GNAL explained

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(olf) subunit alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GNAL gene.^{[1] [2]} Its main product is the heterotrimeric G-protein alpha subunit G_olf-α, a member of the Gs alpha subunit family that is a key component of G protein-coupled receptor-regulated adenylyl cyclase signal transduction pathways in the olfactory system and the striatum in the brain. It also mediated D1 receptor signalling in the striatum and is hence involved in motor control.^[3]

See also

• Second messenger system
• G protein-coupled receptor
• Heterotrimeric G protein
• Adenylyl cyclase
• Protein kinase A
• Olfactory receptors

Further reading

• Zigman JM, Westermark GT, LaMendola J . Human G(olf) alpha: complementary deoxyribonucleic acid structure and expression in pancreatic islets and other tissues outside the olfactory neuroepithelium and central nervous system. . Endocrinology . 133 . 6 . 2508–14 . 1994 . 8243272 . 10.1210/endo.133.6.8243272 . etal.
• Astesano A, Regnauld K, Ferrand N . Cellular and subcellular expression of Golf/Gs and Gq/G11 alpha-subunits in rat pancreatic endocrine cells. . J. Histochem. Cytochem. . 47 . 3 . 289–302 . 1999 . 10026232 . 10.1177/002215549904700303 . etal. free .
• Vuoristo JT, Berrettini WH, Overhauser J . Sequence and genomic organization of the human G-protein Golfalpha gene (GNAL) on chromosome 18p11, a susceptibility region for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia . Mol. Psychiatry . 5 . 5 . 495–501 . 2001 . 11032382 . 10.1038/sj.mp.4000758 . etal. 23116111 .
• Zill P, Engel R, Baghai TC . Analysis of polymorphisms in the olfactory G-protein Golf in major depression . Psychiatr. Genet. . 12 . 1 . 17–22 . 2002 . 11901355 . 10.1097/00041444-200203000-00002 . 22757545 . etal.
• Régnauld K, Nguyen QD, Vakaet L . G-protein alpha(olf) subunit promotes cellular invasion, survival, and neuroendocrine differentiation in digestive and urogenital epithelial cells . Oncogene . 21 . 25 . 4020–31 . 2002 . 12037684 . 10.1038/sj.onc.1205498 . etal. 23730354 .
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH . Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 99 . 26 . 16899–903 . 2003 . 12477932 . 10.1073/pnas.242603899 . 139241 . 2002PNAS...9916899M . etal. free .
• Zill P, Malitas PN, Bondy B . Analysis of polymorphisms in the alpha-subunit of the olfactory G-protein Golf in lithium-treated bipolar patients . Psychiatr. Genet. . 13 . 2 . 65–9 . 2004 . 12782961 . 10.1097/01.ypg.0000057881.80011.45 . 20253173 . etal.
• Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T . Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs . Nat. Genet. . 36 . 1 . 40–5 . 2004 . 14702039 . 10.1038/ng1285 . etal. free .
• Corradi JP, Ravyn V, Robbins AK . Alternative transcripts and evidence of imprinting of GNAL on 18p11.2 . Mol. Psychiatry . 10 . 11 . 1017–25 . 2005 . 16044173 . 10.1038/sj.mp.4001713 . etal. 19513069 .
• Ravyn V, Bostwick JR . Functional coupling of the Galpha(olf) variant XLGalpha(olf) with the human adenosine A2A receptor . J. Recept. Signal Transduct. Res. . 26 . 4 . 241–58 . 2006 . 16818375 . 10.1080/10799890600710592 . 27231567 .

Notes and References

1. Wilkie TM, Gilbert DJ, Olsen AS, Chen XN, Amatruda TT, Korenberg JR, Trask BJ, de Jong P, Reed RR, Simon MI . Evolution of the mammalian G protein alpha subunit multigene family . Nat Genet . 1 . 2 . 85–91 . Jun 1993 . 1302014 . 10.1038/ng0592-85 . 31888533 . etal.
2. Web site: Entrez Gene: GNAL guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha activating activity polypeptide, olfactory type.
3. Zhuang . Xiaoxi . Belluscio . Leonardo . Hen . Rene . G_OLFα Mediates Dopamine D 1 Receptor Signaling . The Journal of Neuroscience . 15 August 2000 . 20 . 16 . RC91 . 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-16-j0001.2000. 10924528 . 6772608 . free .