Fried chicken explained

Country:United States
Region:American South
Course:Entrée
Served:Hot or cold
Main Ingredient:Chicken, batter or seasoned flour

Southern fried chicken, is a dish consisting of chicken pieces that have been coated with seasoned flour or batter and pan-fried, deep fried, pressure fried, or air fried. The breading adds a crisp coating or crust to the exterior of the chicken while retaining juices in the meat. Broiler chickens are most commonly used.

The first dish known to have been deep fried was fritters, which were popular in the European Middle Ages. However, fried chicken originated in Great Britain. The Scottish were the first to have been recorded as deep frying their chicken in fat with breadcrumbs and seasonings, as evidenced by a recipe in an 1747 cookbook by Hannah Glasse[1] and a 1773 diary entry describing fried chicken on the Isle of Skye.[2] There is an English cookbook from 1736 which mentions fried chicken, the “Dictionarium Domesticum”, by Nathan Bailey, where it is called “a marinade of chickens”.[3] The first printed recipe for fried chicken in the USA was by a viriginan housewife called Mary Rudolph. However, this recipe removed the seasonings of the earlier British recipe.[4] Meanwhile, in later years many West African peoples had traditions of seasoned fried chicken (though battering and cooking the chicken in palm oil).

History

The American English expression "fried chicken" was first recorded in the 1830s, and frequently appears in American cookbooks of the 1860s and 1870s.[5] The origin of fried chicken in the southern states of America has been traced to precedents in Scottish[6] [7] [8] and West African cuisine.[9] [10] [11] [12] Scottish fried chicken was deep fried in fat with seasonings and West African fried chicken was pan fried, added different seasonings,[13] and was battered[14] and cooked in palm oil. Scottish frying techniques and African seasoning techniques were used in the American South by enslaved Africans.

Fried chicken provided some means of an independent economy for enslaved and segregated African-American women, who became noted sellers of poultry (live or cooked) as early as the 1730s though this was cooked on a griddle[15] .[16] Because of the expensive nature of the ingredients, it was, despite popular belief, a rare dish in the African-American community reserved (as in Africa) for special occasions.When it was introduced to the American South, fried chicken became a common staple. Later, as the slave trade led to Africans being brought to work on southern plantations, the enslaved people who became cooks incorporated seasonings and spices that were absent in traditional Scottish cuisine, enriching the flavor.[17] Since most enslaved people were unable to raise expensive meats, but were generally allowed to keep chickens, frying chicken on special occasions continued in the African-American communities of the South, especially in the periods of segregation that closed off most restaurants to the black population.[18]

American-style fried chicken gradually passed into everyday use as a general Southern dish, especially after the abolition of slavery, and its popularity spread. Since fried chicken traveled well in hot weather before refrigeration was commonplace and industry growth reduced its cost, it gained further favor across the South. Fried chicken continues to be among the region's top choices for "Sunday dinner". Holidays such as Independence Day and other gatherings often feature this dish.[19] During the 20th century, chain restaurants focused on fried chicken began among the boom in the fast food industry. Brands such as Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) and Popeyes expanded in the United States and across the world.

Before the industrialization of chicken production and the creation of broiler breeds of chicken, only young spring chickens (pullets or cockerels) would be suitable for the higher heat and relatively fast cooking time of frying making fried chicken a luxury of spring and summer. Older, tougher birds require longer cooking times at lower temperatures. To compensate for this, sometimes tougher birds are simmered till tender, allowed to cool and dry, and then fried.

Description

Fried chicken has been described as being "crunchy" and "juicy",[20] as well as "crispy".[21] The dish has also been called "spicy" and "salty".[22] Occasionally, fried chicken is also topped with chili like paprika, or hot sauce to give it a spicy taste.[23] This is especially common in fast food restaurant chains such as KFC.[24] The dish is traditionally served with mashed potatoes, gravy, macaroni and cheese, coleslaw, corn or biscuits.[25]

The dish is renowned for being greasy, especially when coming from fast food outlets. It has even been reported that some of those who enjoy eating the food limit themselves to eating it only a certain number of times a year, to keep their fat intake reasonably low.[26] Out of the various parts of the animal used in fried chicken, the wings generally tend to contain the most fat, with almost 40g of fat for every 100g.[27] However, the average whole fried chicken contains only around 12% fat, or 12g per every 100g.[28] 100g of fried chicken generally contains around 240 calories of energy.

Preparation

Generally, chickens are not fried whole. Instead, the chicken is divided into its constituent pieces.[29] The white meat sections are the breast and the wings from the front of the chicken, while the dark meat sections are the thighs and legs or "drumsticks" from the rear of the chicken. The breast is typically split into two pieces, and the back is usually discarded.[30] Chicken fingers, which are boneless pieces of chicken breast cut into long strips, are also commonly used.[31]

To prepare the chicken pieces for frying, they are typically coated in a flour-based batter that may contain eggs or milk, or they may be dredged in flour or breadcrumbs. Seasonings such as salt, black pepper, chili powder, paprika, garlic powder, or onion powder can be mixed in with the flour. Either process may be preceded by marination or dipping in buttermilk, the acidity of which acts as a meat tenderizer. As the pieces of chicken cook, some of the moisture that exudes from the chicken is absorbed by the coating of flour and browns along with the flour, creating a flavorful crust.[32]

Traditionally, lard is used to fry the chicken, but corn oil, peanut oil, canola oil, soybean oil, or other vegetable oils are also frequently used.[33] [34] The flavor of olive oil is generally considered too strong to be used for traditional fried chicken, and its low smoke point makes it unsuitable for use.[35] There are three main techniques for frying chickens: pan frying,[36] deep frying[37] and broasting.[38]

Pan frying (or shallow frying) requires a frying pan of sturdy construction and a source of fat that does not fully immerse the chicken.[39] The chicken pieces are prepared as above, then fried. Generally, the fat is heated to a temperature hot enough to seal (without browning, at this point) the outside of the chicken pieces. Once the pieces have been added to the hot fat and sealed, the temperature is reduced. There is debate as to how often to turn the chicken pieces, with one camp arguing for often turning and even browning, and the other camp pushing for letting the pieces render skin side down and only turning when necessary. Once the chicken pieces are close to being done, the temperature is raised and the pieces are browned to the desired color (some cooks add small amounts of butter at this point to enhance browning). The moisture from the chicken that sticks and browns on the bottom of the pan becomes the fonds required to make gravy.[40]

Deep frying requires a deep fryer or other devices in which the chicken pieces can be completely submerged in hot fat. The process of deep frying is placing food fully in oil and then cooking it at a very high temperature. The pieces are prepared as described above. The fat is heated in the deep fryer to the desired temperature. The pieces are added to the fat and a constant temperature is maintained throughout the cooking process.[41]

A pressure cooker can be used to accelerate the process.[42] The moisture inside the chicken becomes steam and increases the pressure in the cooker, such that lowering the cooking temperature is needed. The steam also cooks the chicken through, but still allows the pieces to be moist and tender while maintaining a crisp coating. Fat is heated in a pressure cooker. Chicken pieces are prepared as described above and then placed in the hot fat. The lid is placed on the pressure cooker, and the chicken pieces are thus fried under pressure.[43] The original recipe used by the KFC franchise used this method, which was marketed as "broasting" by the Broaster Company.

The derivative phrases "country-fried" and "chicken-fried" often refer to other foods prepared in the manner of fried chicken. Usually, this means a boneless, tenderized piece of meat that has been floured or battered and cooked in any of the methods described. Chicken-fried steak is a common dish of that variety.[44] Such dishes are often served with gravy.[45]

Variants

Health effects

A 2019 prospective cohort study of postmenopausal women found that consumption of at least one serving of fried chicken per week compared to no consumption is associated with a 13% increase in the risk of all-cause mortality, as well as with a 12% increase in the risk of cardiovascular mortality.[51]

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Glasse, Hannah . The Art of Cookery . Library of Congress Cataloguing . 1747 . 978-0-486-80576-4.
  2. Web site: The surprising origin of fried chicken . 2024-03-24 . www.bbc.com.
  3. Web site: Dictionarium domesticum, being a new and compleat houshold [sic] dictionary, for the use both of city and country ... / By N. Bailey. ]. 2024-02-13 . Wellcome Collection . en.
  4. Book: Rudolph, Mary . The Virginia Housewife or Methodical Cook . John Plaskitt . 1836 . 978-0--486-2772.
  5. [etymonline.com]
  6. Book: Sumnu . Servet Gulum . Advances in Deep-Fat Frying of Foods . Sahin . Serpil . December 17, 2008 . CRC Press . 9781420055597 . 1–2 . en . The origin of fried chicken is Scotland and the southern states of America. Fried chicken had been in the diet of Scottish people for a long time. Because slaves were allowed to feed only chickens, fried chicken became the dish that they ate on special occasions. This tradition spread to all African-American communities after the abolition of slavery..
  7. Book: Mariani, John F.. The Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink. registration. Lebhar-Friedman. New York. 1999. 305–306. 9780867307849 . The Scottish, who enjoyed frying their chickens rather than boiling or baking them as the English did, may have brought the method with them when they settled the South. The efficient and simple cooking process was very well adapted to the plantation life of the southern African-American slaves, who were often allowed to raise their own chickens.. quoted at Web site: Olver . Lynne . history notes-meat . live . https://www.webcitation.org/65d4bspXs?url=http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodmeats.html#friedchicken . February 21, 2012 . June 20, 2009 . The Food Timeline. .
  8. Book: Robinson, Kat . Classic Eateries of the Arkansas Delta . October 21, 2014 . The History Press . 9781626197565 . Most settlers from Europe were accustomed to having their chicken roasted or stewed. The Scots are believed to have brought the idea of frying chicken in fat to the United States and eventually into the Arkansas Delta in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Similarly, African slaves brought to the South were sometimes allowed to keep chickens, which didn't take up much space. They flour-breaded their pieces of plucked poultry, popped it with paprika and saturated it with spices before putting it into the grease. .
  9. Book: Rice . Kym S. . World of a Slave: Encyclopedia of the Material Life of Slaves in the United States [2 volumes]: Encyclopedia of the Material Life of Slaves in the United States . Katz-Hyman, Martha B. . 2010 . ABC-CLIO . 978-0-313-34943-0 . 109–110 . Chickens also were considered to be a special dish in traditional West African cuisine. ... Chickens were ... fried in palm oil. ... Pieces of chicken fried in oil sold on the street ... would all leave their mark on the developing cuisine of the early South..
  10. Book: Kein, Sybil . Creole: The History and Legacy of Louisiana's Free People of Color . 2000 . LSU Press . 978-0-8071-2601-1 . 246–247 . Creole fried chicken is another dish that follows the African technique: "the cook prepared the poultry by dipping it in a batter and deep fat frying it.
  11. Book: Opie, Frederick Douglass . Hog and Hominy: Soul Food from Africa to America . 2013 . Columbia University Press . 978-0-231-51797-3 . 18 . the African-American preference for yams and sweet potatoes, pork, chicken, and fried foods also originated in certain West African culinary traditions.
  12. Worral, Simon (December 21, 2014) "The Surprising Ways That Chickens Changed the World" . National Geographic: "When slaves were brought here from West Africa, they came with a deep knowledge of the chicken, because in West Africa the chicken was a common farm animal and also a very sacred animal. The knowledge that African-Americans brought served them very well, because white plantation owners for the most part didn't care much about chicken. In colonial times there were so many other things to eat that chicken was not high on the list."
  13. News: Miller . Adrian . The surprising origin of fried chicken . March 23, 2023 . BBC . October 13, 2022 . en.
  14. Book: Opie, Frederick Douglass . Hog and Hominy: Soul Food from Africa to America . 2013 . Columbia University Press . 978-0-231-51797-3 . 11 . West African women batter dipped and fried chicken" and "The African-American practice of eating chicken on special occasions is also a West Africanism that survived the slave trade. Among the Igbo, Hausa, and Mande, poultry was eaten on special occasions as part of religious ceremonies..
  15. Book: Mitchell, Patricia . Plantation row slave cabin cooking . 1998 . 367.
  16. Book: Rice . Kym S. . World of a Slave: Encyclopedia of the Material Life of Slaves in the United States [2 volumes]

    Encyclopedia of the Material Life of Slaves in the United States ]

    . Katz-Hyman . Martha B. . December 13, 2010 . ABC-CLIO . 9780313349430 . 109 . en . August 6, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160503090052/https://books.google.com/books?id=T4_Qaju1WyoC . May 3, 2016 . live.
  17. http://www.southernfriedchickenrecipe.com/Fried-Chicken-Articles/history-of-fried-chicken.php History of Fried Chicken through the Ages
  18. News: July 2, 2021 . American fried chicken has its origins in slavery . The Economist . March 29, 2022 . 0013-0613.
  19. http://www.experienceproject.com/stories/Am-Welcoming-You-To-Kik-Culinary-Corner-And-History-Of-Some/295344 History of Fried Chicken : I Am Welcoming You to Kik Culinary Corner and History of Some Story & Experience
  20. Web site: Southern Living's Best Fried Chicken Recipe . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160522162142/http://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1014738-southern-livings-best-fried-chicken . May 22, 2016 . May 21, 2016 . . Cooking.
  21. Web site: Adobo-Fried Chicken Recipe . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160516172102/http://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1014734-adobo-fried-chicken . May 16, 2016 . May 21, 2016 . The New York Times . Cooking.
  22. Web site: The Food Lab: The Best Southern Fried Chicken . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160531004452/http://www.seriouseats.com/2015/07/the-food-lab-best-southern-fried-chicken.html . May 31, 2016 . June 4, 2016 . www.seriouseats.com.
  23. News: January 9, 2014 . Spicy Fried Chicken With Honey and Pickles . Wall Street Journal . live . May 21, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160616171454/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303433304579304511442795306 . June 16, 2016 . 0099-9660.
  24. Waxman . Olivia B. . KFC Introduces Nashville Hot Chicken . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160520204151/http://time.com/4182303/kfc-nashville-hot-chicken/ . May 20, 2016 . May 21, 2016 . Time.
  25. Web site: Bruno . Pat . January 3, 1986 . Fried chicken worth clucking about . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20161008201640/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-3743737.html . October 8, 2016 . September 4, 2016 . Chicago Sun-Times.
  26. Web site: Galarneau . Andrew Z. . March 9, 2011 . Chicken fried right; When it's time to splurge, Buffalo has its share of restaurants serving crispy fried chicken . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20161008201608/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-28146832.html . October 8, 2016 . September 4, 2016 . The Buffalo News.
  27. Web site: Moisture and fat content Moisture and fat content of extra crispy fried of extra crispy fried chicken skin from breast, thigh, drum and wing . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160611005755/https://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/80400525/Articles/EB07_Chicken.pdf . June 11, 2016 . May 21, 2016 . ars.usda.gov.
  28. Web site: Chicken, broilers or fryers, light meat, meat and skin, cooked, fried, flour . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160625142625/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/854?fgcd=&manu=&lfacet=&format=&count=&max=35&offset=&sort=&qlookup=05031 . June 25, 2016 . June 3, 2016 . ndb.nal.usda.gov.
  29. Web site: How to Make the Best Fried Chicken – Cooking 101 – Cook's Country . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160628193057/http://www.cookscountry.com/101/fried-chicken-101.HowTo_feature_4 . June 28, 2016 . June 4, 2016 . www.cookscountry.com.
  30. Web site: Cutting Up Chicken – Kitchen Notes – Cooking For Engineers . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160522022455/http://www.cookingforengineers.com/article/97/Cutting-Up-Chicken . May 22, 2016 . June 4, 2016 . www.cookingforengineers.com.
  31. News: Ramzy . Austin . May 5, 2016 . KFC, With New Nail Polish, Redefines Chicken Fingers . The New York Times . live . May 19, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160509080414/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/06/world/asia/kfc-chicken-nail-polish.html . May 9, 2016 . 0362-4331.
  32. Web site: The Science of Frying – FineCooking.com . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160613005316/http://www.finecooking.com/item/48328/the-science-of-frying . June 13, 2016 . June 4, 2016 . FineCooking.com.
  33. News: Pereira . Alyssa . June 22, 2016 . The internet is obsessing over this 18th century fried chicken recipe . . live . June 23, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160622212829/http://www.sfgate.com/food/article/The-internet-is-losing-it-over-this-18th-century-8318975.php . June 22, 2016.
  34. Web site: June 20, 2016 . Fried Chicken in the 18th Century? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160621152741/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GsyjNef2ydQ . June 21, 2016 . June 23, 2016 . YouTube.
  35. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-southern-fried-chicken.htm What is Southern Fried Chicken?
  36. Web site: Southern Pan-Fried Chicken Recipe . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160524185342/http://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1016127-southern-pan-fried-chicken . May 24, 2016 . May 21, 2016 . The New York Times . Cooking.
  37. Web site: December 23, 2014 . How to Make Thai-Style Deep Fried Chicken Thighs . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160616235235/http://magazine.foxnews.com/recipe/how-make-thai-style-deep-fried-chicken-thighs . June 16, 2016 . May 21, 2016 . Fox News Magazine.
  38. News: This chicken's not roasted, broiled or fried. It's BROASTED. Good luck finding it, though . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160507013424/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/food/2004/04/21/this-chickens-not-roasted-broiled-or-fried-its-broasted-good-luck-finding-it-though/63ba6fe5-6af4-45bc-b0c3-8a8b26d8ea87/ . May 7, 2016 . May 21, 2016 . Washington Post.
  39. Web site: Pan Frying – Food Reference Cooking Basics – Food For Thought . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160609212453/http://www.foodreference.com/html/art-pan-frying.html . June 9, 2016 . June 4, 2016 . www.foodreference.com.
  40. Web site: September 14, 2012 . Deglazing: What it Is and Why Do It . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160525054041/http://www.reluctantgourmet.com/deglazing-what-it-is-and-why-do-it/ . May 25, 2016 . June 4, 2016 . The Reluctant Gourmet . en-US.
  41. Web site: How to deep-fry – How To Guides – Cooking tips . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160617133530/http://www.taste.com.au/how+to/articles/446/how+to+deep+fry . June 17, 2016 . June 4, 2016 . Taste.com.au.
  42. Web site: How to make homemade Broasted Chicken . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160725172718/http://food.manoramaonline.com/food/dine-around/broasted-chicken-arab-dishes-kerala-non-veg-food-recipes.html . July 25, 2016 . July 21, 2016.
  43. http://southernfood.about.com/od/friedchicken/Fried_Chicken_Recipes.htm Fried Chicken Recipes
  44. Web site: From John T. Edge: Chicken Fried Steak, Steamed Sandwiches, Georgia Barbecue . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20181208112101/https://dinersjournal.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/15/from-john-t-edge-chicken-fried-steak-steamed-sandwiches-georgia-barbecue/?_r=0 . December 8, 2018 . May 21, 2016 . Diner's Journal Blog . The New York Times. April 15, 2009 .
  45. Web site: Charles Country Pan Fried Chicken . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160520020626/http://www.villagevoice.com/location/charles-country-pan-fried-chicken-6482746 . May 20, 2016 . May 19, 2016 . Village Voice.
  46. Edge . John T. . Mar 2003 . The Barberton Birds . Attaché . https://web.archive.org/web/20060216024007/http://www.attachemag.com/archives/03-03/passions/passions2.html . February 16, 2006.
  47. Web site: Myers . Dan . October 27, 2015 . America's best chicken and waffles . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160609124058/http://www.foxnews.com/leisure/2015/10/27/america-best-chicken-and-waffles/ . June 9, 2016 . May 19, 2016 . Fox News . en-US.
  48. Web site: Maryland chicken with banana fritters and cornbread . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160513080802/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/marylandchickenwithb_86621 . May 13, 2016 . May 19, 2016 . BBC Food.
  49. Waxman . Olivia B. . KFC Introduces Nashville Hot Chicken . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160520204151/http://time.com/4182303/kfc-nashville-hot-chicken/ . May 20, 2016 . May 19, 2016 . Time.
  50. Web site: April 26, 2006 . Recipe: Devin Alexander's KFC's Popcorn Chicken . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160602033350/https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Recipes/story?id=1892432&page=1 . June 2, 2016 . May 18, 2016 . ABC News.
  51. Sun Y, Liu B, Snetselaar LG, Robinson JG, Wallace RB, Peterson LL, Bao W . Association of fried food consumption with all cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: prospective cohort study . BMJ . 364 . k5420 . January 2019 . 30674467 . 6342269 . 10.1136/bmj.k5420 .

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