GLONASS (first-generation satellites) explained

GLONASS
Manufacturer:Production Corporation Polyot
Designer:ISS Reshetnev, Grigory Chernyavsky
Country:Russia
Operator:JSC «Navigation-Information Systems»
Applications:Navigation
Spacecraft Bus:3-Axis stabilized Uragan
Constellation:GLONASS
Design Life:3 years
Launch Mass:1413kg (3,115lb)
Power:1000 W
Batteries:NiH2
Equipment:2 Cs clocks
FDMA signals: L1OF, L1SF and L2SF
Space Laser Ranging
Status:Retired
Built:88
Launched:88
Operational:0
Retired:82
Lost:6
First:12 October 1982
Last:25 December 2005
Lastretired:30 April 2009
Previous:Tsikada
Next:GLONASS-M

GLONASS (Russian: link=no|ГЛОНАСС-М), also known as Uragan (Russian: link=no|Ураган) (GRAU Index 11F654) are the first generation of Uragan satellite used as part of the Russian GLONASS radio-based satellite navigation system. Developed by Reshetnev Information Satellite Systems, it had its debut launch on 12 October 1982, with the last launched unit on 25 December 2005 and the retirement of the last unit Kosmos 2403 on 30 April 2009. It has been superseded by the GLONASS-M (GRAU Index 11F654M), the second-generation satellites.

Design

It used a 3-axis stabilized pressurized bus with two solar panels, a propulsion module and a payload module. It weighs 1413kg (3,115lb) generates 1000W of power and had a limited design life of 3 years, but it was extended to 5 years in later models. It had a strict requirement of keeping the internal temperature at ±1 °C. The previous design used an embedded liquid cooling system that weighted 340kg (750lb). The Uragan implemented a gaseous cooling system that put most of the heat generating parts on the outside of the pressure vessel, simplifying the system and weighing just 40kg (90lb).

The Uragan-M are usually launched in trios, and due to the close distance, the radios of the three would interfere with each other, meaning that the ground segment can only command one satellite at a time. Setting sun pointing attitude for power and then Earth pointing attitude for communications for a single unit takes about 5 hours. Since the radio contact window with ground control is between 4 and 6 hours, ground control can not control all spacecraft in a single pass. The onboard computer in the Uragan-M can put the spacecraft in sun pointing mode autonomously, and does many of the start up processes so the ground segment can take control and process the Earth pointing mode. The payload consisted of 3 L-Band navigation signals in 25 channels separated by 0.5625 MHz intervals in 2 frequency bands: 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz and 1240 - 1260 MHz. EIRP 25 to 27 dBW. Right hand circular polarized. It transmits the FDMA signals L1OF, L1SF and L2SF. It uses 2 Cs clocks with a clock stability of 5x10−13. And includes retroreflector for accurate orbit assessment by laser ranging.

Versions

The first generation Uragan spacecraft were created under ban of foreign radiation-hardened components and thus had an inferior expected design life of just 1 year. Throughout the years the design was gradually improved to last up to 5 years:

Block I, II, and III nomenclature was introduced in Western publications. In Russian publications both Block I and II are known as 11F654 while Block III is known as 14F17.[2]

GLONASS launches

SatelliteLaunch (UTC)Carrier rocketLaunch siteSatellite typeLaunch Block No.SC s/nOrbital PlaneSlotRetiredRemarks
Kosmos 1413
14:57		Proton-K
DM-2		Baikonur,
200/39		I1711I1
Kosmos 1490
18:24		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39I2712I3
Kosmos 1491
18:24		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39I2713I2
Kosmos 1519
00:52		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/40I3714III18
Kosmos 1520
00:52		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/40I3715III17
Kosmos 1554
15:11		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/40I4716III19
Kosmos 1555
15:11		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/40I4717III18
Kosmos 1593
15:49		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/40I5718I2
Kosmos 1594
15:49		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/40I5719I3
Kosmos 1650
22:28		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39I6720I1
Kosmos 1651
22:28		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIa6721I1
Kosmos 1710
21:43		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIa7722III18
Kosmos 1711
21:43		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIa7723III17
Kosmos 1778
11:38		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIa8724I2
Kosmos 1779
11:38		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIa8725I3
Kosmos 1780
11:38		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIa8726I8
Kosmos 1838
12:42		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/40IIb9730Failed to reach correct orbit
Kosmos 1839
12:42		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/40IIb9731Failed to reach correct orbit
Kosmos 1840
12:42		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/40IIb9732Failed to reach correct orbit
Kosmos 1883
02:53		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/40IIb10733III-
Kosmos 1884
02:53		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/40IIb10734III-
Kosmos 1885
02:53		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/40IIb10735III17
Kosmos 1917
00:23		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIb11738Failed to reach correct orbit
Kosmos 1918
00:23		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIb11737Failed to reach correct orbit
Kosmos 1919
00:23		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIb11736Failed to reach correct orbit
Kosmos 1946
17:57		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIb12739I7
Kosmos 1947
17:57		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIb12740I8
Kosmos 1948
17:57		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIb12741I1
Kosmos 1970
02:00		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIv13742III17
Kosmos 1971
02:00		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIv13743III18
Kosmos 1972
02:00		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIv13744III19
Kosmos 1987
02:05		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIa14727I2
Kosmos 1988
02:05		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIv14745I3
Kosmos 2022
08:32		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/40IIa15728III24
Kosmos 2023
08:32		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/40IIa15729III19
Kosmos 2079
08:32		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/40IIv16746III17
Kosmos 2080
08:32		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/40IIv16751III19
Kosmos 2081
08:32		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/40IIv16752III20
Kosmos 2109
02:43		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/40IIv17747I7
Kosmos 2110
02:43		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/40IIv17748I4
Kosmos 2111
02:43		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/40IIv17749I5
Kosmos 2139
10:47		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIv18750III22
Kosmos 2140
10:47		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIv18753III21
Kosmos 2141
10:47		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIv18754III24
Kosmos 2177
22:19		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 81/23IIv19768I3
Kosmos 2178
22:19		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 81/23IIv19769I8
Kosmos 2179
22:19		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 81/23IIv19771I1
Kosmos 2204
01:59		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 81/23IIv20756III18
Kosmos 2205
01:59		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 81/23IIv20772III21
Kosmos 2206
01:59		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 81/23IIv20774III24
Kosmos 2234
20:09		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 81/23IIv21773I2
Kosmos 2235
20:09		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 81/23IIv21759I6
Kosmos 2236
20:09		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 81/23IIv21757I3
Kosmos 2275
07:49		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 81/23IIv22758III18
Kosmos 2276
07:49		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 81/23IIv22760III17
Kosmos 2277
07:49		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 81/23IIv22761III23
Kosmos 2287
15:27		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 81/23IIv23767II12
Kosmos 2288
15:27		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 81/23IIv23770II14
Kosmos 2289
15:27		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 81/23IIv23775II16
Kosmos 2294
00:39		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIv24762I4
Kosmos 2295
00:39		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIv24763I3
Kosmos 2296
00:39		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIv24764I6
Kosmos 2307
09:23		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIv25765III20
Kosmos 2308
09:23		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIv25766III22
Kosmos 2309
09:23		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIv25777III19
Kosmos 2316
15:52		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIv26780II15
Kosmos 2317
15:52		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIv26781II10
Kosmos 2318
15:52		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIv26785II11
Kosmos 2323
06:10		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIv27776II9
Kosmos 2324
06:10		Proton-K//DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIv27778II15
Kosmos 2325
06:10		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIv27782II13
Kosmos 2362
18:35		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIv28786I7
Kosmos 2363
18:35		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIv28784I8
Kosmos 2364
18:35		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIv28779I1
Kosmos 2374
14:12		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 81/24IIv29783III18
Kosmos 2375
14:12		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 81/24IIv29787III17
Kosmos 2376
14:12		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 81/24IIv29788III24
Kosmos 2380
18:04		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 81/24IIv30790I6
Kosmos 2381
18:04		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 81/24IIv30789I3
Kosmos 2382
18:04		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 81/24III30711I5with upgraded flight control and power systems
Kosmos 2394
07:37		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 81/23IIv31791III22
Kosmos 2395
07:37		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 81/23IIv31792III21
Kosmos 2396
07:37		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 81/23IIv31793III23
Kosmos 2402
13:53		Proton-K/Briz-MBaikonur 81/24IIv32794I2
Kosmos 2403
13:53		Proton-K/Briz-MBaikonur 81/24IIv32795I4
Kosmos 2411
13:53		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIv33796I1
Kosmos 2412
13:53		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 200/39IIv33797I8
Kosmos 2417
05:07		Proton-K/DM-2Baikonur 81/24IIv34798III22

Satellites by version

VersionLaunchedRetiredLaunch
Failures
Uragan Block I10100
Uragan Block IIa990
Uragan Block IIb1266
Uragan Block IIv56560
Uragan Block III110
Total88826

Notes and References

  1. Web site: "Глонасс-М" будет еще не скоро . . https://web.archive.org/web/20030523230653/http://novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/content/numbers/229/12.shtml . 23 May 2003 . ru . GLONASS-M not that soon . December 2001 . 7 November 2018.
  2. Web site: Космические аппараты ГЛОНАСС . ru . GLONASS spacecraft . 7 November 2018 . 8 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181108105326/https://russianrockets.net/rocketlist/!Spacecraft!/GLONASS . dead .

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