Fungal isolate explained

Fungal isolates have been researched for decades. Because fungi often exist in thin mycelial monolayers, with no protective shell, immune system, and limited mobility, they have developed the ability to synthesize a variety of unusual compounds for survival. Researchers have discovered fungal isolates with anticancer, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and other bio-active properties. The first statins, β-Lactam antibiotics, as well as a few important antifungals, were discovered in fungi.

Chemotherapeutic isolates

BMS manufactures paclitaxel using Penicillium and plant cell fermentation. Fungi can synthesize podophyllotoxin and camptothecin, precursors to etoposide, teniposide, topotecan, and irinotecan.

Lentinan, PSK, and PSP, are registered anticancer immunologic adjuvants. Irofulven and acylfulvene are anticancer derivatives of illudin S. Clavaric acid is a reversible farnesyltransferase inhibitor. Inonotus obliquus creates betulinic acid precursor betulin. Flammulina velutipes creates asparaginase. Plinabulin is a fungal isolate derivative currently being researched for anticancer applications.

Cholesterol inhibitors

The statins lovastatin, mevastatin, and simvastatin precursor monacolin J, are fungal isolates. Additional fungal isolates that inhibit cholesterol are zaragozic acids, eritadenine, and nicotinamide riboside.

Immunosuppressants

Ciclosporin, mycophenolic acid, mizoribine, FR901483, and gliotoxin, are immunosuppressant fungal isolates.

Antimicrobials

Penicillin, cephalosporins, fusafungine, usnic acid, fusidic acid, fumagillin, brefeldin A, verrucarin A, alamethicin, are antibiotic fungal isolates. Antibiotics retapamulin, tiamulin, and valnemulin are derivatives of the fungal isolate pleuromutilin. Griseofulvin, echinocandins, strobilurin, azoxystrobin, caspofungin, micafungin, are fungal isolates with antifungal activity.

Psychotropic isolates

The headache medications cafergot, dihydroergotamine, methysergide, methylergometrine, the dementia medications hydergine, nicergoline, the Parkinson's disease medications lisuride, bromocriptine, cabergoline, and pergolide were all derived from Claviceps isolates. Polyozellus multiplex synthesizes prolyl endopeptidase inhibitors polyozellin, thelephoric acid, and kynapcins. Boletus badius synthesizes L-theanine.

Other isolates

thumb|150pxResearchers have discovered other interesting fungal isolates like the antihyperglycemic compounds ternatin, aspergillusol A, sclerotiorin, and antimalarial compounds codinaeopsin, efrapeptins, and antiamoebin. The fungal isolate ergothioneine is actively absorbed and concentrated by the human body via SLC22A4. Other notable fungal isolates include vitamin D1, vitamin D2, and vitamin D4.

IsolateSourceResearched activity / Chemical description
9-Deacetoxyfumigaclavine Cendophytic Aspergillus fumigatuspotent, selective, anticancer activity comparable to doxorubicin (IC50 = 3.1 μM against K562)[1]
14-Norpseurotin AAspergillusantiparasitic/anticancer
3-O-MethylfuniconePenicillium pinophilumin vitro cancer stem cell inhibitor
AnicequolPenicillium aurantiogriseumin vitro anchorage-independent cancer inhibitor
Anomalin A sponge-derived Arthriniumangiogenesis inhibitor
AntiamoebinEmericellopsisanti-microbial/protozoan polypeptide
Arugosin CAspergillus versicolor isolated from Red Sea green algabio-active anthraquinone[2]
Aspergillides A-Cmarine Aspergillus ostianusanticancer/cytotoxic
Aspergillusene"sea fan"-derived Aspergillus sydowiiantioxidant sesquiterpene
Aspergilone A"sea fan"-derived Aspergillusanticancer and antifouling activity[3]
Aspergillusol Amarine Aspergillusalpha-glucosidase inhibitor
Asperterrestide Amarine Aspergillus terreuscytotoxic and antiviral cyclic tetrapeptide
Asterric acidAntarctic Geomycesendothelin binding inhibitor
AuranthinePenicilliumantimicrobial
AurantiaminePenicillium aurantiogriseumvaline and histidine derived diketopiperazine
Aurantiomidesponge-derived Penicillium aurantiogriseumquinazoline alkaloid with cytotoxic/anticancer activity
Berkeleydionefungal extremophile (Berkeley Pit, Montana)anticancer polyketide-terpenoid
Berkeleytrionefungal extremophile (Berkeley Pit, Montana)anticancer polyketide-terpenoid
Berkelic acidfungal extremophile (Berkeley Pit, Montana)spiroketal anticancer compound
beta-Ergocryptineergotdopaminergic ergot alkaloid
BisvertinoloneTrichodermaanticancer[4]
BotryodiplodinPenicilliumantibiotic mycotoxin
BotryosphaeranBotryosphaeria rhodinafree-radical scavenging and antioxidant[5]
Brevianamide Smarine Aspergillus versicolorantimicrobial dimeric diketopiperazine
Brevicompanines D-Hdeep ocean sediment Penicilliumlipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide inhibitor
Cephalosporolidemarine Penicilliumnovel lactones
Chaetoglobosin AChaetomiumanticancer[6]
Chaetoxanthonemarine-derived Chaetomiumbio-active xanthone
Chanoclavineergotdopamine agonist
Chanoclavine IIergot
Chetracins B Antarctic psychrophilic Oidiodendron truncatumin vitro anticancer (nanomolar)
Chrysophanic acidantiviral/anticancer anthraquinone
ChrysosporideSepedonium chrysospermum
CitreoroseinPenicilliumantimicrobial polyketide
Citrinolactone Dmarine-derived Penicilliumcitrinin derivative
CitromycetinAustralian Penicilliumbio-active polyketide
CitromycinPenicilliumantibiotic
Communesin BMediterranean Axinella-derived Penicilliumanticancer
Costaclavinergot
Cryptoechinuline D mangrove rhizosphere soil-derived Aspergillusanticancer
CurvularinPenicilliumantimicrobial
Cycloprop-2-ene carboxylic acidRussula subnigricanscauses rhabdomyolysis[7]
Decumbenone C marine Aspergillus sulphureusanticancer
DehydroaltenusinAlternaria tenuisinhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerase α
DehydrocurvularinPenicilliumantimicrobial
Disydonols A-Cmarine Aspergillusanticancer
DuclauxinPenicillium duclauxianticancer[8]
Epicoccins Cordyceps-colonizing Epicoccum nigrumantiviral
Epolactaenemarine fungusantiinflammatory, inhibitory activity of DNA polymerases and DNA topoisomerase II, active synthetic analogs[9]
Epoxyagroclavinepermafrost Penicilliumergot alkaloid
Epoxyphomalins A-Bmarine Paraconiothyriumpotent cytotoxics
Ergosineergotdopaminergic ergot alkaloid
Ergostanemushroomssteroid
Ergostineergotalpha-adrenergic blocking, vasoconstrictive ergot alkaloid
EupenifeldinEupenicillium brefeldianumantimicrobial cytotoxic bistropolone
EvariquinoneEmericella variecolor (derived from the marine sponge Haliclona)
Fecosterolfungi and lichenssteroid
FellutaninePenicilliumbio-active diketopiperazine alkaloids
FestuclavineAspergillus fumigatus
Fumigaclavine Aendophytic Aspergillusbio-active ergoline
Fumigaclavine Bendophytic Aspergillusbio-active ergoline
Fumigaclavine Cendophytic Aspergillusbio-active ergoline
Fumiquinazolinesoft coral Sinularia-derived Aspergillus fumigatuscytotoxic/anticancer
FungisterolCordyceps sinensissteroid
Glionitrin Amine-dwelling Aspergillus fumigatusantibiotic-anticancer
Glionitrin BAspergillus fumigatus KMC-901anticancer diketopiperazine
HymenosetinHymenoscyphus pseudoalbidusantimicrobial (active against MRSA)[10]
IntegrasoneUnknown inhibits HIV-1 integrase enzyme[11]
Isoemericellinmarine Emericella variecolor
Leporizines A-CAspergilluscytotoxic epithiodiketopiperazines
Leptosphaerinmarine Leptosphaeria oraemarisantifungal
Lichesterolfungi and lichenssteroid
Luteoalbusins A-Bdeep sea Acrostalagmus luteoalbusanticancer indole diketopiperazines
Luteusin ATalaromyces luteusmonoamine oxidase inhibitor
MalettininHypoxylonpolyketide/antimicrobial
MaximiscinTolypocladium (Salcha, Alaska)[12] anticancer polyketide-shikimate compound
Meleagrindeep ocean Penicilliumanticancer
MethylenolactocinPenicilliumanticancer
Neoxaline Aspergillus japonicusantimitotic and antiplatelet
Nigerapyrones A-Emarine mangrove-derived, endophytic Aspergillus nigeranticancer
Nigrosporin BNigrosporaantimicrobial
Nocapyrones E-GNocardiopsis dassonvilleiantimicrobial alpha-pyrones
Notoamidemarine Aspergillusbio-active prenylated indole alkaloid
OxalinePenicillium oxalicum and Aspergillus japonicusanticancer (tubulin polymerization inhibitor), O-methylated derivative of meleagrin
Pencolideseaweed-derived endophytic fungibio-active maleimide
Penicitrinol Jmarine-derived Penicilliumbio-active citrinin dimer
Penicitrinol Kmarine-derived Penicilliumbio-active citrinin derivative
Penicitrinone Emarine-derived Penicilliumbio-active citrinin dimer
Penochalasin Aendophytic Chaetomiumcytotoxic/anticancer cytochalasan-based alkaloid
Penostatin APenicilliumcytotoxic metabolite
Pestalamides A-CPestalotiopsis theaeantiviral and antifungal
Petrosifunginsponge-derived Penicillium brevicompactumnovel cyclodepsipeptide
Phillyrinendophytic fungus (isolated from Forsythia)antiobesity
PiscarininePenicillium piscarium westlingbio-active polycyclic diketopiperazine alkaloid
Prenylterphenyllinsmarine Aspergillus candidusanticancer
Protuboxepins A and BAspergillus SF-5044anticancer diketopiperazines
Pseurotin Aendophytic Aspergillusantiparasitic and anticancer
Pyrenocinemarine Penicillium paxilliantibiotic/antiinflammatory mycotoxin[13]
Questiomycin APenicillium expansumantibiotic
Quinocitrininepermafrost Penicilliumquinoline alkaloid
RES-1149-2Aspergillusnon-peptidic endothelin receptor antagonist
Retigeric acid BLobaria (lichen)anticancer
Rubratoxin BPenicillium rubrumanticancer
RugulovasinePenicillium
Sch 642305Penicillium verrucosum and Rhizoctonia solanibacterial DNA primase inhibitor
Sclerotides A-BAspergillus sclerotiorum PT06-1bio-active cyclic hexapeptides
Secalonic acidmarine funginootropic
ShamixanthoneAspergillusbio-active prenylated xanthone
Shearininemarine Penicillium janthinellumanticancer
SiderinAspergillus versicolor isolated from Red Sea green algabio-active anthraquinone
Sorbicillactone Asponge-derived fungusnovel bio-active alkaloid
Spiculisporic acidmarine Aspergillusbioactive γ-butenolide
SpiropreussionePreussiaanticancer
StephacidinAspergillus ochraceus WC76466anticancer/cytotoxic
Stromemycinmarine EmericellaC-glycosidic depside matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
Terpestacinendophytic fungus Drechslera raveneliianticancer
Terrestrols marine Penicillium terrestrecytotoxic/anticancer[14]
Terreulactone AAspergillus terreusanti-acetylcholinesterase terpenoid
Topopyrone CPhoma and Penicilliumanticancer human topoisomerase I inhibitor
Trachyspic acidTalaromyces trachyspermusheparanase inhibitor
TrichodimerolTrichodermabio-active pentacycle
Ustusolatesmarine Aspergillus ustusanticancer
VariecolactoneEmericella purpurea myceliumimmunomodulatory sesterterpene
VariecololEmericella aurantio-brunnea immunosuppressant/antiviral alkaloid
Varixanthonemarine Emericella variecolorantimicrobial
VermiculinePenicillium vermiculatumantibiotic
Vermistatinfungal extremophile (Berkeley Pit, Montana)anticancer[15]
VermixocinPenicillium vermiculatumcytotoxic metabolite
VerrucosidinPenicillium verrucosumcytotoxic pyrone-type polyketide
Verrulactone APenicilliumantimicrobial alternariol
Versicolamide Bmarine Aspergillusa paraherquamide-stephacidin
Viscumamidemangrove-derived endophytic fungi cyclic peptide
Yaequinolone J1Penicillium sp. FKI-2140antibiotic

External links

Notes and References

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  2. Hawas UW, El-Beih AA, El-Halawany AM . Bioactive anthraquinones from endophytic fungus Aspergillus versicolor isolated from red sea algae. . Arch Pharm Res . 2012 . 35 . 10 . 1749–56 . 10.1007/s12272-012-1006-x . 23139125 . 25106490 .
  3. Shao CL, Wang CY, Wei MY, Gu YC, She ZG, Qian PY, etal . Aspergilones A and B, two benzylazaphilones with an unprecedented carbon skeleton from the gorgonian-derived fungus Aspergillus sp. . Bioorg Med Chem Lett . 2011 . 21 . 2 . 690–3 . 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.12.005 . 21194945 .
  4. 12120368. 2002. Abe. N. Arakawa. T. Hirota. A. The biosynthesis of bisvertinolone: Evidence for oxosorbicillinol as a direct precursor. 3. 204–5. Chemical Communications. 10.1039/b109505f.
  5. Giese . Ellen C. . Gascon . Jacob . Anzelmo . Gianluca . Barbosa . Aneli M. . da Cunha . Mário A. Alves . Dekker . Robert F.H. . January 2015 . Free-radical scavenging properties and antioxidant activities of botryosphaeran and some other β-D-glucans . International Journal of Biological Macromolecules . 72 . 125–130 . 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.07.046 . 0141-8130 . 25128096.
  6. 23881215 . New chaetoglobosin derivatives, MBJ-0038, MBJ-0039 and MBJ-0040, isolated from the fungus Chaetomium sp. f24230 . 2013 . Kawahara . T . Itoh . M . Izumikawa . M . Sakata . N . Tsuchida . T . Shin-Ya . K . 10.1038/ja.2013.75 . The Journal of Antibiotics . 66 . 12 . 727–30. 2926936 .
  7. Matsuura . Masanori . Saikawa . Yoko . Inui . Kosei . Nakae . Koichi . Igarashi . Masayuki . Hashimoto . Kimiko . Nakata . Masaya . 2009 . Identification of the toxic trigger in mushroom poisoning . Nature Chemical Biology . 5 . 7 . 465–7 . 10.1038/nchembio.179 . 19465932.
  8. 4799788. 1973. Kuhr. I. Fuska. J. Sedmera. P. Podojil. M. Vokoun. J. Vanĕk. Z. An antitumor antibiotic produced by Penicillium stipitatum Thom; its identity with duclauxin. 26. 9. 535–6. The Journal of Antibiotics. 10.7164/antibiotics.26.535. free.
  9. Mizushina Y, Kuramochi K, Ikawa H, Kuriyama I, Shimazaki N, Takemura M, etal . Structural analysis of epolactaene derivatives as DNA polymerase inhibitors and anti-inflammatory compounds. . Int J Mol Med . 2005 . 15 . 5 . 785–93 . 10.3892/ijmm.15.5.785. 15806299 .
  10. Halecker S, Surup F, Kuhnert E, Mohr KI, Brock NL, Dickschat JS, etal . Hymenosetin, a 3-decalinoyltetramic acid antibiotic from cultures of the ash dieback pathogen, Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus. . Phytochemistry . 2014 . 100 . 86–91 . 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.01.018 . 24529574 . 2014PChem.100...86H . 10033/337879 . free .
  11. Herath, K.; Jayasuriya, H.; Bills, G.; Polishook, J.; Dombrowski, A.; Guan, Z.; Felock, P.; Hazuda, D.; Singh, S. Isolation, Structure, Absolute Stereochemistry and HIV-1 Inhibitory Activity of Integrasone, a Novel Fungal Polyketide. J. Nat. Prod. 2004, 67, 872-874.
  12. 24285637 . 2013 . Du . L . Robles . AJ . King . JB . Powell . DR . Miller . AN . Mooberry . SL . Cichewicz . RH . Crowdsourcing Natural Products Discovery to Access Uncharted Dimensions of Fungal Metabolite Diversity . 10.1002/anie.201306549 . Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English . 804–9. 53 . 3 . 4028707.
  13. Toledo TR, Dejani NN, Monnazzi LG, Kossuga MH, Berlinck RG, Sette LD, etal . Potent Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Pyrenocine A Isolated from the Marine-Derived Fungus Penicillium paxilli Ma(G)K. . Mediators Inflamm . 2014 . 2014 . 767061 . 24574582 . 10.1155/2014/767061 . 3916108 . free .
  14. Chen L, Fang Y, Zhu T, Gu Q, Zhu W . Gentisyl alcohol derivatives from the marine-derived fungus Penicillium terrestre. . J Nat Prod . 2008 . 71 . 1 . 66–70 . 10.1021/np070421v . 18163588 .
  15. Stierle AA, Stierle DB, Girtsman T . Caspase-1 inhibitors from an extremophilic fungus that target specific leukemia cell lines. . J Nat Prod . 2012 . 75 . 3 . 344–50 . 22295871 . 10.1021/np200414c . 3330824 .