Future of the Indian Navy explained

The Indian Navy has been focusing on developing indigenous platforms, systems, sensors and weapons as part of the nation's modernisation and expansion of its maritime forces. As of November 2023, the Indian Navy had 67 vessels of various types under construction including destroyers, frigates, corvettes, conventional-powered and nuclear-powered submarines and various other ships.^[1] It plans to build up to a total of 200 vessels and 500 aircraft by 2050. According to the Chief of the Naval Staff's statement in December 2020,^[2] India has transformed from a buyer's navy to a builder's navy.^[3]

As of September 2024, the Indian Navy has 66 ships on order of which 50 are under construction in various stages (early fabrication to sea trials) and 12 ships are to be delivered and commissioned over the 12 months in 2025. These ships sum up a tonnage of over 200,000 tons and a value of . The ships are being constructed across 6 shipyards in India while 2 ships are under construction in Russia. The Russian-origin ships are the last warships to be imported for the Navy.^{[4] [5]} Navy plans to have between 155-160 warships by 2030 and between 175-200 warship navy by 2035.^[6]

The increasing interest of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy in the Indian Ocean region^[7] has led the Indian Navy to invest more in anti-submarine ships, such as the Kamorta-class corvette, long-range maritime reconnaissance aircraft such as the Boeing P-8 Poseidon and ships such as the Saryu-class patrol vessel^[8] and unmanned aerial vehicles such as the IAI Heron-1.^[9] However the lack of a strong submarine fleet has diminished its capabilities to some extent.^[10] Post-Chinese intrusions into Ladakh in 2020, it has been announced that the Indian Navy plans to upgrade the military facilities in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands on the eastern seaboard as well as Lakshadweep on the western seaboard, with the aim of having a network of island airbases in both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal which provides an infrastructure which will guarantee freedom of navigation and overflight to all Indian territories.^[11]

As for indigenisation the Indian Navy is following the "Roll-on Plan for 2023-26" while the progress is being monitored by Centre for Indigenisation & Self Reliance (CISR) at Coimbatore. The CISR has two Indigenisation Units (IUs) with one at Visakhapatnam, whose area of responsibility includes the Eastern Naval Command & Andaman and Nicobar Command and the other at Mumbai to supervise Western Naval Command. Three aspects are recognised for evaluating the indigenous content of a ship which includes Float (Hull and its related fittings and components), Move (Engines, Complete propulsions systems, etc.) and Fight (Sensor suites and Weapon systems) categories. As of October 2024, 90%, 60% and 50% of the respective categories have been indigenised. The Navy also plans to increase the indigenous content on already-commissioned frontline warships like INS Vikramaditya, Kalvari-class submarine, Talwar-class frigate and Deepak-class fleet tanker.^[12]

Submarines

This indicates that a Request For Information (RFI) has currently been issued for this project. The issue of an RFI is not a commitment for procurement.

Nuclear Submarines

Class	Picture	Type	No. of Boats	Origin	Displacement(Standard)	Status	Note
Arihant class			5^[13]		6000 tonnes for S2 & S3^[14] 7,000 tonnes^[15] for S4 & S4*^[16]	2 In service, 2 launched^[17] ^[18], 1 more planned	Second flight of 3 Arihant-class submarines with eight VLS of SLBMs as against four VLS on the earlier 2 submarines.^[19] Due to development delays of S5-class, another submarine is planned under Arihant Class.^[20]
		Ballistic missile submarine (SSBN)	3		13,500 tonnes	3 Planned	The SSBN project, budgeted at, is yet to be approved as of September 2024.^[21] ^[22] ^[23]
Chakra III (Akula-class)		Nuclear-powered attack submarine (SSN)	1		12,770–13,800 tons	1 Planned	On 7 March 2019, India and Russia signed a $3 billion deal for the lease of another Akula-class submarine for 10 years. The submarine, dubbed Chakra III, is to be delivered to the Indian Navy by 2028.^[24] ^[25] ^[26]
Project 77			6		10,000 tonnes	2 Cleared6 Planned	The Government of India had approved the construction of six such submarines in February 2015. These submarines will be designed by the Indian Navy's Warship Design Bureau and indigenously built in the Shipbuilding Centre at Visakhapatnam. The Cabinet Committee on Security cleared the construction of Batch 1 for 2 submarines.^[27]

Conventional Submarines

Class	Picture	Type	No. of Boats	Origin	Displacement	Status	Note
			9		1,800 tonnes	5 In service, 1 launched, 3 more Planned^[28] ^[29] ^[30] ^[31]	Follow on contract for 3 more submarines is expected to be signed soon.^[32] ^[33]
			6		3,000 – 4,000 tonnes	6 Planned	Defence Acquisition Council cleared the purchase of six submarines worth in October 2014.^[34] In April 2019, an Expression of Interest was issued for twelve stealth submarines capable of remaining underwater for much longer period and firing submarine-launched land-attack and anti-ship cruise missiles.^[35] Field Evaluation Trials (FET) of competing submarine designs have been completed by Indian Navy in June 2024.^[36] ^[37] ^[38]
Project-76 class			12			Planned	These are first class of conventional diesel-electric submarine to be fully designed and developed within India featuring AIPs. The design phase is expected to be completed by end-2024 and tenders are expected to be issued by defence ministry soon.^[39] ^[40] ^[41]

Others

Class	Picture	Type	No. of Boats	Origin	Displacement	Status	Note
Swimmer Delivery Vehicle			5		150 tonnes	5 Planned	Indian Navy will acquire at least 5 midget submarines for use as Swimmer Delivery Vehicles. These submarines will be used for conducting underwater special operations by MARCOS.^[42] The project is worth .^[43]
Extra Large Unmanned Underwater Vessel		Unmanned underwater vehicle	N/A		>100 tonnes		Ministry of Defence cleared project for development and procurement of XLUUVs under Make-1 category in September 2024. Shall be equipped with anti-submarine warfare capabilities. The vessels will be deployed for mine laying and mine clearing operations and surveillance roles.^[44]

Ships

This indicates that the project a Request For Information (RFI) has currently been issued for this project. The issue of RFI is not a commitment for procurement.

Aircraft carriers

Name	Picture	No. of Ships	Origin	Displacement	Status	Note
IAC-1 Class		2		45,000 tonnes	1 in service 1 Planned	Indian Navy had been pushing for a 65,000 tonne carrier, but the demand has been put on hold due to expenses and technologies needed on board. So now Navy is considering another 45,000-tonne class carrier, same as INS Vikrant with more indigenous systems and better propulsions.
		1		65,000 - 75,000 tonnes^[45]	Planned^[46]	Estimated to be equipped with an Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) CATOBAR system. Will have significant changes and greater size compare to INS Vikrant. Initially nuclear propulsion was planned, but this was later changed to an integrated electric propulsion system due to the complexities involved in developing a nuclear reactor with a capacity of 500 to 550 megawatts that would possibly take 15 to 20 years.^[47] ^[48] Since the Indian navy has preferred the construction of the nuclear powered Project 75 Alpha and the conventionally powered Project 75I class submarines, INS Vishal will be seen as a replacement of the INS Vikramaditya.^[49] ^[50] ^[51] ^[52]

Amphibious warfare ships

Class	Picture	Type	No. of Ships	Origin	Displacement	Status	Note
Future Landing Platform Dock (LPD)			4		30,000 to 40,000 tonnes	4 Planned	Indian Navy has released RFI for 4 LPDs to be made by Indian shipyards. Integrated Full Electric Propulsion (IFEP) is expected. Ships will have 4x AK 630 with Electro Optical Fire control system, 8x Medium Machine Gun, 6x Heavy Machine Gun, Advancd towed decoy system, 16x SSM, 32x VL-SRSAM, 2x Heavy Lift Helicopters, 12 Special Ops Helicopters and 2x NSUAS etc.^[53]
High Speed Landing Craft		Landing Craft	6		285 tonnes	6 Planned	In September 2017, Indian Navy issues a RFI to acquire six landing craft capable of supporting assault missions and transporting equipment, vehicles & troops.^[54] ^[55]

Destroyers

Class	Picture	Type	No. of Ships	Origin	Displacement	Status	Note
			4		7,400 tonnes	3 in service 1 Sea trials^[56]	Follow on of the Kolkata-class destroyer with improved stealth features.^[57] ^[58] ^[59]
		Stealth guided missile destroyer	8-10		10,000 to 13,000 tonnes	8-10 Planned	A planned class of 8-10 Project 18 class destroyers, as a follow-on of Visakhapatnam class.^[60] ^[61] ^[62]

Frigates

Class	Picture	Type	No. of Ships	Origin	Displacement	Status	Note
			7		6,670 tonnes	6 Launched1 Sea trials	Four ships will be constructed by Mazagon Dock while the remaining three by Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers.^[63] ^[64] ^[65]
		Stealth guided missile frigate	4		4,035 tonnes	1 Sea trials 1 Launched 2 Under construction^[66]	Two additional vessels of batch 3 are to be built in a joint partnership between Russia and India in Yantar Shipyard and another two of batch 4 are to be built in Goa Shipyard^[67] ^[68] ^[69]
		Stealth guided missile frigate	7-8		8,000 tonnes	7-8Planned^[70]	A deal for a class of around 7 Project 17B class frigates, as a follow-on of Nilgiri-class frigates, is expected to be cleared by MoD . The order is worth .^[71] ^[72] ^[73]

Corvettes

Class	Picture	Type	No. of Ships	Origin	Displacement	Status	Note
Anti Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW SWC)		Corvette(ASW)	16		700–950 tonnes	12 Launched,4 Under construction^[74]	Designed for ASW roles in coastal waters.Eight vessels each constructed by GRSE and Cochin Shipyard, to be delivered between 2022 and 2026.^[75] ^[76] ^[77] ^[78]
Next Generation Missile Vessels		Corvette(ASuW)	6		1,437 tonnes	6 on order	The contract for acquisition of six Next Generation Missile Vessels (NGMV) was signed with Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) at a cost of Rs 9,805 crore. The delivery of ships is scheduled to commence from March 2027 .^[79]
Next generation corvette(NGC)^[80]		Corvette	8		3,500 tonnes	8 Planned	In 2016, the Ministry of Defence issued Request For Information (RFI) for seven next-generation Corvette under the "Buy Indian and Make Indian" category. Acceptance of necessity given by ministry of defence

Multi Purpose Vessel

Class	Picture	Type	No. of Ships	Origin	Displacement	Status	Note
Samarthak-class		Multi Purpose Vessel (MPV)	2		3,750 tonnes	1 Launched1 Under construction	Ministry of Defence signed a contract with Larsen & Toubro for acquisition of Two Multi-Purpose Vessels (MPVs) for Indian Navy at cost of on 25 March 2022. These vessels will be used for multi-role support functions such as maritime surveillance & patrol, launching/ recovery of torpedoes and operation of various types of aerial, surface and underwater targets for Gunnery/ ASW firing exercises.^[85] ^[86]
Navy's Multi Purpose Vessel		Multi Purpose Vessel (MPV)	2			2 Planned	^[87]

Survey vessels

Class	Picture	Type	No. of Ships	Origin	Displacement	Status	Note
Sandhayak class		Survey vessel	4		3,300 tonnes	1 in Service^[95] 3 Launched	In September 2017, GRSE won a bid for .^[96] ^[97] Contract signed in October 2018.^[98]
Next Generation survey Vessel		Survey vessel	5			Planned	Acceptance of Necessity (AoN), worth, cleared by the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) on 15 September 2023.^[99] ^[100]

Miscellaneous

Class	Picture	Type	No. of Ships	Origin	Displacement	Status	Note
Matangi		Unmanned surface vehicle	12			Trials	Contract signed with Sagar Defence Engineering for armed autonomous boat swarms on 8 January 2023. Roles include high-speed interdiction; surveillance; constabulary operations; and Command, Control, Communications, Computers (C4) Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR).^[101] ^[102] Pre-delivery trials began in late October 2024 in Mumbai.^[103] A Matangi started a sea transit from Mumbai to Tuticorin (1500km (900miles)) in Autonomous mode, using the indigenous 'navigation & collision avoidance software'.^[104]
		Diving support vessel	2		9,350 tonnes^[105]	2 Launched	In December 2017, Hindustan Shipyard won a bid to build two ships for . Contract for the same was signed in September 2018. Keel laid for the first vessel in December 2019. Both the ships (Nistar & Nipun) have been launched on 22 September 2022.^[106] ^[107] ^[108]
L&T-class Cadet Training Ship		Training vessel	3		Unknown	3 Under construction	Union Cabinet has accorded approval to sign a contract with Larsen & Toubro for acquisition of three Cadet Training Ships, at an overall cost of Rs 3,108.09 crore. The delivery of ships is scheduled to commence from 2026.^[109] Keel of first ship laid on 9 February 2024.^[110] Steel cutting ceremony of third ship on 20 April 2024.^[111]
National Hospital Ship (NHS)		Hospital Ship	1		Unknown	Planned	One National Hospital Ship is proposed to be acquired. The anticipated delivery timelines for the first vessel is maximum of 48 months from the date of contract.^[112]
Diving support craft (DSC)		Diving support craft	5		300 tonnes	2 Launched 3 Under construction^[113]	A contract for five Diving Support Craft (DSC) has been signed by Indian Navy with M/s Titagarh Rail Systems Ltd, Kolkata on 12 Feb 21.^[114]
FIC-1		Fast Interceptor Craft	120			Project approved	Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) approved the procurement on 3 December 2024. Among their many functions is the escort of high-value units, such as aircraft carriers, destroyers, frigates, and submarines for coastal defense.
Tugboat		Tugboat	4			Under construction	10-tonne bollard pull tugs being constructed at Hindustan Shipyard^[115] ^[116]
			3			1 in service 2 Delivered^[117]	25-tonne bollard pull tugs being constructed at Shoft Shipyard Pvt Ltd, Bharuch, Gujurat.^[118]
			6			3 Launched 1 Under Construction	25-tonne bollard pull tugs being constructed at Titagarh Rail Systems, Kolkata.^[119]
IRS Class Barge		ACTCM / MCA Barges	19			14 Delivered 5 Under construction^[120]	The contract for building 11 × Ammunition Cum Torpedo Cum Missile (ACTCM) Barge was signed between MoD and M/s Suryadipta Projects Pvt Ltd, Thane on 05 Mar 2021.^[121] ^[122] The contract for building 08 x Missile Cum Ammunition (MCA) Barge was signed between MoD and M/s SECON Engineering Projects Pvt Ltd, Visakhapatnam on 19 Feb 2021.^[123] All barges are numbered with LSAM. The only difference is naming for the contract for M/s Suryadipta Projects Pvt Ltd, and M/s SECON Engineering Projects Pvt Ltd. Both ACTCM / MCA have same dimensions.

Aircraft

Type	Picture	Role	No. of airframes	Origin	Status	Note
Twin Engine Deck Based Fighter (TEDBF)		Carrier-based multirole fighter	N/A		Design Phase	The first flight of the TEDBF is targeted for 2025–26 with the fighter expected to be inducted into the Navy by 2032.
Dassault Rafale			26		Planned	The acquisition is a part of the Multi-Role Carrier Borne Fighters programme to acquire 57 fighter jets. The Dassault Rafale-M was chosen over the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. Number was revised from 57 to 36 in mid-2020^[124] and later to 26 by 2021-end. The deal shall be signed through the G2G process.^[125] The Rafale-M was selected for procurement in 2023.^[126] The Indian Navy aims to finalise the procurement of the Rafale-M by 2024-end.^[127]
HAL HJT-36 Sitara		Intermediate trainer aircraft	N/A		Planned	To replace HAL HJT-16 Kiran.^[128]
Naval Shipborne Unmanned Aerial System (NSUAS)		Unmanned Rotorcraft/Shipborne UAV	40		Planned	Proposal to buy 10 NSUAS for around ₹ 1,300 crores cleared by the government in 2021.^[129] RFI to purchase total of 40 units released in 2023.^[130] ^[131]
Multi Utility Long Endurance Drone (MULE)					Under development	Contract signed with Altair Infrasec for MULE RPA which will be a NSUAS class UAV.^[132] ^[133] Primary Roles: C4, ISTAR, SIGNIT, COMINT and Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) operations for a Task Force. Secondary Roles: Anti-piracy, Anti-terrorist activities and assistance in Search and Rescue (SAR). Payloads: EO/IR, AIS, Maritime Patrol Radar, EW and communication relay with a capacity of >50kg (110lb). Endurance: >12 hours.
IAI-HAL NRUAV					Planned	^[134]
MQ-9B SeaGuardian		Unmanned combat aerial vehicle	2 in service (on lease) 15 more on order.^[135]		On order	The final deal was signed on 15 October 2024.
Dornier 228		Anti-submarine warfare, Maritime patrol	12		6 in service6 on order	These aircraft will be equipped with advanced sensors, glass cockpit, advanced surveillance radar, ELINT, optical sensors and networking features.^[136]
EADS C-295		Anti-submarine warfare/ Maritime patrol	9		Planned	The Indian Navy issued an RFP for six medium-range maritime reconnaissance (MRMR) aircraft. The possible contenders were the ATR-72MP/ATR-42MP, the EADS C-295MPA/C-235MPA, the Dassault's Falcon 900MPA and the Embraer P-99A. The procurement number has been enhanced to 9 as per news reports in February 2012.^[137] The C-295 was eventually chosen. They will be equipped with advanced sensors, glass cockpit, advanced surveillance radar, ELINT, optical sensors and networking features.^[138] Ministry of Defence has given clearance for procurement on 16 February 2024.^[139] ^[140]
Boeing P-8I Neptune		Reconnaissance, ASW, ASuW	12 in serice 6 more planned		More planned	^[141] ^[142]
ShinMaywa US-2		STOL Amphibious Aircraft	12		Planned	Indian Navy intends to acquire 12 US-2 amphibian aircraft for conducting long-range search-and-rescue operations at cost of $1.65 billion. Two US-2 will be directly imported and remaining 10 will be assembled locally in India.^[143] In April 2018, Mahindra Defence signed an MoU with ShinMaywa Industries Ltd. to manufacture and assemble the aircraft, and set up MRO facility in India.^[144] ^[145]
Sikorsky MH-60R Romeo		Multi-Role Helicopter	24		5 delivered^[146] 19 on order	The helicopters will replace the ageing Sea King helicopters. They are equipped with Mark 54 torpedoes and Hellfire air-to-surface missiles, along with precision-kill rockets. India signed a contract for the MH-60Rs in February 2020.^[147]
Naval Multi-Role Helicopter		Multi-Role Helicopter	60		Under development	Deck Based Multi Role Helicopter being developed to replace Sea King and augment MH-60R.^[148]
Naval Multi-Role Helicopter		Multi-Role Helicopter	123		Planned	Requirement issued to HAL^[149]
HAL Utility Helicopter-Marine		Utility helicopter	111		Under development	To replace HAL Chetak helicopters.
Boeing V-22 Osprey		Tiltrotor military transport aircraft	N/A		Planned	V-22's airborne early warning and control variant may replace the short-range Kamov Ka-31.^[150] ^[151]

See also

• List of active Indian Navy ships
• Future of the Indian Air Force

References

|}

Notes and References

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2. Web site: Chatterjee. Sayan. 2020-12-05. Navy Day, 2020: Year-End wrap-up on our sentinels of the sea. 2020-12-06. The Statesman. en-US.
3. Web site: 4 September 2014. IANS. Indian Navy has transformed from buyer to builder: Naval Chief. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20141222185942/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/Indian-navy-has-transformed-from-buyer-to-builder-naval-chief_1465102.html. 22 December 2014. Zee News.
4. Web site: 2024-09-01 . India's 50 Warships at Various Stages of Construction, 12 to be Delivered in a Year . 2024-09-02 . Defence.in . en-US.
5. News: 2024-12-02 . Navy Chief Dinesh Kumar Tripathi: Deals for Rafale-M jets, three additional Scorpene submarines in advanced stages . 2024-12-02 . The Hindu . en-IN . 0971-751X.
6. Web site: Ray . Kalyan . 19 September 2024 . Indian Navy to get 88 ships and subs; preferred security partner in IOR: Rajnath Singh . 2024-10-10 . Deccan Herald . en.
7. Web site: Krishnan. Anantha. 27 October 2014. Experts see several implications to Chinese submarine's visit to Colombo. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20141030155310/http://news.oneindia.in/feature/naval-experts-see-several-implications-to-chinese-submarine-s-visit-to-colombo-1547342.html. 2014-10-30. Oneindia.
8. Web site: Rahmat. Ridzwan. 24 July 2014. Indian Navy receives fourth Saryu-class OPV. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20141222193824/http://www.janes.com/article/41200/Indian-navy-receives-fourth-saryu-class-opv. 22 December 2014. Janes.
9. Web site: India's Growing Unmanned Naval Fleet. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20141030142955/http://blog.navaldrones.com/2012/08/indias-growing-unmanned-naval-fleet.html. 2014-10-30.
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11. Web site: Gupta. Shishir. 19 July 2020. Navy's forward posture against PLA aggression in Ladakh muscles out Chinese threat on high seas. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200719210543/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-navy-s-forward-posture-against-pla-aggression-in-ladakh-muscles-out-chinese-threat-on-high-seas/story-mRYUXdkrCmGQznQod5lWFK.html. 19 July 2020. 20 July 2020. Hindutan Times.
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14. News: Peri . Dinakar . 2024-10-22 . India’s fourth nuclear submarine launched into water . 2024-12-03 . The Hindu . en-IN . 0971-751X.
15. Web site: Mundhra . Shreya . 2 January 2022 . Boosting Indian Navy's Firepower, DRDO Launches Nuclear Submarine With 'Vertical Launch System' . 3 August 2023.
16. Web site: 2017-12-10 . From India Today magazine: A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines . 2024-12-03 . India Today . en.
17. News: Peri . Dinakar . 2024-10-22 . India’s fourth nuclear submarine launched into water . 2024-11-29 . The Hindu . en-IN . 0971-751X.
18. News: Gupta . Shishir . 22 October 2024 . India Launches 4th nuclear-missile submarine . 22 October 2024 . Hindustan Times.
19. News: Unnithan . Sandeep . 7 December 2017 . A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171211024434/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo/1/1104982.html . 11 December 2017 . 11 December 2017 . India Today.
20. News: 29 August 2024 . India gets second nuclear-powered missile submarine, INS Arighaat commissioned . Mint.
21. News: Unnithan . Sandeep . 10 December 2017 . A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190420153431/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20171218-india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo-1102085-2017-12-10 . 20 April 2019 . 5 September 2019 . India Today.
22. Web site: India is Building a Deadly Force of Nuclear-Missile Submarines. Roblin. Sebastien. 2019-01-27. The National Interest. en. 2019-09-02.
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24. Web site: Gady. Franz-Stefan. India, Russia To Sign $3 Billion Nuclear Sub Deal This Week. The Diplomat. 6 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190305145949/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/india-russia-to-sign-3-billion-nuclear-sub-deal-this-week/. 5 March 2019. 5 March 2019. live. dmy-all.
25. Web site: India, Russia Sign $3 Billion Deal For Nuclear-Powered Attack Submarine . 2024-10-26 . NDTV.com.
26. News: 2024-10-24 . India launches its latest nuclear submarine with 75% indigenous tech: Here's what the new S4 means for regional security . 2024-10-26 . The Economic Times . 0013-0389.
27. Web site: 2024-10-09 . Centre clears deal to build 2 nuclear submarines, purchase 31 predator drones . 2024-10-10 . India Today . en.
28. News: India Likely To Buy 26 Rafales, 3 Scorpene Subs During PM's France Visit. NDTV. 2023-07-10.
29. News: Peri. Dinakar. Mahale. Ajeet. INS Karanj launched in Mumbai. The Hindu. 31 January 2018. en-IN.
30. News: 6 May 2019. INS Vela: Indian Navy's 4th Scorpene-class made in India submarine launched. Financial Express. 6 May 2019.
31. Web site: Nabanita Chakorborty. 28 September 2019. Rajnath Singh Commissions INS Khanderi. 28 September 2019. NewsNation.
32. Web site: 2024-09-14 . Navy gets escape training facility for Kalvari-class submarines . 2024-09-14 . Hindustan Times.
33. Web site: 2024-09-14 . Submarine escape training facility 'Vinetra' commissioned at Visakhapatnam . 2024-09-14 . Financialexpress . en.
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35. Web site: 6 April 2019. ANI. Indian Navy kicks off Rs 50,000 crore lethal submarine project, wants 500 km strike range cruise missiles on them. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20190416163926/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-navy-kicks-off-rs-50000-crore-lethal-submarine-project-wants-500-km-strike-range-cruise-missiles-on-them/articleshow/68718982.cms. 16 April 2019. The Economic Times.
36. News: Peri . Dinakar . 1 June 2024 . Field evaluation of submarine bids under P-75I complete . The Hindu.
37. Web site: 5 May 2024 . Field evaluation of bids for Navy's mega submarine deal underway; German govt. to acquire stake in TKMS . The Hindu.
38. Web site: 2024-06-17 . India to hold trials in Spain for P-75 India submarine project by June-end; Madrid ready to fully back Airbus C-295 like deal, says Spanish firm . 2024-06-18 . ANI News.
39. News: 2022-06-13. Navy's indigenous nuclear attack submarines to be 95 percent 'Made in India'. ANI. The Economic Times. 2022-09-03. New Delhi.
40. News: 2022-07-18. Snehesh Alex Phillip. India's submarine plans hit by dwindling fleet as Navy decommissions INS Sindhudhvaj. The Print. 2022-09-03. New Delhi.
41. Web site: Linganna . Girish . 2022-08-18 . Will India's New Submarine Fleet Be Ready by 2030? . 2024-02-24 . The National Interest . en.
42. Web site: 2014-10-26 . 6 Made-in-India Submarines for Navy for 53,000 Crores . NDTV.
43. Web site: Yadav . Dhruv . 2024-05-15 . Mazagaon Dock Limited Unveils Midget Submarine 'Arowana' On Its 250th Anniversary . 2024-09-14 . Bharat Shakti . en-US.
44. News: 2024-09-11 . Defence Ministry clears Navy's Rs 2,500 crore plan for unmanned vessels with capabilities to attack submarines . 2024-09-11 . The Economic Times . 0013-0389.
45. Web site: Mahajan . Neeraj . 2022-09-03 . INS Vikrant- the Present, Past, and Future of the Indian Navy . 2023-08-03 . Chintan . en-US.
46. Web site: Gady. Franz-Stefan. 9 November 2016. Confirmed: India's Next Aircraft Carrier Will Be Nuclear. subscription. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161112123947/https://thediplomat.com/2016/11/confirmed-indias-next-aircraft-carrier-will-be-nuclear. 12 November 2016. 2022-02-13. The Diplomat.
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