Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961 explained

Shorttitle:	Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961
Longtitle:	An Act to provide for the improvement and strengthening of the international relations of the United States by promoting better mutual understanding among the peoples of the world through educational and cultural exchanges.
Colloquialacronym:	MECEA
Nickname:	Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961
Enacted By:	87th
Effective Date:	September 21, 1961
Public Law Url:	https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-75/pdf/STATUTE-75-Pg527.pdf
Cite Public Law:	87–256
Title Amended:	22 U.S.C.: Foreign Relations and Intercourse
Sections Amended:	§ 2451 et seq.
Introducedin:	House
Introducedby:	Wayne Hays (D–OH)
Introduceddate:	August 31, 1961
Committees:	House Foreign Affairs, Senate Foreign Relations
Passedbody1:	Senate
Passeddate1:	July 14, 1961
Passedvote1:	79-5, in lieu of
Passedbody2:	House
Passeddate2:	September 6, 1961
Passedvote2:	329-66
Conferencedate:	September 15, 1961
Passedbody3:	Senate
Passeddate3:	September 15, 1961
Passedvote3:	Agreed
Passedbody4:	House
Passeddate4:	September 16, 1961
Passedvote4:	Agreed
Signedpresident:	John F. Kennedy
Signeddate:	September 21, 1961 ^[1]

The Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961 is officially known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 . It was marshalled by United States Senator J. William Fulbright (D-AR) and passed by the 87th United States Congress on September 16, 1961, the same month the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and Peace Corps Act of 1961 were enacted.

The legislation was enacted into law by the president John F. Kennedy on September 21, 1961.^[2]

Purpose

As the preamble of the Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961 states:

The purpose of this chapter is to enable the Government of the United States to increase mutual understanding between the people of the United States and the people of other countries by means of educational and cultural exchange; to strengthen the ties which unite us with other nations by demonstrating the educational and cultural interests, developments, and achievements of the people of the United States and other nations, and the contributions being made toward a peaceful and more fruitful life for people throughout the world; to promote international cooperation for educational and cultural advancement; and thus to assist in the development of friendly, sympathetic, and peaceful relations between the United States and the other countries of the world.^[3]

United States Congressional Authorizations and Declarations

U.S. Statutes regarding the Educational and Cultural Exchange Act, 1961
Date of Enactment	Public Law No.	U.S. Presidential Administration
October 29, 1966	P.L. 89-698	Lyndon B. Johnson
November 5, 1966	P.L. 89-766	Lyndon B. Johnson
July 13, 1972	P.L. 92-352	Richard Nixon
October 26, 1974	P.L. 93-475	Gerald Ford
July 12, 1976	P.L. 94-350	Gerald Ford
August 17, 1977	P.L. 95-105	Jimmy Carter
August 15, 1979	P.L. 96-60	Jimmy Carter
August 16, 1985	P.L. 99-93	Ronald Reagan
December 22, 1987	P.L. 100-204	Ronald Reagan
February 16, 1990	P.L. 101-246	George H. W. Bush
October 28, 1991	P.L. 102-138	George H. W. Bush
April 30, 1994	P.L. 103-236	William J. Clinton
October 21, 1998	P.L. 105-277	William J. Clinton
November 28, 2001	P.L. 107-77	George W. Bush
September 30, 2002	P.L. 107-228	George W. Bush

Why Not Student Exchanges at the High School Level? . Allen . Edward D. . December 1957 . The French Review . 31 . 2 . . 383541 . 136–140.
Educational Exchange and Cultural Diplomacy in the Cold War . Bu . Liping . December 1999 . . 33 . 3 . Cambridge University Press . 10.1017/S0021875899006167 . 393–415. 145246782 .
Book: Füssl, Karl-Heinz . https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/united-states-and-germany-in-the-era-of-the-cold-war-19451990/between-elitism-and-educational-reform-germanamerican-exchange-programs-19451970/2A6A3F1D7C4215C1DFD72D689C03ECE2 . Between Elitism and Educational Reform - German-American Exchange Programs, 1945-1970 . The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1990 . 2004 . The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1990: A Handbook . Cambridge University Press . 10.1017/CBO9781139052436.048 . 409–416. 978-0-521-79112-0 .
International Exchanges and the U.S. Image . Snow . Nancy . March 2008 . . 616 . 1 . SAGE Publications . 10.1177/0002716207311864 . 198–222. 145784272 .
The Cold War and the United States Information Agency: American Propaganda and Public Diplomacy, 1945–1989 . Risso . L. . February 2010 . . 125 . 512 . Oxford University Press . 10.1093/ehr/cep373 . 246–248.
From War Junk to Educational Exchange: The World War II Origins of the Fulbright Program and the Foundations of American Cultural Globalism, 1945-1950 . Lebovic . Sam . April 2013 . . 37 . 2 . Oxford University Press . 44254519 . 10.1093/dh/dht002 . 280–312.
American Teenagers, Educational Exchange, and Cold War Politics . Scribner . Campbell F. . November 2017 . . 57 . 4 . History of Education Society . 10.1017/heq.2017.31 . 542–569. 148615524 .

Resources of U.S. Federal Organizations

Web site: Title 22: Chapter 33 ~ Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Program . Office of Post-Secondary Education ~ Fulbright-Hays Programs . U.S. Department of Education.
Web site: The United States at the Brussels Universal and International Exhibition 1958 . May 30, 1959 . A Report to the President of the United States from the United States Commissioner General Howard S. Cullman . U.S. Department of State . 39661089 . Expo 58.
Web site: ERIC ED019025: Annual Report to the Congress on the International Educational and Cultural Exchange Program ~ Fiscal Year 1966 . U.S. Department of State . August 14, 1967 . Internet Archive . . Education Resources Information Center.
Web site: ERIC ED058121: Soviet Programs in International Education . Rosen . Seymour M. . January 1971 . Internet Archive . U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare . Education Resources Information Center.
Web site: ERIC ED120071: A Quarter Century: The American Adventure in Academic Exchange . U.S. Department of State . December 1971 . A Report of the Board of Foreign Scholarships . Internet Archive . U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare . Education Resources Information Center.
Web site: ERIC ED089592: The German-American Conference on Educational Exchange . Byers . Philip P. . June 1972 . Internet Archive . U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare . Education Resources Information Center.
Web site: U.S. Government Exchange Programs Are Not Being Coordinated in Japan and India . March 30, 1981 . GAO/ID-81-41 Report . U.S. GAO: Office of Public Affairs . U.S. Government Accountability Office.
Web site: ERIC ED246761: International Education, Foreign Exchange and Scholarships . National Institute of Education . November 15, 1983 . Hearing before the Subcommittee on Postsecondary Education of the Committee on Education and Labor ~ House of Representatives, Ninety-Eighth Congress, First Session . Internet Archive . U.S. Department of Education . Education Resources Information Center.
Web site: Exchange Programs: Observations on International Educational, Cultural, and Training Exchange Programs . March 23, 1993 . GAO/T-NSIAD-93-7 Report . U.S. GAO: Office of Public Affairs . U.S. Government Accountability Office.
Web site: Exchange Programs: Inventory of International Educational, Cultural, and Training Programs . June 23, 1993 . GAO/NSIAD-93-157BR Report . U.S. GAO: Office of Public Affairs . U.S. Government Accountability Office.

Narrations of John F. Kennedy regarding Governance of U.S. Educational Exchange Programs

American Educational Exchange, Foreign Students, and U.S. President John F. Kennedy

Web site: John F. Kennedy ~ Loyola College Annual Alumni Banquet, Baltimore, Maryland, 18 February 1958 . February 18, 1958 . Papers of John F. Kennedy: Pre-Presidential Papers ~ Senate Files . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
Web site: John F. Kennedy ~ Briefing Papers: Educational Exchange . September 2, 1960 . Briefing Papers: Education, Salaries (Education), School Construction, Educational Exchange, Federal Highways, Food for Peace, Forests . Papers of John F. Kennedy: Pre-Presidential Papers ~ Presidential Campaign Files . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . 19–21.
Web site: John F. Kennedy ~ National Security Action Memoranda: re: Exchange of Persons Behind the Iron Curtain . February 8, 1961 . Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ National Security Files . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
Web site: John F. Kennedy ~ Meeting with the Board of Foreign Scholarships and US Advisory Commission on Educational Exchange, 2:50PM . February 27, 1961 . White House Photographs . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
Web site: John F. Kennedy ~ Remarks on Fulbright Exchange Program Anniversary, 1 August 1961 . August 1, 1961 . Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ President's Office Files . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
Web site: John F. Kennedy ~ Ceremony Marking the 15th Anniversary of the Fulbright Act, 4:10PM . August 1, 1961 . White House Photographs . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
Web site: John F. Kennedy ~ National Security Action Memoranda: Selection of Polish Exchange Students . August 20, 1961 . Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ National Security Files . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
Web site: John F. Kennedy ~ Smith College Foreign Exchange Students Tour White House . March 28, 1962 . White House Photographs . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
Web site: John F. Kennedy ~ Staff Memoranda: Klein, David, June 1962 . June 15, 1962 . Report on Eastern European Exchange Programs including Agriculture, Arts, Sciences . Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ National Security Files . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . 14–31.
Web site: John F. Kennedy: "Executive Order 11034 - Administration of the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961," June 25, 1962 . Peters,Gerhard . Woolley, John T . The American Presidency Project . University of California - Santa Barbara.
Web site: John F. Kennedy ~ Remarks to Fulbright-Hayes Scholars, 23 April 1963 . April 23, 1963 . Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ President's Office Files . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
Web site: John F. Kennedy ~ Visit of a Group of Fulbright-Hayes Exchange Teachers, 9:45AM . August 23, 1963 . White House Photographs . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
Web site: John F. Kennedy ~ Remarks to Fulbright-Hayes Exchange Teachers, 23 August 1963 . August 23, 1963 . Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ President's Office Files . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
Web site: John F. Kennedy ~ Remarks to Group from Second U.S.-Japan Conference on Education and Cultural Exchange, 18 October 1963 . October 18, 1963 . Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ President's Office Files . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . U.S.-Japan Conference on Cultural and Educational Interchange.
Web site: History of the United States-Japan Alliance . United States-Japan Relations ~ U.S.-Japan Alliance . November 2011 . . Public Affairs Section ~ American View Magazine.

External links

Web site: Brussels World's Fair, 1958/03/17 . March 17, 1958 . Internet Archive . Universal Studios.
- Web site: Fulbright Program: 40 And Still 'Pretentious' . June 26, 1986 . The New York Times.
Web site: United States Exchange Programs . Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs . U.S. Department of State.

Notes and References

Web site: Bill signing - H.R. 8666 Public Law 87-256, Fulbright-Hays Act, 5:15PM . September 21, 1961 . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
Web site: Remarks Upon Signing the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act - September 21, 1961 . Kennedy . John J. . September 21, 1961 . Internet Archive . Washington, D.C. . National Archives and Records Service . 614.
Web site: Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. 2008-07-25.