Freedom Front Plus Explained

Freedom Front Plus
Leader1 Title:Leader
Leader1 Name:Pieter Groenewald
Leader2 Title:Chairperson
Leader2 Name:Anton Alberts
Leader3 Title:Spokesperson
Leader3 Name:Pieter Swart
Leader4 Title:Chief whip
Leader4 Name:Corné Mulder
Founder:Constand Viljoen
Registered:4 March 1994
Split:Afrikaner Volksfront
Headquarters:Charles de Gaulle Crescent, Centurion, Gauteng
Youth Wing:Vryheidsfront Plus-Jeug
Membership Year:2008
Membership:25–30,000[1]
Position:Right-wing
Affiliation1 Title:Provincial Affiliation
Affiliation1:CapeXit Election Accord[2]
International:UNPO
Colours: Orange Green
Slogan:Slaan Terug (Fight Back)[3] [4]
Seats1 Title:National Assembly
Seats2 Title:National Council of Provinces
Seats3 Title:Provincial Legislatures
Seats4 Title:City of Tshwane
Seats5 Title:Cape Town City Council
Country:South Africa

The Freedom Front Plus (FF Plus; Afrikaans: Vryheidsfront Plus, VF Plus) is a right-wing political party in South Africa that was formed (as the Freedom Front) in 1994. It is led by Pieter Groenewald. Since 2024, it is a part of the current South African government of national unity together with the African National Congress (ANC), the Democratic Alliance and other parties.

History

Origins as the Freedom Front (19942003)

The Freedom Front was founded on 1 March 1994 by members of the Afrikaner community under Constand Viljoen, after he had left the Afrikaner Volksfront amidst disagreements. Seeking to achieve his goals through electoral means, Viljoen registered the Freedom Front with the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) on 4 March 1994 to take part in the April 1994 general elections (This date has also been given as 7 March). On 12 March 1994 Viljoen handed in a list of candidates for the FF to the IEC, confirming that his party would take part in the elections.

In the election, under the leadership of Viljoen, the Freedom Front received 2.2% of the national vote (with 424,555 votes cast), earning nine seats in the National Assembly, and 3.3% (with 639,643 votes cast) of the combined vote to the nine provincial legislatures. This suggested that many Afrikaners had split their vote. The party performed the best in the rural areas of the former Transvaal and Orange Free State, and was noted by the new deputy president Thabo Mbeki as representing possibly as much as half the Afrikaner voting population in these areas, with the strongest support among farmers and the working class.[5]

Freedom Front support gradually melted away in the coming years, as the party was strung along in ultimately fruitless negotiations with the African National Congress (ANC) to create a Volkstaat making the party lose its importance. It would also receive increased competition from new parties such as the Afrikaner Eenheidsbeweging. In the 1999 election their support dropped to 0.8% (127,217 votes cast) with three seats in the National Assembly and between 1 and 2% in their stronghold provinces. This represented a respectable portion of the Afrikaner vote, but nowhere near earlier levels. The party's support remained relatively stable in all national elections held during the next twenty years.

In 2001, Viljoen handed over the leadership of the Freedom Front to Pieter Mulder.

Formation of the FF+ and early years (20032016)

In 2003, shortly before the 2004 general election, the Conservative Party, the Afrikaner Eenheidsbeweging and the Freedom Front decided to contest the election as a single entity under the name Freedom Front Plus (FF+), led by Mulder. Later, also the Federal Alliance joined the VF+/FF+.

Under Mulder's leadership the party's support remained relatively stable.

In the 2004 general election, support for the Freedom Front Plus rose slightly to 0.89% (139,465 votes cast). The party won one seat in most of the provincial legislatures, and four seats in the National Assembly.

In the 2006 municipal elections, the Freedom Front Plus received 1% of the popular vote (252,253 votes cast).

In the 2009 general election, the party received 0.83% (146,796 votes cast) and retained its four seats in the National Assembly but lost its seats in the provincial legislatures of North West, Mpumalanga and Northern Cape. After the elections, the Freedom Front's leader Pieter Mulder was appointed as Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries by the new President Jacob Zuma.[6]

In the 2014 general election, the FF Plus increased its vote slightly to 0.9%. It retained its 4 MPs, and also regained a seat in the North West.[7]

The party also enjoyed consistent landslide victories in the Afrikaner enclave Orania.[8]

Along with other parties, the FF Plus entered into coalition with the Democratic Alliance (DA) after the 2016 municipal elections to govern Johannesburg, Tshwane and several other municipalities.

Groenewald leadership and resurgence (2016present)

In 2016, Pieter Groenewald took over leadership of the FF Plus. He oversaw a pivot of the party away from being an exclusive abode for Afrikaners to that of one for all minorities, with a special focus on Afrikaans-speaking minorities.[9] This was highlighted when the FF Plus and the Bruin Bemagtiging Beweging (Brown Movement) an interest group focused on Coloureds led by Peter Marais, the former premier of the Western Cape[10] formed an official alliance.[11] This ultimately led to Marais being elected as the party's candidate for premier of the Western Cape for the 2019 elections.[12]

2019 national and provincial elections

FF Plus voter support increased substantially in the 2019 general election, with the party growing its vote total by 250,000, to 2.38% of the national vote, earning ten seats in the National Assembly. This was more than the nine seats that the old Freedom Front had received in 1994. Additionally, it gained eight seats in the provincial legislatures, for a total of eleven. In the 2014 general election, the FF Plus won seats in three provincial legislatures, in 2019, it won seats in eight out of the nine provincial legislatures. Its new supporters were largely Afrikaners and Coloured voters from the Western Cape who had previously supported the DA.[13] [14]

Since the 2019 general election, the FF Plus has also won three wards from the Democratic Alliance (DA) in municipal by-elections in the North West Province and has continued to show growth in various other municipal by-elections in Gauteng, Limpopo and Mpumalanga.[15] [16] [17] [18]

2021 municipal elections and aftermath

In the run up to the 2021 local government elections, the FF Plus adopted Cape Independence as an official party position. They and CapeXit had a joint election campaign in the Western Cape to highlight the party's stance on Cape Independence. Over 60% of the FF Plus's ward councillors standing in the Western Cape were Coloureds, with Lennit Max being the party's candidate for mayor of Cape Town.[19] The party claims that their candidates are selected purely on merit in contrast to the DA.[20]

The FF Plus continued their gains in the Western Cape as a result, being in the kingmaker position in over 6 districts.[21] In 2022, FF Plus member Manicks Mpunwana became a city councilor in Bela-Bela, becoming the first black South African to serve as a councilor from the FF Plus.[22]

FF+ won six seats in Parliament (National Assembly) with 1.36% of the vote in 2024 general election.[23]

2024 Government of National Unity (GNU)

In June 2024, Freedom Front Plus agreed to join the ANC-led government of national unity (GNU). The leader of the FF Plus, Dr Pieter Groenewald, became Minister of Correctional Services in the new Cabinet.[24]

Policies and ideology

FF Plus is a right-wing,[25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] conservative[31] [32] [33] [34] [35] political party with its beliefs and ideals largely centred around Afrikaner interests'[36] and Afrikaner nationalism[37] [38] [39] [40] [41] with an orientation around Christian values.[42] [43] With its origins in Afrikaner Volksfront (Afrikaner People's Front)[44] and the Conservative Party, FF Plus' position has shifted to being more moderate and populist since its beginning,[45] [46] [47] particularly under the leadership of Pieter Groenewald, who has campaigned to alleviate issues within both Afrikaner and Coloured communities,[48] [49] [50] particularly within the Cape provinces (Northern Cape, Western Cape, Eastern Cape).

Within the South African political landscape, the FF Plus is considered further to the right than many other parties, however holds significant vote share with the Democratic Alliance (DA),[51] [52] [53] many voters of which moved toward the FF Plus at the 2019 election.[54] Both parties' voters also hold some crossover on policy matters, such as Cape independence[55] [56] [57] and federalism.[58] [59] [60]

As of 2021 its stated policy positions include abolishing affirmative action and replacing it with merit-based appointments;[61] they stand firmly against the proposed expropriation without compensation land reform movement to protect the rights and interests of minorities, especially Afrikaners,[62] as well as Afrikaans-speaking Coloureds.[63] The party also supports greater self-determination for minorities throughout South Africa, and has adopted Cape independence as an official party position.[64] In this regard, the party has put forward legislation in the Western Cape Provincial Parliament (known as the Western Cape People's Bill) calling for a recognition of Western Cape self-determination.[65]

Foreign policy

The party is critical of what they regard as South Africa's contradictory foreign policy under the governing African National Congress (ANC).[66] The Freedom Front supports the strengthening of relations with countries that "promote self-determination within their own borders", as well as countries with whom South Africa has strong existing trade ties. The party has called on South Africa to criticize the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[67] [68] During the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, the party expressed support for Israel.[69]

Leaders

Party leader

No.Leader
(birth–death)		PortraitFromTook officeLeft officeDuration of tenure
bgcolor=1Constand Viljoen
(1933–2020)		National list1 March 199426 June 2001
bgcolor=2Pieter Mulder
(b. 1951)		National list26 June 200112 November 2016
bgcolor=3Pieter Groenewald
(b. 1955)		National list12 November 2016Incumbent

Election results

These tables show the electoral performance for the Freedom Front Plus since the advent of democracy in 1994:

National Assembly elections

|-! Election! Total votes! Share of vote! Seats ! +/-! Government|-! 1994| 424,555| 2.17%| | –| |-! 1999| 127,217| 0.80%| | 6| |-! 2004| 139,465| 0.89%| | 1| |-! 2009| 146,796| 0.83%| | ±0| |-! 2014| 165,715| 0.90%| | ±0| |-! 2019| 414,864| 2.38%| | 6| |-!2024|218,850|1.36%|| 4||}

Provincial elections

! rowspan=2 | Election[70] ! colspan=2 | Eastern Cape! colspan=2 | Free State! colspan=2 | Gauteng! colspan=2 | Kwazulu-Natal! colspan=2 | Limpopo! colspan=2 | Mpumalanga! colspan=2 | North-West! colspan=2 | Northern Cape! colspan=2 | Western Cape|-! % !! Seats! % !! Seats! % !! Seats! % !! Seats! % !! Seats! % !! Seats! % !! Seats! % !! Seats! % !! Seats|-! 1994| 0.8% || 0/56| 6.0% || 2/30| 6.2% || 5/86| 0.5% || 0/81| 2.2% || 1/40| 5.7% || 2/30| 4.6% || 1/30| 6.0% || 2/30| 2.1% || 1/42|-! 1999| 0.3% || 0/63| 2.1% || 1/30| 1.3% || 1/73| 0.2% || 0/80| 0.7% || 0/49| 1.7% || 1/30| 1.4% || 1/33| 1.7% || 1/30| 0.4% || 0/42|-! 2004| 0.3% || 0/63| 2.5% || 1/30| 1.3% || 1/73| 0.3% || 0/80| 0.6% || 0/49| 1.2% || 1/30| 1.3% || 1/33| 1.6% || 1/30| 0.6% || 0/42|-! 2009| 0.2% || 0/63| 2.0% || 1/30| 1.6% || 1/73| 0.8% || 0/80| 0.6% || 0/49| 0.9% || 0/30| 1.8% || 0/33| 1.2% || 0/30| 0.4% || 0/42|-! 2014| 0.3% || 0/63| 2.1% || 1/30| 1.2% || 1/73| 0.2% || 0/80| 0.7% || 0/49| 0.8% || 0/30| 1.7% || 1/33| 1.1% || 0/30| 0.6% || 0/42|-! 2019| 0.6% || 1/63| 4.0% || 1/30| 3.6% || 3/73| 0.3% || 0/80| 1.4% || 1/49| 2.4% || 1/30| 4.3% || 2/33| 2.7% || 1/30| 1.6% || 1/42|-! 2024[71] | 0.5% || 1/73| 3.0% || 1/30| 2.3% || 2/80| 0.2% || 0/80| 1.1% || 1/64| 1.5% || 1/51| 2.6% || 1/38| 1.8% || 1/30| 1.5% || 1/42|}

Municipal elections

|-! Election! Ward + PR votes! Share of vote|-! 1995–96| 230 845| 2.7%|-! 2000| | 0.1%|-! 2006| 185 960| 0.9%|-! 2011| 120,519| 0.5%|-! 2016| 229,281| 0.8%|-! 2021| 549,349| 2.3%|-|}

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Southern . Neil . 2008 . The Freedom Front Plus: an analysis of Afrikaner politics and ethnic identity in the new South Africa . . . 14 . 4 . 463–478 . 10.1080/13569770802519383 . subscription .
  2. Web site: The Referendum Party signs CapeXit election accord . Referendum Party (News) . 20 May 2024.
  3. News: 10 May 2019 . Election's biggest little winners — FF+ Freedom Front Plus . live . . https://web.archive.org/web/20190710131252/https://mg.co.za/article/2019-05-10-elections-biggest-little-winners-ff/ . 10 July 2019 .
  4. News: Haffajee . Ferial . 14 May 2019 . White anxiety and the rise of the Freedom Front Plus . live . Daily Maverick . https://web.archive.org/web/20190724024157/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-05-14-white-anxiety-and-the-rise-of-the-freedom-front-plus/ . 24 July 2019 .
  5. Web site: Unmandated reflections - Thabo Mbeki - NEWS & ANALYSIS - Politicsweb. www.politicsweb.co.za. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160918070650/http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/unmandated-reflections--thabo-mbeki. 18 September 2016.
  6. Web site: Statement by President Jacob Zuma on the appointment of the new Cabinet South African Government . www.gov.za.
  7. News: 2014 Elections: Seats in Parliament . 26 January 2020 . sanews.gov.za . 10 May 2014 . Pretoria.
  8. Web site: 23 April 2009. Orania votes for FF Plus. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20100218073313/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=3086&art_id=nw20090423062148232C569880. 18 February 2010. IOL.
  9. Web site: FF+ to focus on interests of minority eNCA. 2021-11-03. www.enca.com. en.
  10. Web site: 2013. Brown Movement not a Political Party. News24.
  11. Web site: Grant Marais of FF+ follows in his well-known father's political footsteps. 2021-11-03. www.iol.co.za. en.
  12. Web site: ANALYSIS: The who, why and what of the Freedom Front Plus. 2021-12-02. News24. en-US.
  13. News: Brandt. Kevin. 10 May 2019. Targeting minorities helped grow our support - FF Plus. EWN. 26 January 2020.
  14. News: Mailovich. Claudi. 9 May 2019. FF Plus defies expectations. BusinessLIVE. 26 January 2020.
  15. News: Sussman . Wayne . FF+ makes loud statement in Stilfontein . 26 January 2020 . The Daily Maverick . 11 July 2019.
  16. News: Joubert . Jan-Jan . Recent municipal ward by-elections result in losses for the DA . 26 January 2020 . The Daily Maverick . 19 September 2018.
  17. News: Mamusa by-election: Good news for EFF, but DA slide against FF+ continues . 26 January 2020 . The Citizen . 16 January 2020.
  18. News: Head . Tom . Schweizer-Reneke: DA disaster, as they lose third ward in six months to FF Plus . 26 January 2020 . The South African . 16 January 2020.
  19. Web site: Gerber. Jan. FF Plus formally joins secessionist CapeXit in awareness campaign. 2021-11-03. News24. en-US.
  20. Web site: I was a project for the DA, says Cape Town FF Plus mayor hopeful Lennit Max. 2021-11-03. www.iol.co.za. en.
  21. Web site: Gerber. Jan. While the ANC and DA are on the wane, the FF Plus and PA gain. 2021-11-03. News24. en-US.
  22. Web site: Boonzaaier . Dawie . 2022-11-20 . FF Plus gets first black council rep . 2024-07-01 . City Press . en-US.
  23. Web site: Election Results and Allocation of Seats in Parliament (National Assembly) and Provincial Legislatures: 2024 . pmg.org.za . 2 August 2024.
  24. Web site: Groenewald . Dr Pieter . Cabinet position in GNU offers FF Plus opportunity to actively contribute to restoring and rebuilding South Africa . Freedom Front Plus . 30 June 2024.
  25. Web site: Party Ideology in South Africa. Letita Rohanlall. 2014. 29 July 2021. 4 February 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220204221707/https://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/jspui/bitstream/10539/15787/2/thesis%20361561_05%20SEP%202014.pdf. dead.
  26. News: Fihlani . Pumza . 11 May 2019 . South Africa's election: Five things we've learnt . live . . https://web.archive.org/web/20201108003636/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48227127 . 8 November 2020 .
  27. Web site: Right-Wing White Party Releases Election Manifesto in South Africa . Campbell . John . 28 March 2019 . cfr.org . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190329234613/https://www.cfr.org/blog/right-wing-white-party-releases-election-manifesto-south-africa . 29 March 2019 .
  28. Web site: Campbell . John . 28 March 2019 . Right-Wing White Party Releases Election Manifesto in South Africa . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190329234613/https://www.cfr.org/blog/right-wing-white-party-releases-election-manifesto-south-africa . 29 March 2019 . cfr.org . Council on Foreign Relations.
  29. News: Magome . Mogomotsi . 24 October 2019 . Leader of South Africa's leading opposition party resigns . AP News.
  30. du Plessis . Carien . 14 April 2024 . South Africa election: A guide to party policies . subscription . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240415045213/https://www.theafricareport.com/343411/south-africa-election-a-guide-to-party-policies/ . 15 April 2024 . 15 April 2024 . . Johannesburg.
  31. Web site: Navigating South Africa's loaded political lexicon . Kotze . Dirk . 9 June 2015 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150731121331/https://theconversation.com/navigating-south-africas-loaded-political-lexicon-42791 . 31 July 2015 .
  32. Book: Bertus de Villiers . Joseph Marko . Francesco Palermo . Sergiu Constantin . Litigating the Rights of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples in Domestic and International Courts . As a political force the Afrikaans community in the 2019 general election principally supported two political parties at a national level, the centrist Democratic Alliance and the conservative Freedom Front Plus (Saba 2019). . 2021 . 60 . . 978-90044-6166-6 .
  33. Web site: Letita Rohanlall . 2014 . Party Ideology in South Africa . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20220204221707/https://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/jspui/bitstream/10539/15787/2/thesis%20361561_05%20SEP%202014.pdf . 4 February 2022 . 29 July 2021.
  34. Web site: Kotze . Dirk . 9 June 2015 . Navigating South Africa's loaded political lexicon . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150731121331/https://theconversation.com/navigating-south-africas-loaded-political-lexicon-42791 . 31 July 2015 . .
  35. Book: 2021 . . 978-90044-6166-6 . Bertus de Villiers . 60 . As a political force the Afrikaans community in the 2019 general election principally supported two political parties at a national level, the centrist Democratic Alliance and the conservative Freedom Front Plus (Saba 2019). . Joseph Marko . Francesco Palermo . Sergiu Constantin.
  36. Walterová . Klára . 2009 . Afrikaners in the New South Africa: Identity Politics in a Globalised Economy . I.B. Tauris.
  37. Web site: The rise and fall of South Africa's far right . Lyster . Rosa . 30 October 2017 . . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180409211350/https://theoutline.com/post/2433/the-rise-and-fall-of-south-africa-s-far-right?zd=1&zi=7c5i75tj . 9 April 2018 .
  38. Visagie . Riaan . March 2018 . Struggle(s) for Self-determination: Afrikaner Aspirations in the Twenty-first Century . .
  39. Web site: Lyster . Rosa . 30 October 2017 . The rise and fall of South Africa's far right . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180409211350/https://theoutline.com/post/2433/the-rise-and-fall-of-south-africa-s-far-right?zd=1&zi=7c5i75tj . 9 April 2018 . . Bustle.
  40. Visagie . Riaan . March 2018 . Struggle(s) for Self-determination: Afrikaner Aspirations in the Twenty-first Century . Stellenbosch University.
  41. Fogel . Benjamin . Jacobs . Sean . 21 May 2019 . Why South Africa Needs a Democratic Socialism . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220621004358/https://jacobin.com/2019/05/south-africa-elections-democratic-socialism-parties . 21 June 2022 . .
  42. Jeffery-Schwikkard . David . 2022 . Religion and Political Parties in South Africa: A Framework and Systematic Review . . . 48 . 6 . 1094 . 10.1080/03057070.2022.2136820 . free. 2022JSAfS..48.1077J .
  43. Web site: 2024 . FF Plus Manifesto 2024 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240405201250/https://www.vfplus.org.za/policy/ff-plus-manifesto-2024/ . 5 April 2024 . vfplus.org.za .
  44. Web site: Goodbye, Freedom Front Plus, and thanks for coming . 2024-01-28 . BusinessLIVE . en-ZA.
  45. News: Love . Jason . 14 February 2023 . As 2024 elections loom, South Africa needs laws to keep small right-wing parties from controlling coalitions . live . . https://web.archive.org/web/20230319220221/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2023-02-14-sa-needs-laws-to-keep-small-right-wing-parties-from-controlling-coalitions/ . 19 March 2023 .
  46. News: 10 May 2019 . Election's biggest little winners — FF+ Freedom Front Plus . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190513194340/https://mg.co.za/article/2019-05-10-elections-biggest-little-winners-ff/ . 13 May 2019 . Mail & Guardian .
  47. News: Love . Jason . 14 February 2023 . As 2024 elections loom, South Africa needs laws to keep small right-wing parties from controlling coalitions . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230319220221/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2023-02-14-sa-needs-laws-to-keep-small-right-wing-parties-from-controlling-coalitions/ . 19 March 2023 . Daily Maverick.
  48. FF Plus promises to address issues in coloured communities of the Western Cape . 10 April 2024 . .
  49. News: Grootes . Stephen . 13 October 2021 . Freedom Front Plus – perhaps the most comfortable party of them all . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211014033418/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-10-13-freedom-front-plus-perhaps-the-most-comfortable-party-of-them-all/ . 14 October 2021 . Daily Maverick.
  50. News: Jack . Sipho . 5 April 2024 . FF Plus seeks to appeal across all ethnic groups . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240405010920/https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/ff-plus-seeks-to-appeal-across-all-ethnic-groups-f1d65c78-76de-479d-ac0b-921eed127009 . 5 April 2024 . Independent Online.
  51. News: du Toit . Pieter . 11 May 2019 . ANALYSIS: How the Freedom Front Plus ate (some of) the DA's lunch . News24.
  52. News: Kirby . Jen . 11 May 2019 . South Africa's ruling party ANC wins reelection . . Vox Media.
  53. Web site: 27 May 2019 . Really moving back to the middle is the DA's challenge – Biznews . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190527203644/https://irr.org.za/media/really-moving-back-to-the-middle-is-the-da2019s-challenge-biznews . 27 May 2019 . South African Institute of Race Relations.
  54. News: Dhawraj . Ronesh . 29 February 2024 . OPINION: Electoral data points to FF+ doing even better in 2024 polls . SABC News.
  55. News: 4 September 2023 . The DA's crucial decision as support for Cape Independence gains momentum – Robert King . Biznews.
  56. News: Pilling . David . Mark . Monica . 31 March 2024 . South African election turns populist as parties play anti-foreigner card . Financial Times.
  57. News: Charles . Marvin . 8 April 2024 . Elections 2024: Tension simmers as Freedom Front Plus eyes coalition with DA in Western Cape . . Media24.
  58. Web site: 9 March 2023 . The DA's principle of separation of party and state: Potentially problematic? – Biznews . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230311143450/https://irr.org.za/media/the-da2019s-principle-of-separation-of-party-and-state-potentially-problematic-biznews . 11 March 2023 . South African Institute of Race Relations.
  59. News: 8 August 2023 . Cape voters' political watershed looms . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230810044802/https://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/opinion/cape-voters-political-watershed-looms-41cd4dbc-0b3c-42b3-811c-fa76c4a90b0e . 10 August 2023 . Independent Online .
  60. News: 10 November 2021 . Phil Craig on the local election results being positive for Cape independence . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211110200049/https://www.biznews.com/global-citizen/2021/11/10/cape-independence-craig . 10 November 2021 . Biznews . The DA is a federalist party, the Freedom Front is a federalist party, the IFP [Inkatha Freedom Party] is a federalist party..
  61. Web site: Gerber . Jan . Elections 2021: 'Stop the decay' - FF Plus at manifesto launch . 2021-11-03 . News24 . en-US.
  62. News: Setumo Stone . 22 April 2014 . FF+ to target DA's Afrikaner voting base . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140514104917/http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/politics/2014/04/22/ff-to-target-das-afrikaner-voting-base . 14 May 2014 . Business Day.
  63. Web site: Verwoerd . Melanie . Melanie Verwoerd Is the Freedom Front Plus making the laager bigger? . 2021-11-03 . News24 . en-US.
  64. Web site: Gerber . Jan . Elections 2021: FF Plus 'supports the strive towards independence for the Cape' - manifesto . 2021-11-03 . News24 . en-US.
  65. Web site: 3 October 2023 . FF Plus's bill to obtain self-determination for the Western Cape is gaining momentum . vfplus.org.za.
  66. Web site: National Elections Manifesto 2019 . 2023-10-25 . Freedom Front Plus . en-US.
  67. Web site: Groenewald . Dr Pieter . 2022-03-14 . Everyone in South Africa will feel the economic impact of the war in Ukraine . 2023-10-25 . Freedom Front Plus . en-US.
  68. Web site: Amashabalala . Mawande . 15 March 2022 . ANC government Russia's useful idiot, says FF+ leader Pieter Groenewald . 2023-10-25 . SowetanLIVE . en-ZA.
  69. Web site: Hans . Bongani . 15 October 2023 . SA leaders lock horns over who's to blame for Israeli-Palestinian conflict .
  70. Web site: Results Dashboard. www.elections.org.za . 2019-05-11.
  71. Web site: NPE Results Dashboard 2024 . 2024-06-11 . results.elections.org.za.

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