Free State Project Explained

Free State Project
Headquarters:373 South Willow St #161,, U.S.
Leader Title:Executive Director
Leader Name:Eric Brakey

The Free State Project (FSP) is an American political migration movement founded in 2001 to recruit at least 20,000 libertarians to move to a single low-population state (New Hampshire was selected in 2003) in order to make the state a stronghold for libertarian ideas.[1] [2] The New Hampshire Union Leader reports that the Free State Project is not a political party but a nonprofit organization.[3]

Participants of the FSP signed a statement of intent declaring that they intended to move to New Hampshire within five years of the drive reaching 20,000 participants. This statement of intent was intended to function as a form of assurance contract., 20,000 people have signed this statement of intent,[4] completing the original goal, and 1,909 people are listed as "early movers" to New Hampshire on the FSP website, saying they had made their move prior to the 20,000-participant trigger.[5] In the 2017–2018 term of the 400-member New Hampshire House of Representatives, 17 seats were held by Free Staters.[6]

The FSP is a social movement generally based upon decentralized decision making. The group hosts various events, but most of FSP's activities depend upon volunteers and no formal plan dictates to participants or movers what their actions should be in New Hampshire.

As of May 2022, approximately 6,232 participants have moved to New Hampshire for the Free State Project.[7]

Eric Brakey is the Executive Director of the FSP as of 2024.[8] [9]

Intent

The FSP mission statement, adopted in 2005, states:

"Life, liberty, and property" are rights that were enumerated in the October 1774 Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress[10] and in Article 12 of the New Hampshire Constitution.[11]

To become a participant of the Free State Project, a person is asked to agree to the Statement of Intent (SOI):

The FSP is open to people with a minimum age of 18. United States citizenship is not required. People who promote violence, racial hatred, or bigotry are not welcome in the FSP.[12]

History

The Free State Project was founded in 2001 by Jason Sorens, then a Ph.D. student at Yale University.[13] Sorens published an article in The Libertarian Enterprise highlighting the failure of libertarians to elect any candidate to federal office and outlining his ideas for a secessionist movement, calling people to respond to him with interest.[14] Sorens soon published a follow-up article[15] backing away from secession, "and it never played a role in the FSP’s philosophy from then on."[16] Sorens has stated that the movement continues an American tradition of political migration, which includes groups such as Mormon settlers in Utah, Amish religious communities,[17] and the "Jamestown Seventy",[18] an earlier effort to influence the politics of a particular state through deliberate migration.[19]

The organization began without a specific state in mind. A systematic review started by narrowing potential states to those with a population of less than 1.5 million, and those where the combined spending in 2000 by the Democratic and Republican parties was less than the total national spending by the Libertarian Party in that year, $5.2 million. Hawaii and Rhode Island were eliminated from this list because of their propensity for centralized government.[20]

In September 2003, a vote was held, and participants voted using the minimax Condorcet method to choose the state that they were to move to.[21] [22] New Hampshire was the winner, with Wyoming coming in second by a 57% to 43% margin.[23] Alaska, Delaware, Idaho, Maine, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Vermont were also on the list.[17] New Hampshire was chosen because the perceived individualist culture of the state was thought to resonate well with libertarian ideals.

In 2004, following the selection of New Hampshire, a splinter group called the Free Town Project formed to move to the small town of Grafton and advocate for legal changes there.[24] Grafton's appeal as a favorable destination was due to its absence of zoning laws and a very low property tax rate.[25] Additionally, it was the home of John Babiarz, a prominent member of the Libertarian Party who had twice run for Governor.[26] Though no records were kept of the number of Free Town Project participants who moved to Grafton, the town's population grew from 1,138 in 2000 to 1,340 in 2010.[25] Nearly all of the newcomers were men. Project participants fashioned homes out of yurts, recreational vehicles, trailers, tents, and shipping containers. The changes they voted in included a 30% reduction in the town's already-small budget, denying funding to the county's senior-citizens council.[26] The libertarian newcomers additionally increased the city's costs by filing lawsuits against it in an attempt to set legal precedents. The project has been associated with an increase in the number and aggressiveness of black bears in town, including entering homes, mauling people, and eating pets. A single, definitive cause for the abnormal behavior of the bears has not been proven, but it may be due to libertarian residents who refuse to buy and use bear-resistant containers, who do not dispose of waste materials (such as feces) safely, or who deliberately put out food to attract the bears to their own yards, but do not feel any responsibility for how their behavior affects their neighbors.

In 2005, members of the Free Town Project were also briefly involved with Mentone, Texas. Mentone is in Loving County, at the time the least populous county in the United States.[27] Three men, Lawrence Pendarvis, Bobby Emory, and Don Duncan, claimed to have bought 126 acres (51 ha) of land and registered to vote there,[28] although the sheriff determined that the land was not sold to the group, as no deed had been filed at the county courthouse. He contacted the sellers, who said that the land had been sold to other buyers, after which the sheriff filed misdemeanor charges against the three men and threatened to arrest them if they returned.[27]

On 3 February 2016, the Free State Project announced via social media that 20,000 people had signed the Statement of Intent.[29] In a press conference later that day, then FSP president Carla Gericke officially announced that the move had been triggered and that signers were expected to follow up on their pledge.[30] This concluded the Free Town Project,[24] [31] and the Free State Project organization changed focus from recruiting signers to encouraging them to move to New Hampshire, stating "we want 20,000 movers".

Electoral activity

The Free State Project is not aligned with any political party and has no official position for or against any issues or candidates.[32] That said, however, the Free State Project is defined as a movement that seeks to relocate people of broadly libertarian ideals, specifically.[33] It receives its funding from individual donors interested in moving as part of the FSP or in attending one of their annual events.[34] [35] The FSP is a tax-exempt nonprofit educational organization, falling under category 501(c)(3), so all donations since 20 July 2009 are tax-deductible.[36]

Several early movers have been elected to the 400-member New Hampshire House of Representatives. In 2006, Joel Winters became the first known Free Stater to be elected, running as a Democrat.[37] He was re-elected in 2008 but defeated in 2010.[38] In 2010, 12 Free Staters were elected to the New Hampshire House of Representatives, all of them as Republicans.[39] In 2012, 11 more were elected.[40] [41] In 2012, elected participants wrote and passed House Bill 418 which would require state agencies to consider open source software and data formats when making acquisitions;[42] However, the bill died in the State Senate.[43]

In 2014, 17 Free Staters were elected.[44] [45] In 2016, 15 of 32 Free Stater candidates were elected.[46] [47] In 2017, there were 17 Free Staters in the New Hampshire House of Representatives,[48] and, in 2021, the New Hampshire Liberty Alliance, which ranks bills and elected representatives based on their adherence to what they see as libertarian principles, scored 150 representatives as "A−" or above rated representatives.[49] Participants of the FSP also engage with other like-minded activist groups such as Young Americans for Liberty[50] and Americans for Prosperity.[51]

In 2022, the Croydon school board president and her husband, members of the Free State Project, attempted to cut the school budget by half in a surprise but licit maneuver on the day of the vote, in a district with typically low attendance for votes. The plan that passed offered students online learning from a facilitator or $9,000 to go to an alternate public or private school. This plan was claimed to be an “adequate education” under the NH constitutional requirement. In response, local residents organized to overturn the budget. They needed more than half of the eligible voters to vote in a special election and a majority of those voters to vote for the fully-funded budget. The new school budget was overruled 377 to 2, with just under two thirds of the eligible voters motivated to go to the polls, and the original budget was restored.[52] [53]

Annual events

The Free State Project organizes two annual events in New Hampshire:

Responses

Support

On February 17, 2006, economist Walter Block publicly expressed his support for the FSP and was quoted as saying:

Jeffrey Tucker reflected about his experiences at the New Hampshire Liberty Forum in Nashua, saying in part: "If you are willing to look past mainstream media coverage of American politics, you can actually find exciting and interesting activities taking place that rise above lobbying, voting, graft and corruption".[59]

The project was endorsed by Ron Paul[60] and Gary Johnson.[61] In 2010, Lew Rockwell from the Mises Institute endorsed the project and referred to the city of Keene, New Hampshire as "the northern capital of libertarianism".[62] In 2011, Peter Schiff said he had considered moving to NH at one point.[63]

Some Republicans have responded more favorably to the project.[64] In September 2014, Republican Party Senate nominee Scott Brown, a former United States Senator from Massachusetts, said his election campaign needed "Freestaters" to support him in his one-minute closing statement at the Granite State Debate.[65]

Maine state senator Eric Brakey partially attributed the Republican Party's 2020 election gains to the Free State Project.[66]

Criticism

Critics argue that the Free State Project is "radical",[67] a "fantasy",[68] or that they "go too far" in seeking to restrict government.[69] The project has drawn criticism from some New Hampshire residents concerned about population pressure and opposition to increased taxation. In December 2012, state representative (D-Keene) said, "Free Staters are the single biggest threat the state is facing today. There is, legally, nothing we can do to prevent them from moving here to take over the state, which is their openly stated goal. In this country you can move anywhere you choose and they have that same right. What we can do is to make the environment here so unwelcoming that some will choose not to come, and some may actually leave. One way is to pass measures that will restrict the 'freedoms' that they think they will find here".[70]

During and shortly after the Free Town Project was active in Grafton County, there were three bear attacks.[71] [72] [73] [74] Several media outlets argued that there was a relationship between the Free Town Project and the bear attacks, and a book was written on the subject by local state reporter Matt Hongoltz-Hetling.[24] [31] [75]

In 2012, the Concord Police Department applied for $258,000 in federal government funding to buy a Lenco BearCat armored vehicle for protection against terrorist attacks, riots, or shooting incidents. The application mentioned "Free Staters" alongside Sovereign Citizens and Occupy New Hampshire as groups that "are active and present daily challenges". The grant from the United States Department of Homeland Security was successful, but the Concord City Council revised the application to remove references to those political movements before unanimously approving of the grant.[76]

A 2022 survey found relatively little awareness of the Free State Project in New Hampshire but generally negative opinions among those familiar: 10% expressed a favorable view and 26% an unfavorable one.[77]

Media coverage

The Free State Project was the centerpiece of the 2011 documentary film Libertopia[78] as well as the 2014 crowdfunded documentary 101 Reasons: Liberty Lives in New Hampshire.[79] [80]

In 2023, NBC Boston produced and released a docu-series about the Free State Project titled Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of New Hampshire,[81] which includes interviews from members, supporters, and critics of the Free State Project.

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Libertarians Pursue New Political Goal: State of Their Own. Pam. Belluck. The New York Times. October 27, 2003. May 26, 2011.
  2. Web site: Kitch . Michael . Its founder reflects on the Free State Project. October 22, 2021 . . April 30, 2022.
  3. Web site: Free State Project looks to get its groove back. Feathers. Todd. UnionLeader.com. February 9, 2019 . en. 2020-04-15.
  4. Web site: Free State Project Triggers the Move. Free State Project. June 7, 2018. November 9, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201109065512/https://www.fsp.org/free-state-project-triggers-the-move-libertarians-new-hampshire/. dead.
  5. Web site: Weigel . David . 15 June 2011 . Free State Project: What happens if 20,000 libertarians move to New Hampshire? . April 23, 2015 . Slate Magazine.
  6. Web site: FSP Members in NH State Senate & House, 2017-2018. Free State Project Watch. July 19, 2017 . 29 June 2021.
  7. Web site: FSP current mover count. fsp.org. Free State Project. 1 May 2022.
  8. Web site: 2023-12-01 . Free State Project taps Maine state senator as its next leader . 2024-07-12 . New Hampshire Public Radio . en.
  9. Web site: Kobin . Billy . 2023-11-30 . Maine GOP senator will lead New Hampshire libertarian group . 2024-07-12 . Bangor Daily News . en-US.
  10. Web site: Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress. October 14, 1774 . . . November 11, 2010. That the inhabitants of the English colonies in North-America, by the immutable laws of nature, the principles of the English constitution, and the several charters or compacts, have the following RIGHTS: Resolved, N.C.D. 1. That they are entitled to life, liberty and property: and they have never ceded to any foreign power whatever, a right to dispose of either without their consent..
  11. Web site: State Constitution, Bill of Rights. nh.gov. April 23, 2015.
  12. Web site: Legal and Financial. June 7, 2018. November 12, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201112220040/https://www.fsp.org/disclaimer-policies/. dead.
  13. Web site: Clow. Larry. The Free State turns two. The Wire . October 5, 2005 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080720163336/http://www.wirenh.com/Features/Cover_Story/the_Free_State_turns_two_20051005785.html . July 20, 2008 .
  14. Sorens. Jason. Announcement: The Free State Project. The Libertarian Enterprise. 131. July 23, 2001. March 1, 2009. November 9, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025934/https://ncc-1776.org/tle2001/libe131-20010723-03.html. dead.
  15. Sorens. Jason. Update: Free State Project. The Libertarian Enterprise. 132. August 6, 2001. January 1, 2013. June 21, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190621132321/https://ncc-1776.org/tle2001/libe133-20010806-02.html. dead.
  16. Web site: The Early Years of the Free State Project. Free State Project. 7 June 2018. November 12, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021120/https://www.fsp.org/history/. dead.
  17. Web site: Walters . Joanna . October 1, 2003 . Free staters pick New Hampshire to liberate for sex, guns and drugs . The Guardian.
  18. Jamestown Seventy. James F.. Blumstein . James. Phelan. 1971. Yale Review of Law and Social Action. 1. 1.
  19. The Libertarian Enterprise. 132. August 6, 2001. Update: Free State Project. Sorens. Jason. January 1, 2013. June 21, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190621132321/https://ncc-1776.org/tle2001/libe133-20010806-02.html. dead.
  20. Joseph Spear, "An Experiment in Civic Engagement: The Free State Project", Oklahoma Policy Studies Review, Vol. 5, No. 1.
  21. Camp . Pete . Free State Project Picks New Hampshire. 8 October 2003 . Up & Coming Magazine. https://archive.today/20140423020956/http://old.freestateproject.org/archives/state_vote/FSP-ECL-CertifyWhitePaper.htm . 2014-04-23 . dead.
  22. Web site: OLPC Europe/Condorcet Method. wiki.laptop.org.
  23. 2003-10-01. Free State Project Announcement. Motion picture. 2021-02-07. . 178464-1 .
  24. News: How a New Hampshire libertarian utopia was foiled by bears. 2020-12-10. Vox. Illing. Sean.
  25. Web site: Community Profiles: Grafton, NH. 2021-02-08.
  26. Hongoltz-Hetling. Matthew. Matt Hongoltz-Hetling. Barbearians at the Gate: A journey through a quixotic New Hampshire town teeming with libertarians, fake news, guns, and—possibly—furry invaders. Atavist. 2021-06-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20180616130203/https://magazine.atavist.com/barbearians-at-the-gate-new-hampshire-libertarians-fake-news/ . 2018-06-16. May 2018. live. 79.
  27. News: Blumenthal . Ralph . 1 Cafe, 1 Gas Station, 2 Roads: America's Emptiest County. 2021-06-16 . . 2006-02-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160904161123/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/25/us/1-cafe-1-gas-station-2-roads-americas-emptiest-county.html . 2016-09-04 . live.
  28. Web site: FreeTownProject.com. February 9, 2021 . August 6, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180806025906/http://freetownproject.com/ . bot: unknown .
  29. Web site: Free State Project. Twitter. February 2, 2016.
  30. Web site: Official press conference announcing success in reaching 20,000 members. Freestateproject.org. 3 February 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161208051605/https://freestateproject.org/blogs/free-state-project-officially-announces-20000-signers-100-reached . 8 December 2016.
  31. Book: Hongoltz-Hetling, Matthew. Matt Hongoltz-Hetling. 15 September 2020. A Libertarian Walks Into a Bear: The Utopian Plot to Liberate an American Town (And Some Bears). PublicAffairs. 978-1541788510. Book 3, Chapter 9: An Experiment Ends. "The same Trigger that birthed the Free State was a death knell for the Free Town... After years in which Grafton was the most visible and important landing point in the world for those who wanted to create a libertarian utopia, in the post-Trigger era, it became just another town in a state with many options.".
  32. Web site: Liberty in Your Lifetime - The Mission of the Free State Project. https://web.archive.org/web/20130601025020/http://freestateproject.org/intro . dead. June 1, 2013.
  33. Web site: The Free State Project, New Hampshire, USA. 2022-08-07 . Innovation In Governance . en-US.
  34. Web site: Total income donations. https://web.archive.org/web/20120816065430/http://freestateproject.org/files/FSPFY2008Actuals.pdf . dead. August 16, 2012.
  35. Web site: Total income donations. https://web.archive.org/web/20120816065452/http://freestateproject.org/files/FSPFY2009-090331.pdf . dead. August 16, 2012.
  36. https://madmimi.com/s/bc2215 FSP Newsletter
  37. News: subscription . Sarah Schweitzer . Free State Project cheers on one of its own in Winters . The Boston Globe . November 16, 2006.
  38. Web site: NH-SOS. https://web.archive.org/web/20120205082004/http://www.sos.nh.gov/electwinwin.html . dead. February 5, 2012. sos.nh.gov.
  39. Web site: For Some Ron Paul Backers, a New Motto: Go East, Young Man (and Woman). NationalJournal.com . May 10, 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120908162852/http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/for-some-ron-paul-backers-a-new-motto-go-east-young-man-and-woman--20110510 . September 8, 2012 .
  40. News: Anarchy in Ward 5? Well, not exactly . November 14, 2012. Mark . Hayward . . https://web.archive.org/web/20160315071532/https://www.unionleader.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article/?AID=/20121115/LOCALVOICES08/121119494&template=printart . 2016-03-15 . dead . 2021-07-14.
  41. Web site: Jake. Berry. Free State project says future is encouraging. Nashua Telegraph. February 24, 2013. February 24, 2013.
  42. Web site: New Hampshire Passes 'Open Source Bill'. slashdot.org. April 23, 2015.
  43. Web site: New Hampshire HB418 | 2011 | Regular Session. LegiScan.
  44. Web site: New Hampshire House of Representatives elections, 2014. Ballotpedia.
  45. Web site: Free State Project Watch: Candidate List 2014. November 20, 2014. June 30, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170630054649/https://freestateprojectwatch.org/free-state-project-watch-candidate-list-2014/. dead.
  46. Web site: NH Libertarians Officially Recognized as Party For First time in 20 Years + "Free Staters" Win 15+ State Rep Races. Free Keene. March 7, 2017.
  47. Web site: Free State Project Watch: Candidate List 2016. Free State Project Watch. March 7, 2017.
  48. Web site: Media Memo: Free State Project Members Make Up Disproportionate Percentage of NH Freedom Caucus. April 24, 2017.
  49. Web site: New Hampshire 2021 Liberty Ranking. February 2, 2022.
  50. Web site: Young Americans for Liberty Celebrates Victory for Right to Work in New Hampshire!. February 24, 2021.
  51. Web site: NH Primary Source: Americans for Prosperity-NH endorses Sununu, Wheeler, 6 House candidates. July 30, 2020.
  52. Web site: Croydon cut its school budget in half. Inside the historic push to reverse that decision. May 6, 2022. New Hampshire Public Radio.
  53. News: Croydon voters restore school budget in a landslide. 19 July 2022. NHPR. 8 May 2022. New Hampshire Public Radio.
  54. Web site: PorcFest. April 23, 2015.
  55. Web site: Porcupine Freedom Festival Blog Entries. fsp.org. June 12, 2018. June 12, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184705/https://www.fsp.org/tag/porcupine-freedom-festival/. dead.
  56. Web site: Way Long Gone, Part 2. aaeblog.com. April 23, 2015.
  57. Web site: Way Long Gone, Part 3. aaeblog.com. April 23, 2015.
  58. Web site: Murphy. Robert P.. PorcFest 2011. Ludwig von Mises Institute. July 7, 2014.
  59. Web site: Political Migration in Our Time. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130310194902/http://freestateproject.org/content/political-migration-our-time . 10 March 2013.
  60. Web site: Ron Paul Supports the Free State Project. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130519122424/http://freestateproject.org/intro/ron_paul . May 19, 2013 .
  61. Web site: Gary Johnson Endorses the FSP. https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/TzLw12pbIU4. 2021-12-11 . live. .
  62. Web site: Lew Rockwell Applauds the Free State Project. https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/Md6zzipKNVE . 2021-12-11 . live. .
  63. Web site: Peter Schiff (Euro Pacific Capital Inc.). https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/v6BmdaZK3Zg. 2021-12-11 . live. .
  64. News: Goldstein. Meredith. 9 October 2003. Free State Project pushes limits of liberty in N.H.. Boston Globe.
  65. Web site: Granite State Debate, U.S. Senate: Candidates deliver closing statements. https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/YMtg48fQocE . 2021-12-11 . live. . September 4, 2014 . September 10, 2014.
  66. Web site: Brakey. Eric. July 24, 2021 . The rise of the 'Liberty Republican'. April 30, 2022 . Washington Examiner.
  67. Web site: April 13, 2011 . The Radical-Right Free State Project Has Chosen New Hampshire For A Revolution . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150604084251/http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2011/04/13/174973/new-hampshire-radical-right/?mobile=nc . June 4, 2015 . September 14, 2012 . ThinkProgress.
  68. Web site: Trinward . Steve . The Free State Project: good idea or libertopian fantasy?. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20031009103310/https://rationalreview.com/rationalreviewold/archive/stevetrinward/stevetrinward011203.html . 2003-10-09 . 2021-06-16 . Rational Review.
  69. News: June 28, 2012. LTE: Free Staters go too far. Concord Monitor. June 29, 2016. March 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210309211436/https://thecontributor.com/lte-free-staters-go-too-far. dead.
  70. Web site: New Hampshire Democrat: 'Free Staters are the single biggest threat the state is facing today'. April 23, 2015 . Reason.com.
  71. Does New Hampshire Have a Bear Problem?. 2020-09-17 . 2021-02-08 . New Hampshire Magazine.
  72. News: Grafton woman attacked by bear. 2012-06-17 . 2021-02-08 . WMUR-TV.
  73. News: Bear seriously hurts woman, 71, in her Groton home. 2018-07-17 . 2021-02-08 . WMUR-TV.
  74. Web site: New Hampshire Man Escapes Serious Injury After Unprovoked Bear Attack Near Home . . 2020-06-22.
  75. Blanchfield . Patrick . 2020-10-13 . The Town That Went Feral: When a group of libertarians set about scrapping their local government, chaos descended. And then the bears moved in. . live . https://archive.today/20201013115616/https://newrepublic.com/article/159662/libertarian-walks-into-bear-book-review-free-town-project . 2020-10-13 . 2021-06-16 . . 0028-6583.
  76. News: Wickham . Shawne K. . Civil Liberties Union questions increasing use of costly military-style equipment by NH law enforcement. . 27 July 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130816045252/https://www.unionleader.com/article/20130728/news07/130729284/ . 2013-08-16 . dead.
  77. Web site: September 29, 2022 . Suffolk University/Boston Globe Poll. Suffolk University.
  78. Web site: Libertopia . FilmBuff . 2021-06-16 . https://archive.today/20130123145410/http://www.filmbuff.com/movies/libertopia/ . 2013-01-23 . unfit.
  79. Web site: New Documentary to Highlight 101 Reasons to Move to New Hampshire. Shire Liberty News. 2021-06-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140610030055/http://www.shirelibertynews.com/new-documentary-to-highlight-101-reasons-to-move-to-new-hampshire/ . 2014-06-10 . 2014 . unfit.
  80. Web site: 101 Reasons: Liberty Lives In New Hampshire . 101reasonsfilm.com. 2021-06-16.
  81. Web site: Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of New Hampshire . NBC Boston . 2023-05-22.

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