| C: | 福耀 |
| P: | fúyāo |
| Lang1 Content: | Fortune and prosperity |
| Lang1: | English |
, sometimes translated as Fortune and prosperity in English,[1] is an ancient Chinese concept with a negative connotation which was employed to refer to any garment items or clothing-style which was considered as being "strange clothing style"[2] or "deviant dressing styles",[3] or "aberrance in clothing" when compared to what was considered appropriate in the traditional Chinese clothing,, system.[1] It was also associated with fast changes in fashion styles.[4] The concept of has appeared since the second century BC and its theoretical basis is derived from the Yin and yang principle as well as the Wuxing. The appearance of clothing was often associated with political and ecological upheaval. This concept of continued to be used even in the Qing dynasty.
In ancient China, what was considered an appropriate form of clothing was based on the seasons, occasions, and more importantly the wearer's identity, including social status. The concept of has appeared since the second century BC in the 《》and already had a negative connotation:In ancient China, being dressed in clothing-style was understood as a form of social confusion in the way one dresses himself; for example, being dressed against what was prescribed by the rules and regulations and therefore having no consideration in the distinction between the higher and lower status; or wearing clothing-style which shows transgression in gender and/or sexuality norms. This was also attested in the 《》where it is stated that:
Even in the Qing dynasty, fashion continued to be discussed and be condemned; it also appears in the poem, 《The Bell of Qing Poetry》, written in 1869 by Xia Zhisheng:
Wearing fashion could also be perceived as being inauspicious as it was associated with political upheaval; this can be found in the 《》, a source which was most cited in the Qing dynasty, which stated:
could also refer to clothing of living people which had adopted mixed elements from the mourning attire even when there was the absence a close deceased relative.
The concept of was also used to invoke garment and apparel which blurred the distinction between and . Xia Zhisheng of the Qing dynasty also explained that which was mixed non-Chinese fashion was associated with the foretelling of ominous events:
The term could sometimes be used to position a garment or style which popular but contrasting to the traditional style. They could also be associated to, which referred to garment items which experienced fast changes in styles.
Fashion or clothing-style which were characterized as being typically had the following characteristics: