| Fritzens-Sanzeno culture | |
| Region: | North Italy, Austria, Switzerland |
| Period: | Iron Age |
| Dates: | c. 1350 BC - 500 BC |
| Precededby: | Laugen-Melaun culture, Inntal culture, Urnfield culture |
| Followedby: | Roman Empire |
The Fritzens-Sanzeno culture is an archaeological culture attested in the second Iron Age, from ca. 500 BC until the end of the first century BC, in the Alpine region of Trentino and South Tyrol; in the period of maximum expansion it also reached the Engadin region to the west and East Tyrol.[1] It takes its name from the two towns of Fritzens (Austria) and Sanzeno (Trentino), where important archaeological excavations were carried out at the beginning of the 20th century.
The Fritzens-Sanzeno culture replaced the Laugen-Melaun culture in South Tyrol and Trentino and the Inntal culture (associated with the Urnfield and Hallstatt cultures) in the Austrian Tyrol, merging the two cultures together.[2] It also had some impact on East Tyrol. The culture has been identified with the Raeti and it ceased to exist in the period following the conquest of the Alps by Augustus in 15 BC, which also marks the end of the Iron Age in the region.
The artefacts, burial customs, and religion of the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture, associated with the Raeti people, were strongly influenced by their neighbours, the Veneti, Etruscans, and Celts, but there are a number of distinguishing features, such as the style of housing (casa retica) and some aspects of the material culture. These include some typical pottery forms, like the stamped Fritzner / Sanzeno bowls (Fritzner- or Sanzenoschale) and the alpine Leistenkeramik. In the 4th century BC, Celtic weapons were adopted. Numerous Rhaetic language inscriptions have been found, written in the Sanzeno alphabet and dating from the 5th century onwards.[3] The fibulae are the Celtic-inspired "mandolin fibula" and a series of other forms conforming to early and middle La Tène types. Modifications of Celtic disc neck-rings (Scheibenhalsringe) are found in both the northern and southern parts of the culture. Their high point coincides closely with that of the oppidum culture in Bavaria. From the Middle La Tène period onwards, graphite pottery, glass jewellery, and occasionally bronze jewellery was imported from the Celtic regions. The jewellery in particular might indicate marriage alliances. Fritzens-Sanzeno culture remains disappear abruptly following the of Drusus and Tiberius in 15 BC.[4]
The area of the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture covers Trentino, South Tyrol, most of North Tyrol, part of the lower Engadin valley, and East Tyrol.
The most important excavations for the culture in the area south of the Alps are: Sanzeno in the Non Valley (Trentino), the settlements at and (Vinschgau, South Tyrol), the in Seis am Schlern, and Brizen-Stufels (Eisacktal), as well as the grave fields at in Vadena and Mortizing in the South Tyrolean Unterland. In the north, the key sites are: the grave fields at Kundl and Egerndorfer Feld (both in the Lower Inn Valley), the settlements at Bergisel,, and Pfaffenhofen-Hörtenberg (all near Innsbruck), as well as Pirchboden in Fritzens, and Himmelreich in Volders.
The best known and published religious sites are the in Ampass, the offering place at Aldrans-Innsbruck,, the sanctuary at in the Upper Inn Valley, and the Himmelreich terrace in Volders (a site for burnt offerings). South of the Alps, there are also religious sites at Rungger Egg and Hahnehütter Bödele near Ganglegg. On the margins of the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture is the well-known burnt offering site at in Farchant near Garmisch-Partenkirchen in Bavaria.
Objects from the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture, mainly fibulae and pottery have also been found in southern Bavaria at the oppidum of Manching, Dürrnberg at Hallein, and in Lower Austria at Mannersdorf am Leithagebirge.
The first finds to be associated with the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture were discovered in Fritzens in the Inn river valley in 1920 by Karl Stainer, the local doctor for the neighbouring village of Wattens. In 1924, he presented his finds at the 88th Congress of German Natural Scientists and Doctors, but little notice was taken of them. Subsequently, he published his observations in the archaeological journal Fundberichten aus Österreich (Vol. I, pp. 136, 192; II. pp. 47, 102, 177, 187; III [1948], p. 154). He also combed the soil layer of Himmelreich field in Volders (located opposite Fritzens in the Inn valley) and collected a large number of finds from the late Iron Age and Roman Imperial period over a number of years. This was an important site for making burnt offerings, a fact that was not realised at the time. The finds were noted briefly by Gero von Merhart and then published fully in the 1950s by Leonhard Franz. The pottery from Fritzens and other findspots in Tyrol were named the "Fritzener type". In 1955, Benedikt Frei was the first person to speak of a "Fritzens and Sanzeno-pottery horizon" and he was able to separate it from the older "Melaun horizon." This pottery has proven the most important find group for archaeologists' assessments of the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture, showing that it formed both north and south of the Alps in the decades around 500 BC.