Gamma-glutamyltransferase 1 explained

Gamma-glutamyltransferase 1 (GGT1), also known as CD224 (Cluster of Differentiation 224), is a human gene.^[1]

Function

Human gamma-glutamyltransferase catalyzes the transfer of the glutamyl moiety of glutathione to a variety of amino acids and dipeptide acceptors. This heteroduplex enzyme is composed of a heavy chain and a light chain, which are derived from a single precursor protein, and is present in tissues involved in absorption and secretion. This enzyme is a member of the gamma-glutamyltransferase protein family, of which many members have not yet been fully characterized. This gene encodes several transcript variants; studies suggest that many transcripts of this gene family may be non-functional or represent pseudogenes. The functional transcripts which have been fully characterized have been grouped and classified as type I gamma-glutamyltransferase. Complex splicing events may take place in a tissue-specific manner, resulting in marked dissimilarity in the 5' UTRs. Several 5' UTR transcript variants of the type I gene have been identified in different tissues and cancer cells.

See also

• Cluster of differentiation

Further reading

• Chikhi N, Holic N, Guellaen G, Laperche Y . Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase gene organization and expression: a comparative analysis in rat, mouse, pig and human species . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology . 122 . 4 . 367–80 . April 1999 . 10392451 . 10.1016/S0305-0491(99)00013-9 .
• Indirani N, Hill PG . Partial purification and some properties of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase from human bile . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Enzymology . 483 . 1 . 57–62 . July 1977 . 18198 . 10.1016/0005-2744(77)90007-9 .
• Tate SS, Ross ME . Human kidney gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Catalytic properties, subunit structure, and localization of the gamma-glutamyl binding site on the light subunit . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 252 . 17 . 6042–5 . September 1977 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)40026-3 . 19463 . free .
• Welbourne TC . Cytoplasmic gamma-glutamyltransferase: isolation, product formation and physiological role . Current Problems in Clinical Biochemistry . 8 . 201–15 . 1978 . 28899 .
• Courtay C, Oster T, Michelet F, Visvikis A, Diederich M, Wellman M, Siest G . Gamma-glutamyltransferase: nucleotide sequence of the human pancreatic cDNA. Evidence for a ubiquitous gamma-glutamyltransferase polypeptide in human tissues . Biochemical Pharmacology . 43 . 12 . 2527–33 . June 1992 . 1378736 . 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90140-E .
• Pawlak A, Cohen EH, Octave JN, Schweickhardt R, Wu SJ, Bulle F, Chikhi N, Baik JH, Siegrist S, Guellaën G . An alternatively processed mRNA specific for gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in human tissues . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 265 . 6 . 3256–62 . February 1990 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)39761-3 . 1968061 . free .
• Pitot HC, Goodspeed D, Dunn T, Hendrich S, Maronpot RR, Moran S . Regulation of the expression of some genes for enzymes of glutathione metabolism in hepatotoxicity and hepatocarcinogenesis . Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology . 97 . 1 . 23–34 . January 1989 . 2563599 . 10.1016/0041-008X(89)90052-5 .
• Goodspeed DC, Dunn TJ, Miller CD, Pitot HC . Human gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase cDNA: comparison of hepatoma and kidney mRNA in the human and rat . Gene . 76 . 1 . 1–9 . March 1989 . 2568315 . 10.1016/0378-1119(89)90002-4 .
• Pawlak A, Wu SJ, Bulle F, Suzuki A, Chikhi N, Ferry N, Baik JH, Siegrist S, Guellaën G . Different gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase mRNAs are expressed in human liver and kidney . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications . 164 . 2 . 912–8 . October 1989 . 2573352 . 10.1016/0006-291X(89)91545-3 .
• Laperche Y, Bulle F, Aissani T, Chobert MN, Aggerbeck M, Hanoune J, Guellaën G . Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of rat kidney gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase cDNA . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 83 . 4 . 937–41 . February 1986 . 2869484 . 322985 . 10.1073/pnas.83.4.937 . 1986PNAS...83..937L . free .
• Bulle F, Mattei MG, Siegrist S, Pawlak A, Passage E, Chobert MN, Laperche Y, Guellaën G . Assignment of the human gamma-glutamyl transferase gene to the long arm of chromosome 22 . Human Genetics . 76 . 3 . 283–6 . July 1987 . 2885259 . 10.1007/BF00283624 . 32375892 .
• Tate SS, Khadse V, Wellner D . Renal gamma-glutamyl transpeptidases: structural and immunological studies . Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics . 262 . 2 . 397–408 . May 1988 . 2896486 . 10.1016/0003-9861(88)90390-6 .
• Tate SS, Galbraith RA . In vitro translation and processing of human hepatoma cell (Hep G2) gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications . 154 . 3 . 1167–73 . August 1988 . 2900635 . 10.1016/0006-291X(88)90263-X . free .
• Rajpert-De Meyts E, Heisterkamp N, Groffen J . Cloning and nucleotide sequence of human gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 85 . 23 . 8840–4 . December 1988 . 2904146 . 282602 . 10.1073/pnas.85.23.8840 . 1988PNAS...85.8840R . free .
• Sakamuro D, Yamazoe M, Matsuda Y, Kangawa K, Taniguchi N, Matsuo H, Yoshikawa H, Ogasawara N . The primary structure of human gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase . Gene . 73 . 1 . 1–9 . December 1988 . 2907498 . 10.1016/0378-1119(88)90307-1 .
• Ikeda Y, Fujii J, Anderson ME, Taniguchi N, Meister A . Involvement of Ser-451 and Ser-452 in the catalysis of human gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 270 . 38 . 22223–8 . September 1995 . 7673200 . 10.1074/jbc.270.38.22223 . free .
• Wetmore LA, Gerard C, Drazen JM . Human lung expresses unique gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase transcripts . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 90 . 16 . 7461–5 . August 1993 . 7689219 . 47161 . 10.1073/pnas.90.16.7461 . 1993PNAS...90.7461W . free .
• Ikeda Y, Fujii J, Taniguchi N, Meister A . Human gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase mutants involving conserved aspartate residues and the unique cysteine residue of the light subunit . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 270 . 21 . 12471–5 . May 1995 . 7759490 . 10.1074/jbc.270.21.12471 . free .
• Courtay C, Heisterkamp N, Siest G, Groffen J . Expression of multiple gamma-glutamyltransferase genes in man . The Biochemical Journal . 297 . Pt 3 . 503–8 . February 1994 . 7906515 . 1137862 . 10.1042/bj2970503.
• Ikeda Y, Fujii J, Taniguchi N . Significance of Arg-107 and Glu-108 in the catalytic mechanism of human gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Identification by site-directed mutagenesis . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 268 . 6 . 3980–5 . February 1993 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)53567-5 . 8095045 . free .

Notes and References

1. Web site: Entrez Gene: GGT1 gamma-glutamyltransferase 1.