List of fried dough foods explained

This is a list of fried dough foods. Many cultures have dishes that are prepared by deep frying dough in many various forms. Doughnuts are a type of fried dough food that are covered separately in the Wikipedia article List of doughnut varieties.

Fried dough foods

NameImageOriginDescription (including main ingredients and notable aspects)
Akara, AcarajéWest Africa, BrazilFried dough made from ground black-eyed peas or black-eyed pea flour. Onions, peppers, and salt to taste are added for more flavor. Typically eaten as a breakfast with "pap", or custard locally called akamu by Igbo people.
Kerala, IndiaSweet, shaped like a star
AwamehLevantis a kind of fried-dough Levantine pastry similar to doughnut holes, made of deep fried dough, soaked in sugar syrup or honey and cinnamon, and sometimes sprinkled with sesame.
BambalouniTunisiaA sweet donut, made from frying dough in oil, eaten with sugar on top or honey
Bamiyeh, zulbiā, ballıbadıIran, AzerbaijanTraditional treat made from a yogurt and starch-based dough, which is fried before being dipped in syrup. Similar to Turkish tulumba.
Bánh chuối chiênVietnamBanana fritter. Several varieties of banana may be used.
Bánh gốiVietnamEmpanada-like pastry filled with minced cellophane noodles, minced pork, cloud ear fungus, and thin slices of Chinese sausage.
Bánh rán, bánh camVietnamGlutinous rice ball coated with white sesame seeds and filled with sweetened mung bean paste.
Bánh rếVietnamSweet potato pancake.
Bánh tôm
(bánh tôm Hồ Tây)
VietnamSweet potato–battered shrimp fritter.
Bánh xèoVietnamSavory pancake made with rice flour and turmeric and stuffed with various ingredients
BannockCanadaAlso called frybread
BannockScotlandA bread the same thickness as a scone. Native Americans and particularly Métis, in western Canada and the northern Great Plains in the United States, adopted bannock in their own cuisine over the 18th and 19th centuries.
BeaverTailsCanadaPastries[1] - registered trademark, oblong shaped fried dough, like a beaver tail (Hence the name)
BeignetFranceThe pastry is also present in New Orleans, Louisiana, as a deep-fried choux pastry covered with confectioner's sugar in the U.S. and Belgium, and sometimes described as a French doughnut; however, as with other variants of fried sweet pastry, the beignet typically has its own distinctive characteristics (shape and texture). These differences are sufficient in the minds of some of beignet devotees to object to it being considered a doughnut.
BerlinerGermany and SwitzerlandThe doughnut equivalents, typically do not have the typical ring shape (except for a variety in southern Germany as so-called Auszogne which have a ring shape but a skin in the middle) but instead are solid, usually filled with jam. (German doughnuts are sometimes called "Berlin doughnuts" in the US.)
BhatooraIndian Punjab, PakistanVery chewy bread made by flattened dough being fried until it puffs into a light brown fluffy form.
BinangkalPhilippinesDeep-fried flour balls covered with sesame seeds
Bolang Baling (also known as Odading)IndonesiaDeep-fried sweet dough balls covered with crystal sugar or sesame seeds. Possibly influenced from the Dutch Oliebollen.
Bolinho de chuvaBrazilDeep-fried sweet dough balls
BomboloniItalySimilar to German Berliner, with a cream (or chocolate) filling.
BoortsogCentral AsiaA fried dough food found in the cuisines of Central Asia, Idel-Ural, and Mongolia. They may be thought of as cookies or biscuits, and since they are fried, they are sometimes compared to doughnuts.
BugnesItaly, France
BunsNigeriaA fried dough ball snack similar to puff-puff, excluding the yeast.
BuñueloSpainThey typically consist of a simple, wheat-based yeast dough, often flavored with anise, that is thinly rolled, cut or shaped into individual pieces, then fried and finished off with a sweet topping. Buñuelos are first known to have been consumed among Spain's Morisco population. Its variants are widespread in former Spanish colonies.
CascaronPhilippinesA variant of buñuelo from the Philippines made with ground glutinous rice and coconut milk. Usually eaten on skewers.
ÇäkçäkTatarstan, Bashkortostan (Russia)A sweet made from unleavened dough cut and rolled into hazelnut-sized balls, which are then deep-fried in oil.
Chakli (Murukku)IndiaA South Indian snack of savory crunchy twists made from rice and urad dal flour.[2] Murukku means twisted in the Tamil language.[3] The town of Manapparai in Tamil Nadu is particularly known for its murukku.[4] Murukku is made in many varieties as a traditional treat for festivals such as Diwali and Krishna Janmashtami.[5] Murukku are often served on special occasions within Iyer (Tamil Brahmin) families.[6]
Chapssal doughnutKoreaChewy, mildly sweet doughnuts made with glutinous rice flour and filled with sweetened red bean paste.
ChiacchiereItalyAnd lattughe in Lombardy
CenciItalyAnd Donzelle in Tuscany- Chiacchiere (also called cenci - lit. 'rags') can be served with honey on top (or powdered sugar). Donzelle are stripes of fried bread dough, usually served with ham and mozzarella.
ChiburekkiCentral Asia, Crimea, RussiaA fried turnover with a filling of ground or minced meat and onions. It is made with a single round piece of dough folded over the filling in a half-moon shape. A national dish of the Crimean Tatars, it is also popular throughout Central Asia, Russia, Ukraine, Turkey.
ChurroSpainA thin cylinder of deep-fried pastry with a characteristic 'ridged' surface, due to being extruded through a star shaped hole. Churros are often served for breakfast or in local fiestas, matched with thick chocolate paste or white coffee. They are sometimes homemade or bought frozen to fry at home, but most are bought at cafes or from fixed or ambulatory churrerías.
CiambelleItalyThe doughnut equivalents (but they are never glazed)
CoxinhaBrazilA croquette-like food with chicken filling.
CroquettesEuropeUsually made of mashed potato.
CrostoliItalyOr crostui in Friuli Venezia Giulia
Curry breadJapanA curry-filled bread, dipped in panko and deep fried. It is usually pre-packaged and sold in convenience stores and bakeries.
DutchieCanadaOriginated at Tim Horton's restaurants, is a square doughnut-like pastry topped with raisins and a sugary glaze
Elephant earsUnited StatesFairground specialty, a large, flat round fried yeast dough, often covered in fruit or sugar, also called fried bread, fried dough, Whales Tails, tiger ears, pizza frita, frying saucers, doughboys. Similar to Canadian BeaverTails
EmpanáCuraçao, Aruba, and Bonaire (Caribbean)Dough made from pre-cooked cornmeal, salt, sugar, aniseseed, butter, and water. It can have various fillings and is fried in oil.The filling can be ground meat, cheese, chicken, or tuna.Empaná's are sold at all places that cater to eaters on the go during the day as a filling snack but mostly in the morning as a fast breakfast item.At parties often smaller sized ones are served.
FalafelMiddle EastDeep-fried balls of ground chickpeas or fava bean. Very popular amongst vegans and vegetarians as an alternative to kebab, as it is served alongside hummus, wrapped in a lavash with fresh vegetables and various sauces, and usually available in kebab spots.
FarturaPortugalFairground specialty, fried in a spiral and then snipped into pieces that are powdered with sugar (see fartura)
FaworkiPolandAlso known as chrust, is a fried, crispy flat dough, sometimes twisted and sprinkled with confectioners' sugar.
FlancatiSloveniaRectangular, fried yeast dough topped with powdered sugar.
FrappeItalyAnd Sfrappole in Emilia Romagna
Festival JamaicaFried sweet dough[7]
Fried pieUnited StatesDeep-fried pastry with filling, typically fruit.
Fish crackerSoutheast AsiaDeep-fried crackers made from starch and fish
Fried breadUnited KingdomTriangular (usually) quarter or half slices of white bread fried in, traditionally, bacon dripping, and served on a plate with eggs, bacon, sausage, black pudding, beans and tomatoes as part of a traditional "Full English breakfast".
Fried CokeUnited StatesA creation made in the summer of 2006 which has proven very popular in Texas. Batter is mixed with Coca-Cola syrup and fried, after which it is topped with more Coke syrup or whipped cream, a cherry, etc.[8]
FrittelleItaly
FritterAny kind of food coated in batter and deep fried. Although very similar to a doughnut it differs in the fact that it requires some base ingredient beyond the dough it is cooked with.
FrituleCroatia
FrybreadUnited StatesFrybread is a Native American fried dough which may range from bread-like to donut-like depending on the region, as many tribes use different recipes.
Fry jackBelizeFry jacks are typically served at breakfast.
Funnel cakeUnited StatesA creation which is made with fried sweet pastry where the pastry dough is extruded through a funnel into a pan of hot oil and allowed to "criss-cross" in the oil until the string of dough fills the bottom of the pan in a kind of tangled spaghetti-like arrangement, which is cooked as a cake rather than an individual snack. Funnel cakes are usually associated with carnivals, fairs, amusement parks, and seaside towns, much like cotton candy.
GogoşiRomaniaRound or ring shaped, fried dough usually topped with powdered sugar or filled with fruit jam or chocolate cream.
GorgoriaPhilippinesA crunchy glazed fried dough cookie from the Philippines.
HalivaCircassia (Russia)A fried dough turnover filled with either potatoes or Circassian cheese.
HirschhörnerGermanyA dough that uses Hirschhornsalz and Pottasche as leavening agents. The dough is rolled out thin, cut into diamonds. One corner is pulled through a slit cut in the middle of each diamond. They are then deep fried, dripped off and turned over in a bowl of granulated sugar until covered. A Northern German specialty prepared on New Year's Eve.
HushpuppiesUnited StatesSavory fried dough balls made from a heavy cornmeal batter
JalebiIndia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal(Hindi: जलेबी, Urdu: جلیبی, Panjabi; Punjabi: ਜਲੇਬੀ, Telugu: జిలేబి), Jilapi (Bengali: জিলাপী), Jeri This is a deep-fried sweet batter with rose water and saffron. Similar to Persian Zoolbiya.
Jersey wondersJerseyThese are also known as Mèrvelles
Jin deuiChinaA hollow fried pastry made of glutinous rice flour that is coated with sesame seeds and filled with a sweet filling.
Johnny CakeUS Virgin IslandsUnleavened, golden-sweet, semi-flattened, fluffy-fried bread made primarily of white flour.
KabkabPhilippinesDeep-fried cassava wafers
KachoriIndiaDough balls filled with different kinds of savoury stuffings like de-skinned moong bean, de-skinned black gram, etc. along with salt, pepper, red chili powder and other spices.
KachoriPakistanDoughnuts filled with ground beef or lamb and deep fried. Vegetarian ones often contain potatoes.
KarintōJapan
KhuushuurMongoliaA fried turnover with a filling of ground or minced meat (beef or mutton), onions or garlic, and other spices.
KipingPhilippinesLeaf-shaped glutinous rice wafers
KkwabaegiKorea
KhvorostRussiaIn Russian, crisp pastry made out of dough shaped into thin twisted ribbons, deep-fried and sprinkled with powdered sugar
KleinaIceland(Plural Kleinur)
KlejneDenmark(Plural "Klejner")
KoeksisterSouth AfricaA traditional South African confectionery made of fried dough infused in syrup or honey. The name derives from the Dutch word , which generally means a wheat flour confectionery, also the origin of the American English word "cookie"
KrafneCroatiaFrom German
KrapfenAustria, Bavaria and South TyrolRound, fried dough typically filled with apricot jam or vanilla cream and topped with powdered sugar.
Krhki flancatiSlovenia, IstriaRectangular, cut and twisted fried dough topped with powdered sugar.
KrofiSloveniaRound, fried yeast dough filled with apricot or blueberry jam and topped with powdered sugar.
KroštuleCroatiaOther local names: hruštule, hrustule, hrostule, krustavice, krustule (From Latin – cookie, pastry).
KumukunsiPhilippinesA deep fried rice cake made from rice flour, duck eggs, and sugar cooked into spiral shapes.
LakhamariNepalA fried sweet indigenous to Kathmandu Valley and surrounding areas.
LángosHungary
LaufabrauðIcelandA traditional kind of Icelandic bread that is most often eaten in the Christmas season.[9] Originating from northern Iceland but now eaten throughout the entire country, it consists of round, very thin flat cakes with a diameter of about 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 inches), decorated with leaf-like, geometric patterns and fried briefly in hot fat or oil.[10]
LihapiirakkaFinlandA savoury doughnut (without a hole) filled with minced meat and rice.
Lokma or LoukoumadesSomewhat like crisp doughnut holes, loukoumades (pronounced loo-koo-MA-thes) consist of deep-fried dough balls marinated in honey and cinnamon.
Lokot-lokotPhilippinesDeep-fried ground glutinous rice fried into noodle-like strings and usually rolled into cylinders
LörtsyFinlandA thin, half-moon shaped pastry originally from Savonlinna, eastern Finland. It is made with a variety of fillings; the most common ones are either a savory meat filling or a sweet apple filling.
LuchiIndia (Eastern)
Bangladesh
Made of wheat flour typical of Oriya, Assamese and Bengali cuisine, dough is made by mixing fine maida flour with water and spoonful of ghee, then divided in small balls, flattened by rolling-pin, individually deep-fried in cooking oil or ghee, 4-5 inches diameter, usually served with curries or gravies.
Luqmat al-qadiMiddle East(لقمة القاضي) literally, judge's mouthful, this is a relative and etymological ancestor of the Greek Loukoumas. Also called (in Arabic) and lokma (Turkish, see below).
Ma HuaChinaA fried dough twist made by frying a bar of dough in peanut oil. Ma hua has a shiny and golden look.
MalasadaPortugalA fried dough from Sao Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal. Also popular in Hawaii and in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, where they are called "flippers".
MandaziEast AfricaA fried bread (served with no glazing or frosting) that is popular in areas around the Swahili countries of Kenya and Tanzania. Often eaten along with breakfast or tea, or as a snack by itself.
Maruya
(baduya, sinapot, jampok, etc.)
PhilippinesVarious types of fried banana fritters from the Philippines
MеkitziBulgaria(Мекици)- similar to Funnel cake
MutzenmandelnGermanyShortcrust dough teardrops or almonds (as the name implies), deep fried and covered in confectioner's sugar. Originally from Southern Germany, now a common fair snack and offered by pastry stalls around Christmas throughout Germany.
Namak paraPakistan, IndiaA crunchy savory snack of the Indian Subcontinent, they're ribbon-like strips of pastry delicately seasoned with cumin seeds, carom seeds, and caraway seeds and deep fried in pure ghee (clarified butter).
NonnevotteNetherlands and Belgium(Literally "nuns' bottoms"), eaten around the Carnival season in Limburg.
OkonomiyakiJapanPan-fried savory pancake made from flour and various other ingredients
OkoyPhilippinesFried savory fritter made from glutinous rice and shrimp, pumpkin, or sweet potato
Oliebollen / SmoutebollenNetherlands and BelgiumLiterally "oil balls" or "lard balls", referred to as "Dutch doughnuts" (or occasionally as 'Dutch Donuts'). Contain pieces of apple or dried fruit like raisins, traditionally eaten around New Year.
Ox-tongue pastryChinaAn elliptical-shaped dough that resembles an ox tongue. They are sweet in taste and the texture is chewy and fine.
PączkiPolandSpringy doughnuts filled with jam, often coated with granulated or powdered sugar. See also Ponchiki (Russian, Пончики or pyshki (пышки)) or Ponichki (Bulgarian, Понички).
PakoraIndia, PakistanAlso called bhajji in India, Telugu: పకోడి, this is a deep-fried vegetable fritters in a gram flour batter. In Pakistan, pakoras filled with ground beef are also common.
PampushkyUkraine(Пампушки)
PanikekeSamoaAlso called panikeke lapotopoto, this is a deep fried sweetened fritter. Panikeke are often served with butter or jam.
PanyalamPhilippinesA fried rice cake or pancake from the Philippines made with ground glutinous rice, sugar, and coconut milk
Papadum (Papar)IndiaAlso called papad, papar, etc., this is a fried wafer made from a dough made of lentils (often urad dal) and spices. When fried as a dough or with sufficient moisture, it is called pappaṭam. When fried dry, it is called appal am.
PapadumPakistanA fried wafer made of rice flour and often sprinkled with spices eaten as a snack.
Paraoa ParaiNew ZealandFried wheat dough, sometimes with fermented potato (rewena) leavening.[11] Often served with butter and golden syrup.
ParathaBangladesh, India, PakistanAlso called parantha, porota, etc., this is a pan-fried flatbread, often stuffed with vegetables, cheese, or ground meat. In Pakistan, parathas stuffed with either potatoes, radishes or ground meat are popular and a common breakfast dish. Layered parathas or "lachah/tehdaar" parathas are often used as a wrap for 'kebab rolls'.
PastechiCuraçao, Aruba, and Bonaire (Caribbean)Pastry made from white flower, baking powder, salt, sugar, water, and lard or butter. It can have various fillings and is traditionally fried in oil, but for lesser fat content and more healthy version it can be baked in the oven.The filling is usually ground meat or cheese, but chicken, tuna and saltfish (bakiou) are also very popular. On Aruba more variations for the fillings are prepared, like corned beef, curry chicken, ham & cheese, conch meat.Pastechi's are sold at all places that cater to eaters on the go during the day as a filling snack but mostly in the morning as a fast breakfast item.At parties often smaller sized ones are served.
PastelBrazilA thin pastry envelope containing minced meat, catupiry and chicken, shrimp or another filling and then deep-fried.
Pasztecik szczecińskiPolandMachine-produced deep-fried yeast dough stuffed with meat or vegetarian filling
Peremech or belyashTatarstan, Bashkortostan (Russia)Peremech (Tatar: пәрәмәч) is a fried bun made of either leavened or unleavened dough and stuffed with minced meat. It usually has a hole in the middle. A similar dish is called belyash (Russian: беляш) in Russian.
PestiñosSpainA piece of dough, deep-fried in olive oil and glazed with honey or cinnamon sugar.
PetullaAlbaniaDough with yeast. Commonly served with feta cheese and/or honey by Albanians and the Albanian diaspora.
PicaronesPeruA sweet, ring-shaped pumpkin-based fritter; often served with a molasses syrup.
PinakufuPhilippinesA dense oval-shaped variant of cascaron from the Philippines made with ground glutinous rice and coconut milk
Pirozhki, pyrizhkiBulgaria, Russia, UkrainePirozhki (Russian: пирожки) or pyrizhki (Ukrainian: пирiжки) are traditional Eastern European baked or fried buns stuffed with a variety of fillings.
PorrasSpainOften served for breakfast, especially in Madrid).
Prawn cracker
(keropok, kropek, krupuk, etc.)
Southeast AsiaDeep-fried crackers made from starch and prawn
PriganiceMontenegroFritters or flat doughnuts served with honey, cheese, or jam.
Puff-puffNigeriaAlso a West African dish, is a fried sweet dough (with no glazing or frosting) made from flour, sugar, yeast, and vanilla extract, typically served as an appetizer when entertaining guest, or bought as a snack from a street vendor.
PuftaloonAustraliaMade from flour, salt, butter, milk, traditionally fried in animal fat, popular with children in winter.
PuriIndia, Bangladesh, NepalUnleavened, made of wheat flour (refined, whole-wheat, or coarse), dough of flour and salt rolled into small circle or bigger and cut into small circles, deep fried in ghee or vegetable oil, puffs up in all directions like a round ball from steam inside. Variations include the North Indian bhatoora (Hindi: भटूरा) and the Bengali luchi (Bengali: লুচি)
PooriPakistanUnleavened, made of all-purpose flour and deep-fried bread. It is served in breakfast with chickpeas and semolina halwa as a part of 'halwa poori'.
PapriIndiaCrisp fried dough wafers made from refined white flour and oil. In papri chaat, the papris are served with boiled potatoes, boiled chick peas, chilis, yogurt and tamarind chutney and topped with chaat masala and sev.
PilipitPhilippinesTwisted doughnut from the Philippines, similar to shakoy but has a hard crunchy texture and is smaller
RissoleFranceMinced meat or fish, enclosed in pastry and deep fried.
RosetteScandinaviaOrnate irons are dipped into batter and then dropped into hot oil. The pastry quickly separates from the iron, which is removed. The rosettes are then fried to a light brown, removed from the oil, and sprinkled with powdered sugar.
RosquillasSpain
SalukaraPhilippinesRice pancake fried in a lard-greased pan
SamosaIndia, PakistanA South Asian deep-fried savory pastry. Includes variants such as mitha samosa, shingara, etc.
Sata andagiJapanA sweet, ball-shaped snack, similar to the doughnut, native to the Okinawa Prefecture.
SchenkeleSwitzerland, AlsaceSmall fritter made from ground nuts eaten around Christmas and Fasnacht, sometimes additionally flavored with Kirsch and candied peel.
Schmalzkuchen or SchmalzgrebenGermanyLiterally "lard cake". Rolled out yeast dough cut into small rhombuses that become pillows during frying. Served warm with powdered sugar. Usually found on Christmas markets.
SchneeballenGermanyLiterally "snowballs". Dough cut into strips, formed into a ball and fried then covered in toppings; popular in Rothenburg.
SfenjMorocco, AlgeriaFritter
ShakoyPhilippinesTwisted doughnut from the Philippines made with regular flour or rice flour
ShuangbaotaiTaiwanA sweet fried dough food with cavernous holes in the food and a crisp outside. They are made by sticking two small pieces of dough together and frying them, causing them to separate slightly while still connected, thus resembling conjoined twins, for which the food is named.
ShelpekKazakhstan, and other Central AsiaA deep-fried flatbread commonly consumed all over Kazakhstan, and other Central Asia.
Shing-a-lingPhilippinesDeep-fried wheat flour sticks. Traditionally made with dried egg noodles.
SmultringNorwayLiterally "lard ring", this is similar to a doughnut but smaller, without glacing or filling, and flavored with cardamom.
SopaipillaUnited States, Argentina, Chile, Peru, UruguayA fried dough side dish or dessert popular among Mexican-Americans in the Southwest. Sopaipillas puff with air when fried, the finished product resembling a pillow. They are often served with honey, but may also be sprinkled with a cinnamon and sugar mixture. Sopaipillas are characteristic of Tex-Mex or New Mexican cuisine.
StruffoliItalyA dessert of Neapolitan origin
SufganiyahIsrael (Jewish)Typically sold exclusively during the holiday of Hanukkah. Soft, sweet, and traditionally filled with strawberry jam; though modern varieties include chocolate, caramel or vanilla custard, or other types of jam. Traditionally topped with powdered sugar, with Israeli bakers now experimenting with a wide variety of sweet toppings, including coconut or even fresh fruit.
Telebhaja
(Bengali fritters)
Bengal
TenkasuJapanOften produced as byproduct of Tempura cooking, because bits of fried batter are easily made while deep frying, but they are also produced at factories by deep frying trickling batter.
TimbitCanadaDoughnut holes sold in many different flavors, originating at Tim Hortons and seen as somewhat iconic in Canada.
Toutin or ToutonCanadaFried bits of leftover bread dough, often served with molasses. Most popular on Newfoundland.
TulumbaTurkey, BalkansTraditional treat consisting of fried batter soaked in syrup. Similar to bamiyeh in Iranian cuisine.
UrrädlaGermanyA fried dough made in Upper Franconia and served sprinkled with powdered sugar. It is a specialty of Franconian Switzerland, in the area around Forchheim. Also called Braada (breite) Küchla.[12]
UštipciSerbia
VadaIndiaAlso called vara, bara, etc., this is lentil cakes shaped into patties or donut shapes
VerhunyUkraine(Вергуни) or Khvorost (хворост), literally angel wings
VetkoekSouth AfricaPronounced FET-kook, this is a fried bread dough traditional to Afrikaner and also called magwenya by the indigenous population. It is typically rolled into a ball or hot dog bun shape.
YoutiaoChinaLiterally "oil strip", also known as fried breadstick. They are savory dough fritters with an oily taste, a crispy outside texture, and a chewy inside texture with large holes. Commonly served for breakfast with congee or soy milk.
ŽagarėliaiLithuania"Žagarėliai" and "Skruzdėlynas" are the equivalents of Angel Wings in Lithuania. Žagarėliai (or "small sticks" in English) are delicate pastry dough cookies, deep fried in fat. It is best to use lard or oil for deep frying these cookies. Skruzdėlynas translates as "anthill" in English and is layers of fried dough strips, covered in honey and topped with poppy seeds. It is a typical dessert served during Lithuanian family celebrations.
PituliciMacedoniaFritter
ZeppoleItalyCommonly light-weight, deep-fried dough balls about 2 inches (5.1 cm) in diameter, these doughnuts or fritters are usually topped with powdered sugar and may be filled with custard, jelly, cannoli-style pastry cream or a butter-and-honey mixture.

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Canadian Trademarks Details 0608414-0 - Canadian Trademarks Database - Intellectual property and copyright - Canadian Intellectual Property Office - Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada. www.ic.gc.ca. 26 May 2017.
  2. Web site: Murukku history. Munchy Murukkus. 22 August 2012.
  3. Encyclopedia: Murukku. Culinary Encyclopedia by ifood.tv. FutureToday Inc. 22 August 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20130429142640/http://www.ifood.tv/network/murukku. 2013-04-29. dead.
  4. Web site: Gerald. Olympia Shilpa. In search of Manapparai Murukku. https://archive.today/20130203232455/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/magazine/article3779874.ece. dead. 3 February 2013. The Hindu. 22 August 2012.
  5. Web site: Diwali Savory Recipes: Marukku. Edible Garden. 23 October 2011 . 22 August 2012.
  6. Devasahayam. Theresa. When We Eat What We Eat: Classifying Crispy Foods in Malaysian Tamil Cuisine. Anthropology of Food. 2003 . 1 . OpenEdition. 10.4000/aof.1458 . 22 August 2012. free.
  7. Web site: Jamaican Fried Dough - Festival. 26 May 2017.
  8. Web site: Top News, Latest headlines, Latest News, World News & U.S News - UPI.com. UPI. 26 May 2017.
  9. Web site: Laufabrauð - "Leaf Bread" . 2007-12-09 . Salvör Gissurardóttir . 2000 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071215214046/http://jol.ismennt.is/english/laufabraud-joe.htm . 2007-12-15 .
  10. Book: Hanneck, Maike. Island-Kochbuch. 2004. túrí. de. 9979-9641-0-3. 76585143. 30–31.
  11. Web site: Fried Bread (Paraoa Parai). Allrecipes.com.au. 26 May 2017.
  12. Web site: Genussregion Oberfranken - Deutsch » Spezialitäten » Genussregion von A-Z. www.genussregion.oberfranken.de. 26 May 2017.