Fulbright Act of 1946 explained

Shorttitle:	Fulbright Act of 1946
Longtitle:	An Act to amend the Surplus Property Act of 1944 to designate the Department of State as the disposal agency for surplus property outside the continental United States, its Territories and possessions, and for other purposes.
Nickname:	Surplus Property Act Amendment of 1946
Enacted By:	79th
Effective Date:	August 1, 1946
Cite Statutes At Large:	, Chap. 723
Acts Amended:	Surplus Property Act of 1944
Title Amended:	50a U.S.C.: War and National Defense^[1]
Sections Created:	50 Appendix U.S.C. § 1619
Introducedin:	Senate
Introducedby:	J. William Fulbright (D–AR)
Introduceddate:	November 30, 1945^[2]
Passedbody1:	Senate
Passeddate1:	April 12, 1946
Passedvote1:	Passed^[3]
Passedbody2:	House
Passeddate2:	July 26, 1946
Passedvote2:	Passed^[4]
Signedpresident:	Harry S. Truman
Signeddate:	August 1, 1946

Fulbright Act of 1946, 50a U.S.C. § 1619, is a United States statute commissioning the United States Department of State as a disposal agency for the disposal of materials on public lands and the reclamation of salvageable military surplus assets pending the aftermath of World War II. The Act of Congress was an amendment to the Surplus Property Act of 1944 implementing section 1619 entitled designation of disposal agencies.^[5]

The statute chronicled in volume sixty of the United States Statutes at Large authorizing the disposal of surplus property abroad coincided with an American initiative known as the Marshall Plan periodically referred to as the Foreign Assistance Act of 1948 and Economic Cooperation Act of 1948.^[6]

The Fulbright Act was enacted into law by the 33rd President of the United States Harry Truman during the mid-twentieth century. The foreign educational exchange initiative encompassed the framework of World War II and the origins of the Cold War.

The academic cross-cultural exchange programs persevered the Cold War enduring five decades ― Cold War (1948–1953) | Cold War (1953–1962) | Cold War (1962–1979) | Cold War (1979–1985) | Cold War (1985–1991) ― climactically achieving a demonstrative cessation by the fall of the Berlin Wall commencing on November 9, 1989.

Legislative precursor of Surplus Property Act Amendment of 1946

Arkansas Senator James Fulbright presented Senate legislation 1440 to the Committee on Military Affairs on September 27, 1945. The Senate bill S. 1440 was titled as an Act with a House floor narrative regarding credits and potential monetary funds from the transactions of World War II surplus materials. The post-war student exchange programs would secure a dividend or reward proceeds for the furtherance of foreign academic exchange candidates as outlined in the Fulbright narrative;^[7]

See also

• • Agricultural Trade Development & Assistance Act of 1954 Mutual Security Act
• Fulbright Program
• Office of Alien Property Custodian
  • International education Roberts Commissions
  • Lend-Lease Act of 1941 Salvage for Victory
  • Military Surplus Act of 1920 Surplus Property Board
  • Military Surplus Store War Assets Administration
  • Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program World War II reparations

• U.S. statutes & educational exchange programs
  • U.S. Educational Exchange Act, 1948
  • Finnish Educational Exchange Act of 1949
  • China Educational Exchange of 1950
  • Iranian Fiduciary Trust Fund Act of 1950
  • Lacy-Zarubin Agreement of 1958
  • National Defense Education Act, 1958
  • Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961
  • FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993

Bibliography

• How Effective Is Our Student-Exchange Program? . Niefeld . S.J. . Mendelsohn . Harold . February 10, 1954 . Educational Research Bulletin . 33 . 2 . Taylor & Francis, Ltd. . 29–37 . 1473612.
• The Philosophy of the Fulbright Programme . Cook . Donald B. . Smith . J. Paul . 1956 . International Social Science Bulletin . VIII . 4 . United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization . 615–627 . UNESCO Digital Library.
• Web site: East-West Exchanges ~ Establishment of a Program of Exchange of Information and Persons with the Soviet Bloc . 1958 . Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958–1960, Eastern Europe; Finland; Greece; Turkey, Volume X, Part 2 . Office of the Historian ~ Foreign Service Institute . United States Department of State.
• The Evolution of a Reconversion Policy: World War II and Surplus War Property Disposal . Dobney . Fredrick J. . May 1974 . . 36 . 3 . Taylor & Francis, Ltd. . 24443749 . 498–519. 10.1111/j.1540-6563.1974.tb01537.x .
• News: Ten Exchange Students Due in Area . August 16, 1978 . The Lawton Constitution . 77 . 8 . Lawton, Oklahoma . . Oklahoma Historical Society . 3A.
• Mission on the Rhine: American Educational Policy in Postwar Germany, 1945-1949 . Tent . James F. . October 1982 . . 22 . 3 . Cambridge University Press . 10.2307/367768 . 367768 . 255–276.
• News: Daniels . Lee A . June 15, 1988 . Vistas Widen for U.S.-Soviet Student Exchange . Newspaper . Midtown Manhattan, New York . The New York Times.
• Educational Exchange and Cultural Diplomacy in the Cold War . Bu . Liping . December 1999 . . 33 . 3 . Cambridge University Press . 10.1017/S0021875899006167 . 393–415.
• Book: Füssl, Karl-Heinz . https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/united-states-and-germany-in-the-era-of-the-cold-war-19451990/between-elitism-and-educational-reform-germanamerican-exchange-programs-19451970/2A6A3F1D7C4215C1DFD72D689C03ECE2 . Between Elitism and Educational Reform - German-American Exchange Programs, 1945-1970 . The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1990 . 2004 . The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1990: A Handbook . Cambridge University Press . 10.1017/CBO9781139052436.048 . 409–416. 978-0-521-79112-0.
• Book: Medovoi, Leerom . November 23, 2005 . [{{google books|BavnSUyJVSMC|plainurl=y}} Rebels: Youth and the Cold War Origins of Identity ]. Durham, North Carolina . Duke University Press . 978-0822387299 . 60349176 . 10.1525/phr.2007.76.2.329 .
• Book: Osgood, Kenneth A. . February 23, 2006 . [{{google books|xyOuEAAAQBAJ|plainurl=y}} Total Cold War: Eisenhower's Secret Propaganda Battle at Home and Abroad ]. Chapter 7. Every Man an Ambassador: Cultural Propaganda and the People-To-People Campaign . Lawrence, Kansas . University Press of Kansas . 978-0700615902 . 61859731 . 10.1525/phr.2007.76.2.330 . 214-252 . People to People International.
• From War Junk to Educational Exchange: The World War II Origins of the Fulbright Program and the Foundations of American Cultural Globalism, 1945-1950 . Lebovic . Sam . April 2013 . . 37 . 2 . Oxford University Press . 44254519 . 10.1093/dh/dht002 . 280–312.
• American Teenagers, Educational Exchange, and Cold War Politics . Scribner . Campbell F. . November 2017 . . 57 . 4 . History of Education Society . 10.1017/heq.2017.31 . 542–569.

The Campaign of Truth and Truman Administration International Information Policy

• Web site: Address on Foreign Policy at a Luncheon of the American Society of Newspaper Editors . April 20, 1950 . "The Campaign of Truth" ~ Harry Truman International Information Policy of Post World War II . Internet Archive . U.S. National Archives and Records Service . 260–264.
• Web site: Letter to Senator Flanders on the Appropriation for the Campaign of Truth . August 30, 1950 . Internet Archive . U.S. National Archives and Records Service . 602–603.
• Web site: Letter to the Chairman, Board of Foreign Scholarships, on the Fulbright Program . May 11, 1951 . Internet Archive . U.S. National Archives and Records Service . 277–278.

Resources of U.S. federal organizations

• Web site: ERIC ED019026: International Educational Exchange ~ The Opening Decades 1946-1966 . U.S. Department of State . 1966 . A Report of the Board of Foreign Scholarships . Internet Archive . . Education Resources Information Center.
• Web site: ERIC ED019027: Fact Sheet on the International Educational Exchange Program ~ 1946-1966 . U.S. Department of State . April 1966 . Internet Archive . U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare . Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) Archive.
• Web site: ERIC ED089592: The German-American Conference on Educational Exchange . Byers . Philip P. . June 1972 . Internet Archive . U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare . Education Resources Information Center.

External links

• • Web site: The Early Years ~ An Informal History of the Fulbright Program . Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs ~ The Fulbright Program . U.S. Department of State.
• Web site: Timeline ~ Connecting a Complex and Changing World . FulbrightProgram.org . U.S. Department of State.
• Web site: U.S. Relations With Japan ~ People-to-People Relations . Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs ~ Bilateral Relations . U.S. Department of State.
• Web site: World War II and Aftermath Agencies . U.S. Foreign Affairs Research ~ Department of State WWII Related Records . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Title 50, Appendix - War and National Defense . United States Code ~ Title 50a Omitted or Repealed . U.S. Government Publishing Office.
2. Web site: Fulbright Act of 1946 ~ Senate Bill S. 1636 . November 30, 1945 . Disposal of Surplus Property Abroad . 91 . 9 . 79th Congressional Record of United States Senate . U.S. Congress.gov . 11235.
3. Web site: Fulbright Act of 1946 ~ Senate Bill S. 1636 . April 12, 1946 . Disposal of Surplus Property Abroad . 92 . 3 . 79th Congressional Record of United States Senate . U.S. Congress.gov . 3553.
4. Web site: Fulbright Act of 1946 ~ Senate Bill S. 1636 . July 26, 1946 . Disposal of Surplus Property Abroad . 92 . 8 . 79th Congressional Record of United States House . U.S. Congress.gov . 10215.
5. Web site: United States Code: Surplus Property Act of 1944, 50a U.S.C. §§ 1611-1646 . 1946 . Title 50: War, Appendix . Law Library of Congress . United States Library of Congress . 5886–5867.
6. Web site: Foreign Assistance Act of 1948 & "Economic Cooperation Act of 1948 ~ P.L. 80-472 . April 3, 1948 . Marshall Plan . 62 Stat. 137 ~ S. 2202 . USLaw.Link.
7. Web site: Surplus Property Act Amendment of 1946 ~ Senate Bill S. 1440 . September 27, 1945 . 91 . 7 . 79th Congressional Record of United States Senate . U.S. Congress.gov . 9043–9044.