Funafuti Explained

Funafuti
Settlement Type:Atoll
Pushpin Map:Tuvalu
Pushpin Label Position:top
Pushpin Map Caption:Location of Funafuti atoll in Tuvalu
Coordinates:-8.5167°N 191°W
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name:Tuvalu
Unit Pref:Metric
Area Total Km2:2.4
Population Total:6,320
Population As Of:2017
Population Density Km2:auto
Iso Code:TV-FUN
Image Map1:Funafuti in Tuvalu.svg
Map Caption1:Map of the atoll
Leader Title:Parliament representatives
Leader Name:Tuafafa Latasi, Simon Kofe

Funafuti is the capital of the island nation of Tuvalu.[1] [2] It has a population of 6,320 people (2017 census).[3] More people live in Funafuti than the rest of Tuvalu combined, with it containing approximately 60% of the nation's population. It consists of a narrow sweep of land between 20and wide, encircling a large lagoon (Te Namo) 18km (11miles) long and 14km (09miles) wide. The average depth of the Funafuti lagoon is about 20 fathoms (36.5 meters or 120 feet).[4] With a surface area of 275km2, it is by far the largest lagoon in Tuvalu. The land area of the 33 islets around the atoll of Funafuti totals 2.4km2; taken together, they constitute less than one percent of the total area of the atoll. Cargo ships can enter Funafuti's lagoon and dock at the port facilities on Fongafale.

The capital of Tuvalu is sometimes said to be Fongafale or Vaiaku, but, officially, the entire atoll of Funafuti is its capital,[5] since it has a single government that is responsible for the whole atoll.

The installed PV capacity in Funafuti in 2020 was 735 kW compared to 1800 kW of diesel (16% penetration).[6]

History

The oral history of Funafuti is that the founding ancestor came from Samoa.[7] [8] [9] The name of one of the islets, Funafala, means 'the pandanus of Funa' ("Funa" is a word meaning "chief" and is also found in the name of the atoll Funafuti).[10]

The first European to visit Funafuti was Arent Schuyler de Peyster. He was an American from New York, and captain of the armed brigantine or privateer vessel Rebecca, which was sailing under British colors.[11] [12] In May 1819, de Peyster passed through the southern Tuvalu waters, and sighted Funafuti. He named it Ellice's Island, after an English politician, Edward Ellice, who was the member of parliament for Coventry and the owner of the Rebeccas cargo.[13]

In 1841, the United States Exploring Expedition, led by Charles Wilkes, visited Funafuti.[14] The United States claimed Funafuti based on the 1856 Guano Islands Act, and maintained this claim until 1983, when a treaty of friendship, concluded in 1979, went into effect.

In the 1850s, John (Jack) O'Brien became the first European to settle in Tuvalu. He became a trader on Funafuti and married Salai, the daughter of Funafuti's paramount chief;[15] with his family name continuing on Funafuti.[16] Alfred Restieaux, a native of England, lived and worked as a trader on Funafuti from July 1881 until about 1888 or 1889.[17] [18]

In 1882, members of the US Fish Commission visited Funafuti on the USFC Albatross to investigate the formation of coral reefs on Pacific atolls. During that visit, Harry Clifford Fassett, the captain's clerk and a photographer, took pictures of people, communities, and scenery in Funafuti.[19]

George Westbrook, a trader based in Funafuti, recorded a tropical cyclone that struck Funafuti on 23–24 December 1883. At the time the cyclone struck, he was the lone inhabitant of Fongafale, because Tema, a Samoan missionary, had taken everyone else to Funafala to work on erecting a church. The cyclone destroyed the buildings in Fongafale, including the church and the trading stores belonging to George Westbrook and Alfred Restieaux. Little damage occurred at Funafala, however, and the people returned to rebuild at Fongafale.[20] [21]

Thomas Andrew, a photographer, visited Funafuti around 1885–86.[22]

In 1892, Captain Edward Davis of provided a report describing the traders and trading activities he observed on each of the islands he visited. Davis identified Jack O'Brien as a trader on Funafuti,[23] and O’Brien was also reported to be living on the atoll in 1896.[24]

In 1894 Count Rudolph Festetics de Tolna, his wife Eila (née Haggin), and her daughter Blanche Haggin visited Funafuti aboard the yacht Le Tolna.[25] [26] The Count spent several days photographing men and woman of Funafuti.[27]

The population of Funafuti during the years 1860 to 1900 is estimated to have been between 280[28] and 300 people.[29] The Funafuti Post Office opened around 1911.[30]

During the Pacific War (World War II) the Ellice Islands were used as a base to prepare for the subsequent seaborn attacks on the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) that were occupied by Japanese forces.[31] The United States Marine Corps 5th Defense Battalion landed on Funafuti on 2 October 1942;[32] [33] the operation was kept secret until the Japanese discovered it for themselves on 27 March 1943.[34]

On Funafuti the islanders were shifted to the smaller islets so as to allow the American forces to build an airfield (now Funafuti International Airport), a 76-bed hospital and the Naval Base Funafuti port facilities on Fongafale islet.[35] [36]

In June 1996, the Funafuti Conservation Area was established along the western rim of the reef, encompassing six islets.[37] It has an area of 33 km2 (12 square miles), containing 20 per cent of the reef area of Funafuti. The land area of the six islets in the conservation area is 8 ha (20 acres). Below is a list of the islets in the conservation area, in order from north to south, with their estimated areas in hectares:

Darwin's Drill

There is a site on Funafuti called Darwin's Drill, where boreholes were drilled in 1896, 1897 and 1898, by the Royal Society of London, as part of a scientific investigation designed to find out whether traces of shallow-water organisms could be found deep down in the coral. It was intended as a test of Charles Darwin's theory of coral atoll formation.[38] [39] Professor Sollas, the leader of the 1896 expedition, published a report on the study of the atoll.[40] Professor Edgeworth David of the University of Sydney was a member of the 1896 expedition, and the leader of the 1897 expedition.[41] [42] Photographers on the expeditions recorded people, communities and scenes at Funafuti.[43]

In respect of its role in testing the theory, Funafuti atoll was included by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) in its assemblage of 100 'geological heritage sites' around the world in a listing published in October 2022.[44]

In 1972, Funafuti lay in the path of Cyclone Bebe during the 1972–73 South Pacific cyclone season. Bebe was a pre-season tropical cyclone that hit the Gilbert, Ellice, and Fiji island groups.[45] The cyclone system was first spotted on 20 October. It intensified and grew in size through 22 October. At about 4 p.m. on Saturday the 21st, sea water bubbled through the coral on the airfield and rose to a height of about 5feet. Cyclone Bebe continued to ravage the area through Sunday 22 October. The Ellice Islands Colony's ship Moanaraoi, which was in the lagoon, survived. However, three tuna boats were wrecked. Waves broke over the atoll. Five people died: two adults and a 3-month-old child were swept away by waves, and two sailors who had been in the wrecked tuna boats were drowned.[46] Cyclone Bebe knocked down 90% of the area's houses and trees. The storm surge created a wall of coral rubble along the ocean side of Fongafale and Funafala that was about long, and was about 10feet to 20feet thick at the bottom.[46] [47] [48] [49] The storm surge also destroyed or contaminated the area's sources of fresh drinking water.

Geography

Islands

There are at least 29 islets in the Funafuti atoll.[1] The largest is Fongafale, followed by Funafala. At least three of these islets are inhabited: Fongafale (the main island) in the east, Funafala in the south, and Amatuku in the north.

Villages

The district of Funafuti comprises nine villages on six islets, with four of the villages located on Fongafale. They and their populations as of the 2012 census are listed below:[3]

NamePopulation
IsletVillage
Amatuku128
FongafaleAlapi1,029
Fakaifou1,158
Senala1,207
Vaiaku638
Funafala50
Lofeagai627
Tekavatoetoe650
Teone570

Lagoon

The Funafuti atoll's lagoon (Te Namo in Tuvaluan) is 24.5 km (15 miles) long, north to south, and 17.5 km (10 miles) wide, east to west, and has an area of 275 km2 (106 sq. mi.), making it by far the largest lagoon in the nation of Tuvalu. It is about 52 metres (28 fathoms) deep in some places, but only 6 metres (3 fathoms) deep in other places (because it has several submerged rocks and reefs along its bottom, some of which are that close the surface). The deepest basin is in the northern part of the lagoon (the maximum recorded depth is 54.7 metres [30 fathoms]), while the southern part of the lagoon has a very narrow, shallow basin.[50] The Funafuti Conservation Area is located across the lagoon from the main island of Fongafale, and is accessed by boat.

Landmarks

Tausoa Lima Falekaupule is the traditional meeting house on Funafuti. Tausoalima means "hand of friendship" and Falekaupule means "traditional island meeting hall." There is the Funafuti Lagoon Hotel, and other guesthouses as well as homes, constructed both in the traditional manner, out of palm fronds, and more recently out of cement blocks. The most prominent building on Funafuti atoll is the Fētu'ao Lima (Morning Star Church) of the Church of Tuvalu.

Other sites of interest are the remains of Japanese aircraft that crashed on Funafuti during World War II. The airfield was constructed during World War II. It was adapted to serve as the Funafuti International Airport, which serves both as the airstrip for the flights from Fiji as well as providing a place for sporting and other recreational activities.

A major sporting event is the "Independence Day Sports Festival" held annually at Fongafale on 1 October. The most important sports event within the country is arguably the Tuvalu Games, which are held yearly since 2008, with teams coming to Funafuti from the outer islands to compete in the games.[51] Football in Tuvalu is played at club and national team level. The Tuvalu national football team trains at the Tuvalu Sports Ground on Funafuti and competes in the Pacific Games and South Pacific Games.

The Parliament of Tuvalu or Palamene o Tuvalu is located on Fongafale, together with the offices of the government departments and the government agencies, including the Tuvalu Telecommunications Corporation, National Bank of Tuvalu, Tuvalu Philatelic Bureau, Tuvalu Meteorological Service, Tuvalu National Library and Archives and the Tuvalu Media Department that operates Radio Tuvalu. The police service has its headquarters and the jail on Fongafale. The High Court of Tuvalu is also located on Fongafale.

The Princess Margaret Hospital, the only hospital in Tuvalu, is located on Fongafale.

Climate

Funafuti has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af). Because it experiences frequent cyclones, it is not considered to have an equatorial climate. It sees an extraordinary amount of rainfall throughout the year, being the fourth-wettest national capital in the world behind Monrovia, Freetown and Conakry. Unlike those West African capitals, Funafuti has no dry season: the town has no month in which less than rain falls, and an average of about of precipitation annually. As is common in many areas with a tropical rainforest climate, the temperature varies little during the year; average daily temperatures hover around year-round.

Transportation

Funafuti International Airport is located on Fongafale.

Fiji Airways, the owner of Fiji Airlines (trading as Fiji Link) operates air transport services three times per week (on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday) between Suva and Funafuti. The flights originate in Nadi, and use ATR 72-600 aircraft, which can carry up to 68 passengers.

Fongafale has port facilities and two passenger/cargo ships, Nivaga III and Manu Folau, which make roundtrips between Fongafale and the outer islands about once every three or four weeks, and also travel between Suva, Fiji,[52] and Funafuti about three or four times a year.

In 2015 the Japanese government donated a ship, the Nivaga III, to Tuvalu, to replace the Nivaga II, which had served Tuvalu since 1989.[53]

Politics

The Funafuti Falekaupule is the local council, with the Kaupule as the executive of the Falekaupule.[54] On Fongafale, the Funafuti Kaupule is responsible for approvals of the construction of houses or extension to an existing buildings on private land and the Lands Management Committee is the responsible authority in relation to lands leased by Government.[55]

Funafuti is one of the eight constituencies in Tuvalu, and elects two members of parliament. In the 2024 general election, Simon Kofe was re-elected, Tuafafa Latasi was elected, however Kausea Natano was not re-elected to parliament.[56] [57]

Education

Four tertiary institutions on Funafuti offer technical and vocational courses: Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute (TMTI), Tuvalu Atoll Science Technology Training Institute (TASTII), Australian Pacific Training Coalition (APTC) and University of the South Pacific (USP) Extension Centre.[58]

There are two junior schools, the Seventh Day Adventist Primary School and Nauti Primary School, which has a register of more than 900 pupils and is the largest primary school in Tuvalu (45 per cent of the total primary school enrollment).[59]

The Church of Tuvalu operates Fetuvalu Secondary School.[60] [61] The University of the South Pacific (USP)[62] Extension Centre on Funafuti operates the Augmented Foundation Programme for sixth form students who pass their Pacific Secondary School Certificate (PSSC) so that the students can enter tertiary education programmes outside of Tuvalu. The Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute (TMTI) is located on Amatuku motu (islet).

Notable people

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Maps of Tuvalu . 15 January 2021.
  2. Book: Lal. Andrick. South Pacific Sea Level & Climate Monitoring Project – Funafuti atoll. SPC Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC Division of SPC). 31 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140203011855/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/oip/FinalReport/Annex/3_Survey%20LDP/Survey_Diagrams_JPACE-TV.pdf. 3 February 2014. dead. dmy-all.
  3. Web site: Population of communities in Tuvalu. Thomas Brinkhoff. 2017. 27 September 2020.
  4. Book: Coates, A. . Western Pacific Islands . 1970 . H.M.S.O. . 349.
  5. Web site: Tuvalu country brief. March 2020. Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 3 March 2020.
  6. Web site: REG (49450-028): Preparing Floating Solar Plus Projects under the Pacific Renewable Energy Investment Facility – Terms of Reference for Consulting Firm . Asian Development Bank (ADB). December 2020 . 22 January 2021.
  7. Prof. W. J. Sollas. 11 February 1897. The Legendary History of Funafuti. Nature. 55. 353–355.
  8. Book: Talakatoa O'Brien. Tuvalu: A History, Chapter 1, Genesis. 1983 . Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific and Government of Tuvalu .
  9. Donald G. . Kennedy . Field Notes on the Culture of Vaitupu, Ellice Islands . . 38 . 1929 . 2–5 . 14 January 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081015043119/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_38_1929/Field_notes_on_the_culture_of_Vaitupu%2C_Ellice_Islands%2C_by_Donald_Gilbert_Kennedy%2C_p_1-99/p1?action=null . 15 October 2008 . dead .
  10. Book: Hedley . Charles . General account of the Atoll of Funafuti . 1896 . Australian Museum Memoir 3(2): 1–72 . 28 September 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131015112253/http://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/16686/487_complete.pdf . 15 October 2013 . dead .
  11. Book: De Peyster . J. Watts 1821–1907.. Military (1776–'79) transactions of Major, afterwards Colonel, 8th or King's foot, Arent Schuyler de Peyster (with details of the discovery of the Ellice and de Peyster Islands in the Pacific Ocean, in May, 1819). Reproduction of original in: Bibliotheque Nationale du Quebec . 0665040512.
  12. Web site: The De Peysters. 14 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170703170833/http://corbett-family-history.com/de-peyster. 3 July 2017. dead.
  13. Laumua Kofe, Palagi and Pastors, Tuvalu: A History, Ch. 15, Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific and Government of Tuvalu, 1983
  14. Tyler, David B. – 1968 The Wilkes Expedition. The First United States Exploring Expedition (1838–42). Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society
  15. Web site: Tuvaluislands.com . A Brief History of Tuvalu: Christianity and European Traders . 15 September 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130813092349/http://www.tuvaluislands.com/history.htm . 13 August 2013 . live .
  16. Web site: Lambert . Sylvester M. . Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego . Young woman, member of the O'Brien family, Funafuti, Tuvalu . 25 January 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170202025500/http://library.ucsd.edu/dc/object/bb13661628 . 2 February 2017 . live .
  17. Web site: Jane. Resture. Alfred Restieaux Manuscripts – Part 2. Jane Resture. 23 March 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130307132104/http://www.janeresture.com/ar3.htm. 7 March 2013. live.
  18. Web site: Doug. Munro. Tom De Wolf's Pacific Venture: The Life History of a Commercial Enterprise in Samoa. 1980. 23 March 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131002080826/https://ojs.lib.byu.edu/spc/index.php/PacificStudies/article/download/9023/8672. 2 October 2013. live.
  19. Web site: National Archives & Records Administration. Records of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S.. 20 September 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110920202419/http://www.archives.gov/. 20 September 2011. live.
  20. McLean, R.F. and Munro, D. . Late 19th century Tropical Storms and Hurricanes in Tuvalu . South Pacific Journal of Natural History . 11 . 1991 . 213–219 . 10 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190410113306/http://uspaquatic.library.usp.ac.fj/gsdl/collect/spjnas/index/assoc/HASH0199.dir/doc.pdf . 10 April 2019 . dead .
  21. Book: Resture . Jane . Hurricane 1883 . Tuvalu and the Hurricanes: ‘Gods Who Die’ by Julian Dana as told by George Westbrook . https://web.archive.org/web/20170908231226/http://www.janeresture.com/hurribebe/hurricanebebe2.htm . 8 September 2017 . live .
  22. Web site: Andrew. Thomas. Washing Hole Funafuti. From the album: Views in the Pacific Islands. Collection of Museum of New Zealand (Te Papa). 1886. 10 April 2014. https://archive.today/20140411050242/http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/objectdetails.aspx?irn=1238498. 11 April 2014. live.
  23. Web site: Jane. Resture. TUVALU HISTORY – 'The Davis Diaries' (H.M.S. Royalist, 1892 visit to Ellice Islands under Captain Davis). 20 September 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110830021646/http://www.janeresture.com/tuvalu_davis/index.htm. 30 August 2011. live.
  24. Hedley . Hedley . Charles . General account of the Atoll of Funafuti . 1896 . Australian Museum Memoir . 3 . 2 . 1–72 . 10.3853/j.0067-1967.3.1896.487 . 28 September 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131015112253/http://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/16686/487_complete.pdf . 15 October 2013 . dead .
  25. Festetics De Tolna, Comte Rodolphe, Chez les cannibales: huit ans de croisière dans l'océan Pacifique à bord du, Paris: Plon-Nourrit, 1903
  26. Book: "The Aristocrat and His Cannibals" Count Festetics von Tolna's travels in Oceania, 1893–1896 . musée du quai Branly. 2007.
  27. Web site: Néprajzi Múzeum Könyvtára. The library of the Ethnographic Museum of Hungary. 20 September 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110721111935/http://www.neprajz.hu/. 21 July 2011. live.
  28. W. F. . Newton . The Early Population of the Ellice Islands . 76 . 2 . 1967 . Journal of the Polynesian Society . 197–204 .
  29. Richard . Bedford . Barrie . Macdonald . Doug . Monro . Population Estimates for Kiribati and Tuvalu . 1980 . 89 . 1 . Journal of the Polynesian Society . 199 .
  30. Web site: Premier Postal History . Post Office List . Premier Postal Auctions . 5 July 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140106061201/https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=ge&country= . 6 January 2014 . live .
  31. Book: McQuarrie . Peter . Strategic atolls: Tuvalu and the Second World War . 1994 . Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies, University of Canterbury/ Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific . 0958330050.
  32. Web site: Tuvalu (Ellice Islands) . 1 June 2012.
  33. Web site: Unsung battle: Fighting at Funafuti Atoll played an important role in World War II .
  34. Web site: Occupation of Funafuti Atoll (Operation Fetlock), 2 October 1942 .
  35. Web site: Jersey . Stanley C. . The Battle for Betio Island, Tarawa Atoll . A Japanese Perspective: Operations in the Gilbert Islands by the 4th Fleet and the 6th Base Force . 29 February 2004 . 8 June 2015 . 7 September 2004 . https://web.archive.org/web/20040907215955/http://tarawaontheweb.org/stanjersy1.htm . dead .
  36. Book: Melei . Telavi . Hugh . Larcy . Tuvalu: A History. 1983 . University of the South Pacific/Government of Tuvalu. 140–144 . Chapter 18, War .
  37. Web site: Funafuti Reef Fisheries Stewardship Plan (FRFSP). Tuvalu Fisheries (Tuvalu Ministry of Natural Resources). 15 November 2017. 11 August 2021. 31 October 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191031004907/http://www.tuvalufisheries.tv/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/FRFSP-231117-web.pdf. dead.
  38. Book: Lal. Andrick. South Pacific Sea Level & Climate Monitoring Project – Funafuti atoll. SPC Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC Division of SPC). 35 & 40. https://web.archive.org/web/20140203011855/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/oip/FinalReport/Annex/3_Survey%20LDP/Survey_Diagrams_JPACE-TV.pdf. 3 February 2014. dead.
  39. News: TO THE EDITOR OF THE HERALD. . . 11 September 1934 . 20 June 2012 . 6 . National Library of Australia.
  40. Sollas, William J. . Funafati: the study of a coral atoll. Natural Science . 14. 1899 . 17–37 .
  41. Branagan, D.F. (2005): T.W. Edgeworth David: A Life: Geologist, Adventurer and "Knight in the Old Brown Hat", National Library of Australia, Canberra, pp. 85–105.
  42. David, Mrs Edgeworth, Funafuti or Three Months on a Coral Atoll: an unscientific account of a scientific expedition, London: John Murray, 1899
  43. Photography Collection, University of Sydney Library
  44. Web site: The First 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites . IUGS International Commission on Geoheritage . IUGS . 5 November 2022.
  45. Bureau of Meteorology (1975) Tropical Cyclones in the Northern Australian Regions 1971–1972 Australian Government Publishing Service
  46. Book: Resture . Jane . Hurricane Bebe 1972 . 5 October 2009 . Tuvalu and the Hurricanes: 'The Hurricane in Funafuti, Tuvalu' by Pasefika Falani (Pacific Frank) . https://web.archive.org/web/20170908231226/http://www.janeresture.com/hurribebe/hurricanebebe2.htm . 8 September 2017 . live .
  47. Maragos J.E., Baines G.B., Beveridge P.J.. Tropical Cyclone creates a New Land Formation on Funafuti . Science . 181. 1973 . 4105 . 1161–4. 10.1126/science.181.4105.1161 . 17744290 . 35546293 .
  48. Baines, G.B.K., Beveridge, P.J. & Maragos, J.E.. Storms and island building at Funafuti Atoll, Ellice Islands . Proceedings of the 2nd Int. Coral Reef Symposium . 1974 .
  49. Web site: Warne . Kennedy . National Geographic . Will Pacific Island Nations Disappear as Seas Rise? Maybe Not – Reef islands can grow and change shape as sediments shift, studies show . 13 February 2015 . 14 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150214031223/http://news-beta.nationalgeographic.com/2015/02/150213-tuvalu-sopoaga-kench-kiribati-maldives-cyclone-marshall-islands/ . 14 February 2015 . dead .
  50. Web site: [ftp://ftp.gouv.nc/sig/PUBLIC/club_geomatique/2017/GT_donnees_geo_maritimes_22_06_2017/Rapport_de_leve_CPS.pdf EU-SOPAC Project Report 50: TUVALU TECHNICAL REPORT High-Resolution Bathymetric Survey Fieldwork undertaken from 19 September to 24 October 2004 ]. Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission c/o SOPAC Secretariat. October 2018 . 21 October 2019 .
  51. Web site: Shuuichi. Endou. Tuvalu Games 2011. 18 May 2011. Tuvalu-News.TV. 31 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121018180008/http://www.tuvalu-news.tv/archives/2011/05/tuvalu_game_2011.html. 18 October 2012. dead.
  52. http://www.shipping.com.fj Fiji shipping agent, Williams & Gosling
  53. Web site: Moceituba . Atasa . Brand-new vessel for Tuvalu . The Fiji Times . 3 February 2016 . 17 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160324094852/http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=340189 . 24 March 2016 . dead .
  54. Web site: Funafuti Falekaupule. Funafuti Strategic Plan 2011–2015. February 2011. 26 April 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100522/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/TUV_2011_Funafuti_StrageticPlan.pdf. 4 March 2016. dead.
  55. Web site: Pacific Aviation Investment Program (PAIP) Environmental Management Plan – Funafuti International Airport(FUN) and Road Interim Working Document. AECOM. 13 November 2013. 18 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160325114135/http://tvaip.com//docstation/com_docstation/8/tuvalu_emp_final_draft_rev_f.pdf. 25 March 2016. live.
  56. News: Tuvalu general election: Six newcomers in parliament . . 29 January 2024 . 29 January 2024.
  57. News: Marinaccio. Jess . Tuvalu's 2024 general election: a new political landscape. 30 January 2024 . PolicyDevBlog. 30 January 2024.
  58. Web site: Tuvalu Theory of Change Coalition Consultation. The University of the South Pacific. 6 July 2020. 10 January 2021. 11 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210111230331/https://www.usp.ac.fj/news/story.php?id=3268. deviated.
  59. Web site: 2012 Population & Housing Census Preliminary Analytical Report . Ministry of Education and Sports, and Ministry of Finance and Economic Development from the Government of Tuvalu; and the United Nations System in the Pacific Islands . Tuvalu: Millennium Development Goal Acceleration Framework – Improving Quality of Education . April 2013 . 13 October 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140213133607/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/MDG/MDG%20Acceleration%20Framework/MAF%20Reports/RBAP/MAF%20Tuvalu-FINAL-%20April%204.pdf . 13 February 2014 . dead .
  60. Web site: Fetuvalu High School (Funafuti) . 20 November 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130927210334/http://wikimapia.org/10435819/Fetuvalu-High-School . 27 September 2013 . live .
  61. Web site: Holowaty Krales . Amelia . TB Workshop at Fetu Valu Secondary School . 10 March 2011 . 20 November 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130928133342/http://ameliaholowatykrales.blogspot.com.au/2011/03/tb-workshop-at-fetu-valu-secondary.html . 28 September 2013 . live .
  62. Web site: Welcome to the Tuvalu Campus. University of the South Pacific – Tuvalu Campus. 2019. 28 August 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20180425224152/https://www.usp.ac.fj/index.php?id=3666. 25 April 2018. live.
  63. Web site: THE HON KAUSEA NATANO PRIME MINISTER TUVALU . Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat . 12 January 2021 . 9 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211109205332/https://www.forumsec.org/kausea-natano/ . dead .

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