Friedrich Wachowiak Explained

Friedrich Wachowiak
Birth Date:13 February 1920
Placeofburial:Cimetière militaire allemand de Champigny-St. André
Plot 17—grave 2032
Birth Place:Dortmund, Weimar Republic
Death Place:Caen, German-occupied France
Serviceyears:1939–44
Rank:Leutnant (second lieutenant)
Unit:JG 52, JG 3
Awards:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Friedrich Wachowiak (13 February 1920 – 16 July 1944) was a German military aviator who served in the Luftwaffe during World War II. As a fighter ace, he was credited with 89, potentially up to 140, aerial victories—that is, 89 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft—claimed in an unknown number of combat missions. All of his documented victories were claimed over the Eastern Front.

Wachowiak was born in Somborn, present-day part of Dortmund, and following fighter pilot training was posted to Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) in July 1940. He claimed his first aerial victory on 24 June 1941 during Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross in April 1942. In 1943 and early 1944, he served as a fighter pilot instructor and came back to the front in May 1944. He was then posted to Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing) and was killed in action on 16 July 1944 fighting against the Western Allies over Normandy.

Career

Wachowiak was born on 13 February 1920 in Somborn, present-day part of Dortmund, at the time in the Province of Westphalia of the Weimar Republic. Trained as fighter pilot, Wachowiak was posted to 8. Staffel (8th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) on 29 July 1940 holding the rank of Obergefreiter. At the time, 8. Staffel was commanded by Oberleutnant Günther Rall. The Staffel was subordinated to III. Gruppe (3rd group) of JG 52 temporarily headed by Hauptmann Wilhelm Ensslin after its former commander Major Wolf-Heinrich von Houwald was killed in action on 24 July.

The rise of General Ion Antonescu in Romania in 1940 led to a reorganization of his country's armed forces. In this, he was supported by a military mission from Germany, the Luftwaffenmission Rumänien (Luftwaffe Mission Romania) under the command of Generalleutnant (equivalent to major general) . III. Gruppe of JG 52 was transferred to Bucharest in mid-October and temporarily renamed I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 28 (JG 28—28th Fighter Wing) until 4 January 1941. Its primary task was to train Romanian Air Force personnel. The Gruppe was placed under the command of Major Gotthard Handrick who had previously served on the staff of Luftwaffenmission Rumänien. 8. Staffel arrived at Pipera Airfield on 15 October where they stayed until 18 November when they moved to Leipzig-Mockau Airfield. Three days later, 8. Staffel moved to Parndorf in Austria. On 30 November, the Staffel began relocating back to Pipera Airfield where they arrived on 2 December, staying there until 27 May 1941.

War against the Soviet Union

On 21 June 1941, III. Gruppe was ordered to Mizil in preparation of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Its primary objective was to provide fighter protection for the oil fields and refineries at Ploiești. The invasion of the Soviet Union began on 22 June. The next day, the Gruppe moved to Mamaia, the northern district of Constanța on the Black Sea coast. There, Wachowiak claimed his first two aerial victories on 24 June. He was credited with shooting down two Soviet Ilyushin DB-3 bombers in the morning near Constanța. Two days later, he claimed another DB-3 bomber in the same combat area.

The Gruppe moved to Belaya Tserkov on 1 August during the Battle of Kiev and also used an airfield at Yampil from 6 to 8 August. There, Wachowiak claimed two Polikarpov I-16 fighter on 4 August near Kiev. Five days later, he was credited with a Tupolev SB-2 bomber. On 17 August, Wachowiak shot down a Polikarpov I-15 fighter. On 27 August, III. Gruppe had reached an airfield named Stschastliwaja located approximately 20abbr=offNaNabbr=off east-southeast of Oleksandriia where they stayed until 12 September. The Gruppe then moved to an airfield at Taganrog on 2 November where they stayed until 1 January 1942. In December 1941, Wachowiak claimed nine aerial victories, an I-16 fighter on 5 December, another I-16 the next day followed by two further I-16 fighters on 7 December. On 9 December, he was credited with three I-15 fighters. His last claims of 1941 were filed on 11 December over two SB-2 bombers. For this, Wachowiak was awarded the Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe (German: Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe) on 15 December.

On 1 January 1942, III. Gruppe relocated to Kharkov where they fought in the Barvenkovo–Lozovaya offensive and remained until 29 April. Wachowiak claimed his first aerial victories in 1942 on 15 January over two Polikarpov I-153 fighters. On 22 January, he received the German Cross in Gold . On 5 April, Wachowiak was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) following his 46th aerial victory. On 29 April, III. Gruppe had relocated to Zürichtal, a small village at the Inhul in the former German settlement west of Feodosia in the Crimea during the Crimean campaign. On 1 May, the Gruppe was subordinated to VIII. Fliegerkorps and was supporting the 11th Army in the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula and the Siege of Sevastopol. Here, Wachowiak claimed five aerial victories taking his total to 53.

On 12 May, German forces launched Operation Fredericus, also referred to as the Second Battle of Kharkov, with the objective to eliminate the Izium bridgehead over Seversky Donets. That day, III. Gruppe was moved to the Kharkov-Rogan airfield, southeast of Kharkov, and subordinated to the Stab (headquarters unit) of JG 52. Two days later, III. Gruppe predominantly flew fighter escort missions for Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers from VIII. Fliegerkorps attacking Soviet ground forces on the northern pincer, and claimed 52 aerial victories for the loss of one aircraft damaged. That day, Wachowiak became an "ace-in-a-day" when he shot down five Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1 fighters. On 26 June, III. Gruppe then moved to Bely Kolodez where they stayed until 3 July. By this date, Wachowiak had accumulated 64 aerial victories, making him the fourth most successful fighter pilot of III. Gruppe.

On 28 June, German forces had launched Case Blue, the strategic summer offensive in southern Russia. On 7 July, Army Group A began their advance towards the oil fields in the Caucasus. On 13 August, III. Gruppe had reached Mineralnye Vody in the North Caucasus region. Here, Wachowiak claimed two I-153 fighters shot down on 25 August and two MiG-1 fighters the next day. On 27 August, III. Gruppe reached an airfield named Gonschtakowka located north-northeast of Mozdok on the Terek. The Gruppe stayed at Gonschtakowka until 19 September. In this period, Wachowiak claimed eight aerial victories, a MiG-1 on 28 August, an I-16 on 29 August, a Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighter on 5 September, another LaGG-3 and a Petlyakov Pe-2 bomber on 7 September, another LaGG-3 the next day, a MiG-1 on 14 September, and a Sukhoi Su-2 light bomber on 17 September. On 19 September, III. Gruppe reached an airfield named Soldatskaya, west of Mozdok. The Gruppe would remain here until 1 January 1943 but would also use airfields at Mozdok and Digora.

Instructor, Western Front and death

In 1943 and early 1944, Wachowiak served as a fighter pilot instructor. While serving with II. Gruppe of Ergänzungs-Jagdgeschwader 1 (EJG 1—1st Supplementary Fighter Wing), a Luftwaffe replacement training unit, he trained Croatian fighter pilots of the Croatian Air Force Legion at Saint-Jean-d'Angély. Some of these pilots later served with 15. Staffel of JG 52.

In May 1944, Wachowiak was posted to 7. Staffel of JG 52. At the time, III. Gruppe was based at Cape Chersonesus located at the Sevastopol Bay and led by Major Wilhelm Batz. He claimed first aerial victory following his tour as a fighter pilot instructor on 6 May over an Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack aircraft. The following day, he was credited with the destruction of a Yakovlev Yak-9 fighter. The Gruppe then relocated a few times before moving to an airfield at Roman on 18 May. There, Wachowiak claimed his last documented aerial victory when he shot down a Pe-2 bomber on 29 May.

The Staffel, under the commanded by Oberleutnant Eberhard Fischler Graf von Treuberg, was withdrawn from the Eastern Front and transferred west to fight in Defense of the Reich. The Staffel was subordinated to III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing) led by Major Karl-Heinz Langer. There, the Staffel was later redesignated and became the 12. Staffel of JG 3. The transfer order had been issued on 29 May. The pilots and ground staff were taken by train to Salzwedel. The Staffel was then ordered to Chartres Airfield.

Wachowiak was killed in action on 16 July 1944 on the Normandy invasion front. He was among the first pilots killed following the relocation to the Western Front. Of the original sixteen pilots transferred, only two pilots survived the war. Wachowiak was shot down in his Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummer 165507—factory number) during aerial combat with a Supermarine Spitfire near Écouché. According to Mathews and Foreman, Wachowiak may have been shot down by Spitfire fighters from the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) No. 403 Squadron. He was posthumously recommended for the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub), but the recommendation was not approved.

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Wachowiak was credited with 140 aerial victories. Schreier lists him with 130 aerial victories. According to Obermaier, the exact number of aerial victories Wachowiak was credited with is not exactly known. Obermaier states that he claimed at least 86 aerial victories on the Eastern Front. His mother testified that he had claimed approximately 120 aerial victories, while his comrades claim that he shot down about 140 aircraft. Spick also states that Wachowiak was credited with at least 86 aerial victories, all of which claimed over the Eastern Front in an unknown number of combat missions. According to Rall, who was Wachowiak's commanding officer and regular wingman, Wachowiak had approximately 100 aerial victories by August 1942. Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 89 aerial victories, all of which claimed on the Eastern Front.

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 44423". The Luftwaffe grid map (German: Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360sqmi. These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3x in size.

Chronicle of aerial victories
ClaimDateTimeTypeLocationClaimDateTimeTypeLocation
– 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –
Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 5 December 1941
124 June 194107:15DB-3Constanța1415 October 194107:35I-26 (Yak-1)
224 June 194107:30DB-3Constanța1524 October 194112:44I-15
326 June 194105:20DB-3Constanța1624 October 194116:19I-16
44 August 194105:55I-161731 October 194111:27I-153
54 August 194106:10I-16Kiev189 November 194113:53I-26 (Yak-1)
69 August 194105:42SB-2199 November 194113:55Su-2 (Seversky)
717 August 194113:30I-15209 November 194114:02V-11 (Il-2)
830 August 194115:17DB-3east of Dnepropetrovsk2122 November 194113:45I-61 (MiG-3)
96 September 194112:58R-10 (Seversky)north of Kremenchuk2228 November 194110:28I-61 (MiG-3)northwest of Rostov
1025 September 194107:30I-26 (Yak-1)2328 November 194110:30I-61 (MiG-3)northwest of Rostov
1126 September 194112:30I-162429 November 194107:25I-61 (MiG-3)
1227 September 194110:50DB-33km (02miles) east of Skorochadowo255 December 194110:08I-16
1328 September 194107:55SB-2east-southeast of Poltava
– 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –
Eastern Front — 6 December 1941 – 28 April 1942
266 December 194108:30I-163722 February 194215:40I-26 (Yak-1)
277 December 194113:51I-163822 February 194215:44V-11 (Il-2)
287 December 194113:55I-16391 March 194211:42I-26 (Yak-1)
299 December 194112:31I-15401 March 194211:45I-26 (Yak-1)
309 December 194112:33I-15419 March 194212:35I-61 (MiG-3)
319 December 194112:35I-15429 March 194212:40I-61 (MiG-3)
3211 December 194113:35SB-24317 March 194214:28I-61 (MiG-3)
3311 December 194113:38SB-24418 March 194212:28SB-2
3415 January 194209:35I-1534518 March 194216:38I-153
3515 January 194209:40I-153467 April 194213:10I-61 (MiG-3)
3622 February 194215:38Pe-2
– 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –
Eastern Front — 29 April – November 1942
4729 April 194216:50I-61 (MiG-3)6726 August 194217:02MiG-1PQ 44423
4830 April 194214:30I-61 (MiG-3)6826 August 194217:04?MiG-1PQ 44472
south of Mozdok
491 May 194205:05I-61 (MiG-3)3km (02miles) east of Sety (Saly)6928 August 194214:00MiG-1PQ 44451
vicinity of Mozdok
502 May 194208:55U-27029 August 194217:00I-16PQ 44363
north of Nizhnii Kurp
512 May 194212:43I-26 (Yak-1)715 September 194206:22LaGG-3PQ 49454
vicinity of Wosnessnokaja
528 May 194211:12I-153727 September 194208:43LaGG-3PQ 44454, south of Mozdok
538 May 194213:20I-153737 September 194208:47Pe-2PQ 44454, south of Mozdok
5413 May 194209:08MiG-1748 September 194206:37?LaGG-3PQ 44477
5513 May 194209:12MiG-17514 September 194211:32MiG-1PQ 44513
5613 May 194213:15MiG-17617 September 194214:28Su-2 (Seversky)PQ 54322
5713 May 194213:18MiG-17721 September 194216:25MiG-3PQ 44554
58♠14 May 194208:10MiG-17821 September 194216:28MiG-3PQ 44524
59♠14 May 194208:16MiG-17926 September 194214:42MiG-1PQ 44472
south of Mozdok
60♠14 May 194209:37MiG-18026 September 194214:46MiG-1PQ 44323
vicinity of Malgobek
61♠14 May 194209:44MiG-1816 November 194211:22LaGG-3PQ 44871
62♠14 May 194212:07MiG-1827 November 194211:03Il-2PQ 44843
6322 June 194205:10LaGG-3837 November 194214:03Il-2PQ 44813
6423 June 194214:48MiG-1847 November 194214:08Il-2PQ 44752, south of Salugardan
6525 August 194215:30I-153PQ 442738527 November 194211:15Il-2PQ 44762
6625 August 194215:35I-153PQ 442448629 November 194213:34MiG-34km (02miles) northeast of Ardonskaya
– 7. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –
Eastern Front — May 1944
876 May 194409:04?Il-2 m.H.PQ 35442
vicinity of Sevastopol
8929 May 194408:58Pe-2PQ 68724
30km (20miles) north-northwest of Piatra Neamț
887 May 194407:25?Yak-9PQ 35611
Black Sea, 10km (10miles) south of Sevastopol

Awards

References

Bibliography