Fulmarine petrel explained

The fulmarine petrels or fulmar-petrels are a distinct group of petrels within the family Procellariidae. They are the most variable of the four groups within the Procellariidae, differing greatly in size and biology. They do, however, have a unifying feature, their skull, and in particular their nasal tubes. They are predominantly found in the Southern Ocean with one species, the northern fulmar, ranging in the North Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.^[1]

Fossils of fulmarine petrels dating back to the Upper Miocene have been found in Menorca.^[2]

Taxonomy

A multigene genetic study published in 2021 provided a genus-level phylogeny of extant genera in the family and showed that the fulmarine patrels make an apparent clade.^[3]

Species by genus

Macronectes

Macronectes includes:

• Macronectes halli, northern giant petrel, located in the southern oceans, north of the Antarctic convergence
• Macronectes giganteus, southern giant petrel, located in the southern oceans, and southern polar region south to the pack ice

Fulmarus

Fulmarus includes:

• Fulmarus glacialis, northern fulmar, breeds in the North Atlantic, along the coast of eastern Siberia, and the Alaskan Peninsula. Ranges through the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean,
  • Fulmarus glacialis glacialis breeds in the high Arctic region of the North Atlantic
  • Fulmarus glacialis auduboni breeds in the low Arctic and boreal Arctic of the North Atlantic
  • Fulmarus glacialis rodgersii breeds along the coast of eastern Siberia and the Alaskan Peninsula
• Fulmarus glacialoides, southern fulmar, located in the southern polar region; South Atlantic Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean

Thalassoica

Thalassoica includes:

• Thalassoica antarctica, Antarctic petrel, breeds along the Antarctic coast and on the Antarctic islands. Ranges through the southern polar region

Daption

Daption includes:

• Daption capense, Cape petrel, breeds on the circumpolar and New Zealand subantarctic islands, ranges throughout the southern polar region, and coastal waters off the west coast of South America
  • Daption capense capense breeds on the circumpolar subantarctic islands, ranges throughout the southern oceans
  • Daption capense australe breeds on the New Zealand subantarctic islands, ranges throughout the southern oceans

Pagodroma

Pagodroma includes:

• Pagodroma nivea, snow petrel, located in the southern polar region
  • Pagodroma nivea nivea, breeds on the South Georgia Islands and adjacent islands, Scotia Arc, and the Antarctic Peninsula
  • Pagodroma nivea confusa, breeds on the South Sandwich Islands and the Géologie Archipelago

Pterodromoides

Pterodromoides is a monotypic genus of extinct fulmarine petrels containing only Pterodromoides minoricensis

Notes and References

1. Weathers . W. W. . Gerhart . K. L. . Hodum . P. J. . 1 December 2000 . Thermoregulation in Antarctic fulmarine petrels . Journal of Comparative Physiology B . en . 170 . 8 . 561–572 . 10.1007/s003600000134 . 11192262 . 22776920 . 1432-136X.
2. Segui . Bartomeu . Quintana . Josep . Fornos . Joan J. . Alcover . Josep Antoni . September 2001 . A New Fulmarine Petrel (Aves: Procellariiformes) from the Upper Miocene of the Western Mediterranean . Palaeontology . en . 44 . 5 . 933–948 . 10.1111/1475-4983.00209 . 2001Palgy..44..933S . 129148277 . 0031-0239. free .
3. Estandía . A. . Chesser . R.T. . James . H.F. . Levy . M.A. . Ferrer Obiol . J. . Bretagnolle . V. . González-Solís . J. . Welch . A.J. . 11 December 2021 . 27 July 2021 . Substitution rate variation in a robust Procellariiform seabird phylogeny is not solely explained by body mass, flight efficiency, population size or life history traits . bioRxiv . 2021.07.27.453752. 10.1101/2021.07.27.453752 . 236502443 .