| Native Name: | |
| Conventional Long Name: | French Somaliland |
| Era: | New Imperialism |
| Status: | Colony of France (1884–1946) Overseas territory of France (1946–1967) |
| Government Type: | Dependent territory |
| Year Start: | 1883 |
| Year End: | 1967 |
| Event Start: | Established |
| Date Start: | May 20, |
| Event End: | Renamed |
| Date End: | July 5, |
| Event1: | Italian invasion |
| Date Event1: | June 18, 1940 |
| Event2: | British occupation |
| Date Event2: | December 28, 1942 |
| Event3: | Status changed to overseas territory |
| Date Event3: | October 27, 1946 |
| P1: | Khedivate's Somali Coast |
| Flag P1: | Flag of Muhammad Ali.svg |
| S1: | French Territory of the Afars and the Issas |
| Flag S1: | Flag of France.svg |
| Flag: | Flag of France |
| National Anthem: | La Marseillaise |
| Image Map Caption: | French Somaliland in 1922 |
| Capital: | Djibouti |
| Demonym: | Somali French Somali |
| Currency: | French franc (1883–1949) French Somaliland franc (1949–1967) |
| Representative1: | Léonce Lagarde |
| Representative2: | Louis Saget |
| Year Representative1: | 1884–1899 |
| Year Representative2: | 1965–1967 |
| Title Representative: | Governor |
| Today: | Djibouti |
French Somaliland (French: Côte française des Somalis|lit=French Coast of the Somalis; Somali: Xeebta Soomaaliyeed ee Faransiiska) was a French colony in the Horn of Africa. It existed between 1884 and 1967, at which became the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas. The Republic of Djibouti is its legal successor state.[1]
French Somaliland was formally established in 1896 when the Issa[2] and Afar each signed a treaty with the French, but iterations of what would eventually become French Somaliland existed for few decades prior to the official formation. On March 11, 1862, a treaty signed by Afar Sultan Raieta Dini Ahmet in Paris ceded the territory of Obock for 10,000 thalaris, around 55,000 francs. Later on, that treaty was used by Captain Alphonse Fleuriot de Langle to colonize the south of the Bay of Tadjoura. On March 25, 1885, the French signed a treaty with the Gadabuursi, effectively making them a protectorate of France.[3] On March 26, 1885, the French signed another treaty with the Issa making the latter a protectorate under the French. No money changed hands and the Somalis did not sign away any of their land rights; the agreement was meant to protect their land from outsiders with the help of the French. However, after the French sailors of the Le Pingouin vessel were mysteriously killed in Ambado in 1886, the French first blamed the British, then the Somalis, using the incident to lay claim to the entire southern territory.[4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
An attempt by Russian adventurer Nikolay Ivanovitch Achinov to establish a settlement at Sagallo in 1889 was promptly thwarted by French forces after just one month.
The construction of the Imperial Ethiopian Railway west into Ethiopia turned the port of Djibouti into a boomtown of 15,000[10] at a time when Harar was the only city in Ethiopia with a greater population.[11] Although the city's population fell after the completion of the line to Dire Dawa and the bankruptcy (and subsequent government bail-out) of the original company, the rail link allowed Djibouti to quickly overtake the caravan-based trade out of Zeila[12] (then in British Somaliland) and become the premier port for coffee and other goods leaving southern Ethiopia and the Ogaden through Harar. Before the French aligned with the Issa, the Gadabuursi held the position of the first Senator of the country, and is the first Somali head of state to lead the territory compromising Djibouti today. Djama Ali Moussa, a former sailor, pursued his political aspirations and managed to become the first Somali democratically elected head of state in French Somaliland.[13] [14]
The railway continued operating after the Italian conquest of Ethiopia, but following the tumult of the Second World War, the area became a French overseas territory in 1946. In 1967, French Somaliland was renamed the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas and, in 1977, became the independent country of Djibouti.