal. free .
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH . Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 99 . 26 . 16899–903 . 2003 . 12477932 . 10.1073/pnas.242603899 . 139241 . 2002PNAS...9916899M . etal. free .
• Cuello F, Schulze RA, Heemeyer F . Activation of heterotrimeric G proteins by a high energy phosphate transfer via nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) B and Gbeta subunits. Complex formation of NDPK B with Gbeta gamma dimers and phosphorylation of His-266 IN Gbeta. . J. Biol. Chem. . 278 . 9 . 7220–6 . 2003 . 12486123 . 10.1074/jbc.M210304200 . etal. free .
• Scherer SW, Cheung J, MacDonald JR . Human chromosome 7: DNA sequence and biology. . Science . 300 . 5620 . 767–72 . 2003 . 12690205 . 10.1126/science.1083423 . 2882961 . 2003Sci...300..767S . etal.
• Hillier LW, Fulton RS, Fulton LA . The DNA sequence of human chromosome 7. . Nature . 424 . 6945 . 157–64 . 2003 . 12853948 . 10.1038/nature01782 . 2003Natur.424..157H . etal. free .
• Hinrichs MV, Montecino M, Bunster M, Olate J . Mutation of the highly conserved Arg165 and Glu168 residues of human Gsalpha disrupts the alphaD-alphaE loop and enhances basal GDP/GTP exchange rate. . J. Cell. Biochem. . 93 . 2 . 409–17 . 2005 . 15368366 . 10.1002/jcb.20193 . 85626429 .
• Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA . The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). . Genome Res. . 14 . 10B . 2121–7 . 2004 . 15489334 . 10.1101/gr.2596504 . 528928 . etal.
• Gao X, Sadana R, Dessauer CW, Patel TB . Conditional stimulation of type V and VI adenylyl cyclases by G protein betagamma subunits. . J. Biol. Chem. . 282 . 1 . 294–302 . 2007 . 17110384 . 10.1074/jbc.M607522200 . free .
• Seo M, Lee MJ, Heo JH . G Protein betagamma subunits augment UVB-induced apoptosis by stimulating the release of soluble heparin-binding epidermal growth factor from human keratinocytes. . J. Biol. Chem. . 282 . 34 . 24720–30 . 2007 . 17548351 . 10.1074/jbc.M702343200 . etal. free .

Notes and References

1. Scherer SW, Feinstein DS, Oliveira L, Tsui LC, Pittler SJ . Gene structure and chromosome localization to 7q21.3 of the human rod photoreceptor transducin gamma-subunit gene (GNGT1) . Genomics . 35 . 1 . 241–3 . Sep 1996 . 8661128 . 10.1006/geno.1996.0346 .
2. Web site: Entrez Gene: GNGT1 guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), gamma transducing activity polypeptide 1.
3. Expansion of transducin subunit gene families in early vertebrate tetraploidizations . 10.1016/j.ygeno.2012.07.005 . 2012 . Lagman . David . Sundström . Görel . Ocampo Daza . Daniel . Abalo . Xesús M. . Larhammar . Dan . Genomics . 100 . 4 . 203–211 . 22814267 .
4. Lerea CL, Somers DE, Hurley JB, Klock IB, Bunt-Milam AH . Identification of specific transducin alpha subunits in retinal rod and cone photoreceptors . Science . 234 . 4772 . 77–80 . October 1986 . 3529395 . 10.1126/science.3529395. 1986Sci...234...77L .