Friends of New Germany explained

Friends of New Germany
Formation:July 1933
Founder:Heinz Spanknöbel
Membership:5,000–10,000
Dissolved:December 1935
Headquarters:New York City, United States
Predecessor:Free Society of Teutonia
Successor:German American Bund

Friends of New Germany (FONG;, FDND), sometimes called Friends of the New Germany, was an organization founded in the United States by German immigrants to support Nazism and the Third Reich.

History

Nazis outside of Germany made considerable efforts to establish an American counterpart organization. Recruiting commenced as early as 1924 with the formation of the Free Society of Teutonia.

In May 1933, the Deputy Führer, Rudolf Hess, gave German immigrant and German National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) member Heinz Spanknöbel authority to form an American Nazi organization.[1] The result was the creation of the Friends of New Germany in July 1933, although at least one newspaper article from April 1933 discusses their existence and also states that they held a lease which expired in May of that year, indicating that the group existed before the official date. An article from the time states that they were mostly German war veterans who supported the current republican government of Germany at the time of writing.[2] Colonel Edwin Emerson acted as a spokesman for the group in April of that year, but later denied this in December. Colonel Emerson claimed that he had no connection to the German government, despite also being a correspondent for no less than 36 German government-controlled papers.[3]

Assistance was given to its formation by the German consul in the City of New York. The organization took over the membership of two older pro-Hitler organizations in the United States, the Free Society of Teutonia and Gau-USA.[4] [5] [6] [7] [8] The new entity was based in New York City, but had a strong presence in Chicago, Illinois.

The Friends of New Germany was led by Spanknöbel and was openly pro-Hitler, and engaged in activities such as storming the German language newspaper New Yorker Staats-Zeitung with the demand that Nazi-sympathetic articles be published, the infiltration of other German-American organizations, and the use of propaganda to counter the boycott of businesses in the heavily German neighborhood of Yorkville, Manhattan. Members wore a uniform, a white shirt and black trousers for men with a black hat festooned with a red symbol. Women members wore a white blouse and a black skirt.

In an internal battle for control of the Friends, Spanknöbel was soon ousted as leader, and in October 1933 he was deported because he had failed to register as a foreign agent. In December 1933, Spanknöbel's bodyguard, Walter Kauf, was sentenced to six months in jail in New Jersey on charges of carrying a concealed weapon.[9] The same month, the Friends's treasurer, Engelberg Roell, was jailed for one day for contempt of court after refusing to hand over the organization's membership to a federal grand jury investigating Nazi activities in the United States. Following his release, Roell agreed to cooperate with federal authorities.[10]

At the same time, Congressman Samuel Dickstein (D-NY) was Chairman of the Committee on Naturalization and Immigration, where he became aware of the substantial number of foreigners legally and illegally entering and residing in the country, and the growing anti-Semitism along with vast amounts of anti-Semitic literature being distributed in the country. This led him to investigate independently the activities of Nazis and other fascist groups. This led to the formation of the Special Committee on Un-American Activities Authorized to Investigate National Socialist Propaganda and Certain Other Propaganda Activities. Throughout the rest of 1934, the Committee conducted hearings, bringing before it most of the major figures in the US fascist movement.[11] Dickstein's investigation concluded that the Friends represented a branch of German dictator Adolf Hitler's NSDAP in America.[12] [13]

The organization existed into the mid-1930s with a membership of between 5,000-10,000, consisting mostly of German citizens living in America and German emigrants who only recently had become citizens. In December 1935, Rudolf Hess recalled the group's leaders to Germany and ordered all German citizens to leave the Friends of New Germany. By March 1936, Friends of New Germany was dissolved and its membership transferred to the newly-formed German American Bund, the new name being chosen to emphasise the group's American credentials after press criticism that the organisation was unpatriotic.[14] The Bund was to consist only of American citizens of German descent.[15]

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: American Bund - The Failure of American Nazism: The German-American Bund's Attempt to Create an American "Fifth Column" . Jim Bredemus . TRACES . 2 March 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110518142641/http://www.traces.org/americanbund.html . 18 May 2011 . dead .
  2. The Jewish Telegraph Agency, April 30th 1933. https://www.jta.org/1933/04/30/archive/local-nazis-to-continue-propaganda-kiep-sails-after-talk-to-hitlerites
  3. The Jewish Telegraph Agency, December 3rd 1933 https://www.jta.org/1933/12/03/archive/colonel-edwin-emerson-denies-he-is-official-spokesman-for-the-nazi-party-in-america
  4. Diamond . Sander A. . The Years of Waiting: National Socialism in the United States, 1922–1933 . American Jewish Historical Quarterly . 1970 . 59 . 3 . 265 . . 23877858 . In one swift move that was to have an enormous implication for the infant Nazi movement in America, Nieland over looked Teutonia and designated the New York City cell as a Department (Gau) of the NSDAP. By June, local units of the New York Gau were opened in Seattle, St. Louis, Milwaukee and Chicago. By September the American section of the NSDAP claimed over 1,500 members and even had a Women's Division in Chicago. Nieland's decision threw the Teutonia Group into a state of complete dismay. Not only had he dismissed Teutonia as the potential base on which Gau-USA could have been built but he also engendered a situation that caused Party members in the organization to withdraw since they wanted to be part of a "real" Nazi movement. (The official name of Nieland's organization was the Auslands Abteilung der Reichs Leitung der NSDAP. On the formation of a Women's Division, Application to Kameradschaft-USA, Martha Schnieder, Leiterin der Frauenschaft der Ortsgruppen Chicago, 1932 1935. RUckwanderer Materials, 3/140/177983; on the development of Gau-XJSA, cf. Alfred Erinn to Gauleitung Hamburg, Feb. 2, 1931. 3/147/185886.).
  5. [Nazi Party/Foreign Organization]
  6. [:de:NSDAP/AO]
  7. News: William . Chris . The German American Bund: The Enemy Within . Military Trader/Vehicles . 3 October 2021 . en . Gau USA was a domestic offshoot of the German Nazi party and took orders from its superiors in the old Fatherland. Because of internal issues and a lack of adequate organization, Gau USA was ordered dissolved in 1933 when Hitler came to power. In April 1933, the Gau USA Detroit leader, Heinz Spanknobel, traveled to Germany and was granted permission to reorganize a new group in the US. The following July, he formed Die Freunde des Neuen Deutschland (FDND — The Friends of the New Germany). Many of the old Teutonia Club and Gau USA leaders were brought in to help run the new organization under the strict guidance of Spanknobel. However, due to poor management skills, overbearing direction, and political wrangling, Spanknobel left the US and was later replaced by Teutonia founder, Fritz Gissibl..
  8. Smith . Arthur L. . Kurt Ludecke: The Man Who Knew Hitler . German Studies Review . October 2003 . 26 . 3 . 597–606 . 10.2307/1432749 . 1432749 . 3 October 2021 . Reichsschatzmeister to the Auslands - Abteilung der NSDAP . GSR-26-3-Ludecke .
  9. Web site: 2015-03-20 . Kauf, Spanknoebel Aide, Gets Six-month Sentence . 2024-01-03 . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . en-US.
  10. Web site: 2015-03-20 . Night in Jail Chastens Defiant Nazi Witness Who Agrees to Testify . 2024-01-03 . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . en-US.
  11. Book: Chip Berlet, Matthew Nemiroff Lyons . Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort . registration . 2000 . Guilford Press . 978-1-57230-562-5.
  12. News: Long Island Nazis: A Local Synthesis of Transnational Politics . Journal of Long Island History . 21 . 2 . Spring 2010 . Ryan . Shaffer . 2010-11-19.
  13. https://archive.org/stream/investigationofu193802unit#page/1090/mode/2up Investigation on un-American Propaganda Activities in the United States
  14. Book: Erik V. . Wolter . Robert J. . Masters . Loyalty On Trial: One American's Battle With The FBI . New York . . 2004 . 9780595327034 . 65.
  15. Book: Americans for Hitler – The Bund . America in WWII . Mark D. . Van Ells . 3 . 2 . August 2007 . 44–49. May 13, 2016.