Fredericksburg, Texas Explained

Official Name:	Fredericksburg, Texas
Settlement Type:	City
Nicknames:	Fritztown, The Burg
Named For:	Prince Frederick of Prussia
Mapsize:	250px
Image Map1:	Gillespie County Fredericksburg.svg
Mapsize1:	250px
Subdivision Type:	Country
Subdivision Name:	United States
Subdivision Type1:	State
Subdivision Name1:	Texas
Subdivision Type2:	County
Subdivision Name2:	Gillespie
Leader Title:	Mayor
Leader Name:	Jeryl Hoover
Leader Title1:	City Manager
Leader Name1:	Clinton Bailey
Unit Pref:	Metric
Area Footnotes:	^[1]
Area Total Km2:	23.95
Area Land Km2:	23.81
Area Water Km2:	0.14
Population As Of:	2020
Population Total:	10875
Population Density Km2:	auto
Population Density Sq Mi:	auto
Timezone:	Central (CST)
Utc Offset:	−06:00
Timezone Dst:	CDT
Utc Offset Dst:	−05:00
Elevation M:	516
Coordinates:	30.2742°N -98.8719°W
Postal Code Type:	ZIP Code
Postal Code:	78624
Area Code:	830
Blank Name:	FIPS code
Blank Info:	48-27348^[2]
Blank1 Name:	GNIS feature ID
Blank1 Info:	1336174

Fredericksburg (German: Friedrichsburg) is a city in and the seat of Gillespie County, Texas, United States.^[3] As of the 2020 Census, this city had a population of 10,875.

Fredericksburg was founded in 1846 and named after Prince Frederick of Prussia. Old-time German residents often referred to Fredericksburg as Fritztown, a nickname that is still used in some businesses.^[4] It is located 70 miles northwest of San Antonio, and approximately 80 miles west of Austin. This city is also notable as the home of Texas German, a dialect spoken by the first generations of German settlers who initially refused to learn English. Fredericksburg shares many cultural characteristics with New Braunfels, which had been established by Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels the previous year. Fredericksburg is the birthplace of Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz. It is the sister city of Montabaur, Germany.^[5] On October 14, 1970, the Fredericksburg Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in Texas.^[6]

Geography

Fredericksburg is located east of the center of Gillespie County at 30.2741°N -98.8718°W (30.274058, −98.871822).^[7] It is north of San Antonio and west of Austin.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which are land and 0.12sqkm, or 0.55%, is covered by water.^[8]

Enchanted Rock

Enchanted Rock is a geographical landmark 27km (17miles) north of Fredericksburg in Llano County. The rock is a huge, pink granite exfoliation dome that rises 425feet above the surrounding land, has a summit elevation of 1825feet above sea level, and covers 640acres. Enchanted Rock offers 8.4 miles of hiking trails, camping, picnicking, rock climbing, and other outdoor activities. It is one of the largest batholiths (underground rock formation uncovered by erosion) in the United States, and was declared a National Natural Landmark in 1970. In 1994, the State of Texas opened it as Enchanted Rock State Natural Area after adding facilities. The same year, Enchanted Rock was added to the National Register of Historic Places.^{[9] [10]}

Balanced Rock

Balanced Rock was a famous local landmark that perched atop Bear Mountain 16km (10miles) north of Fredericksburg.^[11] The natural wonder stone pillar, precariously balanced on its small tip.^[12] It fell prey to vandals, who dynamited it off its base in April 1986.^{[13] [14]}

Cross Mountain

The first known record of Cross Mountain (elevation 584m (1,916feet)) was in 1847 by Ferdinand von Roemer. Native Americans used the location to signal each other about intrusions into their territory. The area was part of settler John Christian Durst's 10acres allotment. Durst found a timber cross on the mountain, indicating that Spanish missionaries had once used the site. Durst named the place "Kreuzberg" or Cross Mountain. In 1849, Father George Menzel erected a new cross. In 1946, St. Mary's Catholic Church erected a metal and concrete cross. The mountain has been used both for the Easter Fires pageant and for Easter sunrise services. It was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark 1976.^[15]

History

See main article: History of Fredericksburg, Texas.

Architecture

The Vereins Kirche, the Pioneer Museum Complex, Pioneer Memorial Library, and other architecture.

Railway

On January 3, 1913, the San Antonio, Fredericksburg and Northern Railway was chartered to connect Fredericksburg with the San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railway near Waring.^[16] In 1913 a 920feet long railroad tunnel was built. The cost of the tunnel sent the railroad into receivership on October 28, 1914.^[17] It was sold under foreclosure on December 31, 1917, to Martin Carle who deeded the property to the Fredericksburg and Northern Railway, which had been chartered on December 26 of that year. The train operated until July 27, 1942.^{[18] [19]} Since the shutdown of the railway the tunnel has become a bat cave, hosting over 3 million Mexican free-tailed bats. In 2012 it became Old Tunnel State Park, with provides picnic and restroom facilities for visitors.^[20]

Agritourism

The Fredericksburg-Stonewall area has become known as the Peach Capital of Texas ^[21] and Benjamin Lester Enderle is known as the Father of the Hill Country Peach Industry. He was Gillespie County Surveyor and a math and science teacher at Fredericksburg High School when he planted five peach trees and began selling the fruit in 1921. Enderle worked to develop the Hale, Burbank, Elberta, and Stark varieties. He began marketing them through the H-E-B grocery chain, and eventually had 5,000 producing peach trees on .^[22] Growers claim the taste^[23] is due to the area having the right combination of elevation, sandy soil, and climate to produce flavorful clingstone and freestone peaches. The fruit ripens May–August, and consumers can either buy picked fruit, or pick their own.^[24] Herb farms,^[25] grape culture, lavender production, and wildflower seeds have become burgeoning businesses in Fredericksburg. Combinations of agribusiness with day spas, wedding facilities, or bed-and-breakfast accommodations are not unusual.^[26] Even a Texas Hill Country Lavender Trail has been designated.^[27]

Lady Bird Johnson's passion for Texas wildflowers not only lives on in the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center in Austin, but also sparked a high demand for seed.^[28] The 200acres Wildseed Farms in Fredericksburg was founded by John R. Thomas in 1983 as a result of that high demand, and produces 88 varieties of wildflower seeds. It is the largest family-owned wildflower seed farm in the United States and host of an annual Wildflower Celebration.^{[21] [29] [30]}

In 1994, the Seventy-third Texas Legislature passed H.B. No. 1425, allowing brewpub operations within Texas.^[31] Fredericksburg Brewing Company began operations shortly thereafter.^[32] A number of vineyards and related industries have also arisen in the post-LBJ era of Fredericksburg.^[33] The designated American Viticultural Areas of Fredericksburg in the Texas Hill Country AVA and the much larger Texas Hill Country AVA both include Fredericksburg inside their boundaries.^[34] Fredericksburg is a common starting point or destination for tourists visiting wineries in the Texas Hill Country.^{[35] [36]}

Education

The city of Fredericksburg is served by the Fredericksburg Independent School District. The school's teams are called the "Battlin' Billies".^[37]

The first institute of higher learning in Fredericksburg was Fredericksburg College in 1876. The German Methodist Church of Fredericksburg founded the institution and offered courses in the arts, sciences, and foreign languages. Enrollment was about 150 students. W. J. R. Thoenssen was the first principal, succeeded by Charles F. Tansill. Finances caused the college to be closed in 1884. The property was sold to Fredericksburg Independent School District.^[38]

For higher education, Fredericksburg is home to Texas Tech University at Fredericksburg.^[39]

It also has some private schools, such as:

• Ambleside School of Fredericksburg^[40]
• Heritage School^[41]
• St. Mary's Elementary and Junior High School

Fredericksburg has a municipally operated library adjacent to the Gillespie County Courthouse.

Friends of Gillespie County Country Schools

Headquartered in Fredericksburg, the Friends of Gillespie County Country Schools is a group of former students and members of the community, interested in preserving the traditions of the old country schools, the community clubs, and the history of Gillespie County for future generations.^[42]

Hospitals

Hill Country Memorial Hospital on Highway 16 is an acute-care facility that offers medical care, preventive care, and a wellness center. It is consistently ranked in the top 100 hospitals in the nation.^[43]

Transportation

Major roads

• U.S. Highway 87
• U.S. Route 290
• Texas State Highway 16
• Ranch to Market Road 1631
• Farm to Market Road 965

Airport

Gillespie County Airport^[44] (FAA locator T82) is located on State Highway 16 South, about 2miles from downtown Fredericksburg, and features a 5002feet long runway and a hotel and diner. The airport was established by Hans Hannemann and Red Schroeder. Prior to 1945, the facility had been owned by the United States Army Air Corps. Transient and long-term hangar rentals are available.^{[45] [46]}

Climate

Fredericksburg experiences a humid subtropical climate, with hot summers and generally mild winters. Average temperatures range from 82°F in the summer to 47°F during winter.

Demographics

2020 census

Fredericksburg racial composition^[47]
(NH = Non-Hispanic)!Race!Number!Percentage

White (NH)	7,844	72.13%
Black or African American (NH)	48	0.44%
Native American or Alaska Native (NH)	38	0.35%
Asian (NH)	101	0.93%
Some Other Race (NH)	31	0.29%
Mixed/Multi-Racial (NH)	290	2.67%
Hispanic or Latino	2,523	23.2%
Total	10,875

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 10,875 people, 4,796 households, and 2,823 families residing in the city.

2000 census

As of the census of 2000, 8,911 people, 3,784 households, and 2,433 families resided in the city. The population density was 1342sp=usNaNsp=us. The 4,183 housing units averaged 630 per square mile (243.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 93.08% White, 0.27% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.19% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 5.09% from other races, and 1.05% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 17.00% of the population. English is spoken by 72.73% of the population, Spanish by 14.77%, and Texas German by 12.48%.^[48] In terms of ancestry, 39.7% were of German, 12.5% were of Irish, 10.8% were of English, 4.9% were of American, 3.2% were of Scotch-Irish, 2.3% were of Scottish, 2.3% were of Dutch.

Of the 3,784 households, 23.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.7% were not families. About 32.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.82.

In the city, the population was distributed as 20.3% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 20.8% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 30.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $32,276, and for a family was $43,670. Males had a median income of $25,878 versus $22,171 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,788. About 7.5% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.1% of those under age 18 and 11.5% of those age 65 or over.

Government

The city of Fredericksburg is run under the council-manager form of government. As per the Home Rule Charter adopted May 1991,^[49] the governing body of Fredericksburg consists of a mayor and four council members. Both the mayor and the council are elected in alternating years by the city at large for two-year terms with a limit of four consecutive terms.^[50]

Mayor

Jeryl Hoover

Council Members

• Bobby Watson
• Emily Eppright Kirchner
• Tony Klein
• Sharon Joseph

Media communications

Radio

AM Radio station KNAF went on the air in 1947. The original license was granted by the Federal Communications Commission to Arthur Stehling.^[51] The license was transferred to Norbert Fritz and family.^[52]

Newspapers

The Fredericksburg Standard was originally titled Gillespie County News and was founded in 1888. The name change happened in 1907. The paper was purchased by the Fredericksburg Publishing Company in 1915, which also published the German language newspaper Fredericksburg Wochenblatt. The Radio Post began publishing in 1922 and was purchased in 1984 by the Fredericksburg Publishing Company. The two newspapers merged into the Fredericksburg Standard-Radio Post.^{[53] [54]}

In popular culture

• Film:
  • Baghdad Texas (2009) filmed in Fredericksburg and Kerrville, Texas
  • Seven Days in Utopia (2011) filmed at the Boot Ranch golf club just north of Fredericksburg, as well as in Utopia, Texas, and featuring Academy Award-winner Robert Duvall and Lucas Black. It was based on the book Golf's Sacred Journey: Seven Days at the Links of Utopia, Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2009. .
• Music:
  • "Stoned" (1995) a song by Old 97's advises 'Take a Greyhound to Fredericksburg'
  • "Chester Nimitz Oriental Garden Waltz" (1988) a song by the Austin Lounge Lizards
  • Grammy-winning blues artist Johnny Nicholas runs the Hill Top Cafe on US87 near Fredericksburg in a 1930s former gas station^[55]
• Books:
  • Early 1932 saw author Robert E. Howard taking one of his frequent trips around Texas. He traveled through the southern part of the state with his main occupation being, in his own words, "the wholesale consumption of tortillas, enchiladas and cheap Spanish wine." In Fredericksburg, while overlooking sullen hills through a misty rain, he conceived of the prehistoric fantasy land of Cimmeria, the bitter hard northern region home to fearsome barbarians. In February, while in Mission, he wrote the poem Cimmeria. It was also during this trip that Howard first conceived of the character of Conan the Barbarian.^[56]
  • Book: Gurasich, Mari. A House Divided. 1994. Texas Christian University Press. 978-0-87565-122-4. During the Civil War, young Louisa is the youngest daughter in a German household in Fredericksburg. One brother has been killed by Confederate vigilantes James P. Waldrip and Die Haengebande, and the other brother is in a Union prison.
  • Book: Gimenez, Mark. The Perk. 2009. Sphere . 978-0-7515-3967-7. Lawyer Beck Hardin returns to his hometown of Fredericksburg after the death of his wife, helping to solve an old crime.
• Comedy:
  • Bill Hicks referenced Fredericksburg in the bit "Gifts of Forgiveness" which was included on his 1997 posthumously released comedy album Rant In E-Minor
• Radio:
  • Walter de Paduwa on his Dr Boogie radio show of 11/11/2016 described (in French) his 1990s visit to Fredericksburg eating sauerkraut at 35 degrees, and seeing the Nimitz statue but summing up with the somewhat sweeping advice N'allez jamais a Fredericksburg. Il n'y a RIEN a voir a Frederiksburg (Never go to Fredericksburg. There is NOTHING to see at Fredericksburg).^[57]

Notable people

Name! scope="col" class="unsortable"

Birth-death	Notability
	(1849–1902)	Educator, founder of two Austin academies, taught summer school in Fredericksburg	^[58]
	(born 1959)	Texas state legislator	^[59]
	(1840–1900)	Former slave, Baptist minister became a senator in the Texas State Legislature after emancipation	^[60]
	(born 1944)	33rd Commandant of the United States Marine Corps	^[61]
	(1880–1969)	National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame thoroughbred horse trainer	^[62]
	(1826–1902)	German colonist and pioneer woman, called the Betsy Ross of Texas	^[63]
	(1890–1918)	All-American football player with Texas Longhorns (1911–1914), first Texan officer killed in World War I, posthumously awarded the Croix de Guerre in 1924	^[64]
	(1908–1982)	Chicago White Sox pitcher	^[65]
	(1930–2001)	Pioneer of environmental economics	^[66]
	(1820–1881)	Gunsmith, inventor, naturalist	^[67]
	(1823–1893)	Surveyor, conscientious objector during the Civil War, and commissioner of the Texas General Land Office	^[68]
	(born 1971)	60 Minutes Correspondent	^[69]
	(1813–1891)	Landscape artist and photographer, noted for first pictorial records of the Texas Hill Country	^[70]
	(1812–1897)	Founding father of Fredericksburg	^[71]
	(1853–1896)	First Grand President of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW)	^[72]
	(1910–1960)	Thoroughbred trainer in National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame	^[73]
	(1826–1911)	Built the Nimitz Hotel in 1852, grandfather of Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, elected to the Texas Legislature in 1890	^[74]
	(1885–1966)	Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Pacific Forces in World War II	^[75]
	(1824–1857)	Painter who depicted relationships between early German settlers and local Native American tribes	^[76]
	(1887–1981)	Lawyer, legislator, civic leader, and philanthropist, served in the Texas House of Representatives 1925–1941, veteran of both World War I and World War II	^[77]
	(1925–2012)	Co-founder of Taco Cabana	^[78]
	(born 1978)	Playboy Playmate November 2000	^[79]
	(1858–1929)	Music composer, conductor	^[80]

See also

• Fredericksburg Theater Company
• Fredericksburg in the Texas Hill Country AVA
• Adelsverein
• Central Texas Electric Cooperative
• Cherry Springs Dance Hall
• Easter Fire
• German Texan
• Loyal Valley
• Meusebach Homesite
• List of museums in Central Texas
• Sisterdale, Texas
• Texas Hill Country
• Wrede School

References

• Book: King, Irene Marschall . John O.Meusebach . 1967 . University of Texas Press . 978-0-292-73656-6 .
  • Book: Solms, Carl . Voyage to North America, 1844–45: Prince Carl of Solms' Texas Diary of People, Places, and Events . 2000 . University of North Texas Press . 978-1-57441-124-9 . Gish, Theodore G . Von-Maszweski, Wolfram M . registration .
• Book: Morgenthaler, Jefferson . The German Settlement of the Texas Hill Country . 2007 . Mockingbird Books . 978-1-932801-09-5.

Further reading

• Book: Cook, Rita . Fredericksburg: A Guide to the Attractions and German Heritage of Texas Hill Country . 2011 . Channel Lake, Inc . 978-1-935455-13-4 . Dandridge, Russell W.
• Book: Gillespie County Historical Society . Pioneers in God's Hills . 2000 . Eakin Pr . 978-1-57168-463-9.
• Book: Hafertepe. Kenneth. The Material Culture of German Texans. 2016. Texas A&M University Press. 978-1-62349-383-7. en. Project MUSE.
• Book: Hubbard, Fran . St. Barnabas Episcopal Church, Fredericksburg, Texas, the First Forty Years, 1954–1994 . 1995 . Awani Press, Inc . Hubbard, Doug. Ethel, Lee.
• Book: Johnson, Melvin C . Polygamy on the Pedernales: Lyman Wight's Mormon Villages in Antebellum Texas 1845–1858 . 2006 . Utah State University Press . 978-0-87421-628-8.
• Book: King, Irene Marschall . John O. Meusebach: German Colonizer in Texas . 1987 . Univ of Texas Pr . 978-0-292-74019-8.
• Book: Potter, E B . Nimitz . 2008 . Naval Institute Press . 978-1-59114-580-6.
• Book: Watt, Don . Fredericksburg, Texas: Living With the Past . 1987 . Shearer Publishing . 978-0-940672-42-0 . Watt, Lynn. Mehl, Michael.

External links

• Old Tunnel Bat Habitat TPWD
• City of Fredericksburg website
  • Official Tourism Website of the Fredericksburg, TX Convention & Visitors Bureau
• Old Tunnel State Park / Texas Parks and Wildlife

Notes and References

1. Web site: 2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files. United States Census Bureau. August 7, 2020.
2. Web site: U.S. Census website . . 2008-01-31 .
3. Web site: Find a County . 2011-06-07 . National Association of Counties . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx . 2011-05-31 .
4. http://www.yelp.com/biz/fritztown-diesel-and-truck-service-fredericksburg Yelp: Fritztown Diesel and Trick Repair
5. Web site: Fredericksburg -V.G. Montabaur Sister City Organization. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140901041431/http://lonestar.texas.net/~benkarl/FBG-Montabauer/. 2014-09-01.
6. http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/tx/tx27.htm Fredericksburg, Texas NPS
7. Web site: US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990. United States Census Bureau. 2011-04-23. 2011-02-12.
8. Web site: QuickFacts: Fredericksburg city, Texas. U.S. Census Bureau. American Factfinder. January 17, 2023.
9. Web site: National Landmark, Enchanted Rock . National Park Service . 6 May 2010 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20100528160823/http://www.nature.nps.gov/nnl/Registry/USA_Map/States/Texas/NNL/ER/index.cfm . 28 May 2010 . National Park Service
10. Web site: State Natural Area, Enchanted Rock . Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept . 19 November 2010 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20101205032347/http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/spdest/findadest/parks/enchanted_rock/ . 5 December 2010 . Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept
11. Web site: Balanced Rock Pillar – Texas Mountain Peak Information. Mountain Zone.com. 19 November 2010.
12. Web site: Balanced Rock Postcard. Playle's Online Auctions. 19 November 2010. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20110717082128/http://www.playle.com/listing.php?PHPSESSID=evb0p1qghdkh2q2hqbifdq81o0&i=ETEXBILL5244. 17 July 2011.
13. Web site: Kennedy. Ira. Crabapple Community-A World Unto Itself. Tourin' Texas. 19 November 2010. July 2003. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110108160815/http://texfiles.com/tourintexas/july2003/crabapple/index.htm. January 8, 2011.
14. News: Vandals Blast Balanced Rock. Schenectady Gazette. 26 April 1986.
15. Web site: Cross Mountain Historical Marker. Texas Historic Landmark. William Nienke, Sam Morrow. 19 November 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120314204959/http://www.9key.com/markers/marker_detail.asp?atlas_number=5171010025&search_term=cross+mountain. 14 March 2012.
16. Web site: Young. Nancy Beck. San Antonio, Fredericksburg and Northern Railway Company. Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. 12 January 2011. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20110715065426/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/eqsvy. 15 July 2011.
17. Web site: Eckhardt. C F. The Little Engine That Couldn't. Charley Eckhardt's Texas. Texas Escapes – Blueprints For Travel, LLC. 20 November 2010. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20100912153422/http://www.texasescapes.com/CFEckhardt/Fredericksburg-%26-Northern-Railroad-Little-Engine-That-Couldnt.htm. 12 September 2010.
18. Web site: Schmidt. F A. Old Tunnel Wildlife Management Area – Railroad History. Rails Through the Hill Country. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. 20 November 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110221111025/http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/hunt/wma/wildlife_management/old_tunnel_wma/railroad_history/. 21 February 2011.
19. Web site: Murphy. Victoria A. Fredericksburg and Northern Railway. Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. 12 January 2011. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20110715065426/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/eqsvy. 15 July 2011.
20. Web site: Old Tunnel Bat Habitat. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. 20 November 2010. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20101113152620/http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/hunt/wma/find_a_wma/list/?id=17. 13 November 2010.
21. Book: Fodor's Texas . 2008 . Fodor's . 978-1-4000-0719-6 . 179.
22. News: Murphy. Lloyd. B. L. Enderle: Father of the Hill Country Peach Industry. Fredericksburg Standard. June 8, 1983.
23. Book: Meyer, Arthur L. Texas Tortes. 1997. University of Texas Press. 978-0-292-75201-6. 19, 20. Wilson, John A. LeNorte, Alain. Hill Country Peach Pave.
24. West. Richard. A Peace of a Deal. Texas Monthly. August 1978. 83, 84.
25. Book: Albert, Susan Wittig. China Bayles' Book of Days. 2006. Berkley Trade. 978-0-425-20653-9. 114.
26. Book: Reilly, Wendimere. The Health Chic Guide: Hip, Fun & Delicious Living. 2007. Lulu.com. 978-1-4303-0671-9. 56.
27. Web site: Texas Hill Country Lavender Trail. Biscuit Hill. 21 November 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110520042420/http://www.biscuithill.com/lavender_trail.htm. 20 May 2011.
28. Book: McDonald, Miller B . Flower Seeds . 2004 . CABI . 978-0-85199-906-7 . Kwong, Francis Y . 39.
29. Book: Permenter, Paris. Insiders' Guide to San Antonio. 2008. Insiders' Guide. 978-0-7627-4787-0. Bigley, John. 166.
30. Book: Welsh, Douglas F. Doug Welsh's Texas Garden Almanac. 2007. TAMU Press. 978-1-58544-619-3. 359 .
31. Web site: HB 1425. Texas State Legislature. 21 November 2010. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20100126123705/http://www.legis.state.tx.us/tlodocs/73R/billtext/html/HB01425F.htm. 26 January 2010.
32. Web site: Fredericksburg Brewing Company. Fredericksburg Brewing Company. 21 November 2010. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20100821024446/http://www.yourbrewery.com/about.htm. 21 August 2010.
33. Book: Abbott, Mary Lu . Texas: Romantic Weekends . 2003 . Hunter Publishing . 978-1-58843-358-9 . 111 .
34. Book: MacNeill, Karen. The Wine Bible. 2001. Workman Publishing Company. 978-1-56305-434-1. 754.
35. Web site: Texas Hill Country Wineries. THCW. 20 November 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110210033843/http://texaswinetrail.com/map.html. 10 February 2011.
36. Book: Jackson, Ronald S. Wine Science, Second Edition: Principles, Practice, Perception. 2000. Academic Press . 978-0-12-379062-0 . 488.
37. Web site: Fredericksburg Battlin' Billies . 2013-11-29 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131203064602/http://www.mascotdb.com/team.php?id=29679 . 2013-12-03 . Accessed: 11/29/2013
38. Web site: Hartmann. Clinton P. Fredericksburg College. Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. 13 April 2018.
39. http://www.depts.ttu.edu/hillcountry/ Texas Tech: Fredericksburg
40. Web site: Ambleside. Ambleside Fredericksburg. 13 November 2010. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20110101151309/http://www.amblesidefredericksburg.com/. 1 January 2011.
41. Web site: Heritage School. Heritage School. 13 November 2010. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20101124155333/http://heritage-school.net/. 24 November 2010.
42. http://www.historicschools.org/default.htm Historic Schools, The Friends of Gillespie Country Schools
43. Book: Adams. The Austin/San Antonio Jobbank: Includes: Abilene, Amarillo, Corpus Christi, El Paso, Lubbock, and many others : The job Hunter's Guide to Southern and Western Texas. 2004. Adams Media Corporation. 978-1-59337-221-7. 115.
44. http://www.airnav.com/airport/T82 AirNav Gillespie Co Airport
45. Williams. Cheryl. Profile: Gillespie County Airport, Fredericksburg, Texas. Wingtips. October–November 2006. 1–4. Texas Department of Transportation.
46. Web site: Gillespie County Airport. AirNav, LLC.. 13 November 2010. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20110103011449/http://www.airnav.com/airport/T82. 3 January 2011.
47. Web site: Explore Census Data . 2022-05-20 . data.census.gov.
48. Web site: Fredericksburg, Texas 2000 Census. Modern Language Association. 13 November 2010. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20110522222935/http://www.mla.org/map_data_results%26state_id%3D48%26place_id%3D27348%26cty_id%3D. 22 May 2011.
49. Web site: Home Rule Charter for the City of Fredericksburg. City of Fredericksburg, Texas. 19 November 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20101122135918/http://fbgtx.org/pdf/Home%20Rule%20Charter.pdf. 22 November 2010.
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