Fred T. Mackenzie Explained

Frederick T. Mackenzie
Birth Date:17 March 1934
Death Place:Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.
Nationality:American
Fields:Sedimentary and global geochemistry
Workplaces:University of Hawaii
Northwestern University
Education:Upsala College
Lehigh University
Thesis Year:1959 & 1962
Known For:Evolution of Sedimentary Rocks
Awards:See awards section
Spouse:Judith Mackenzie
Website:Fred T. Mackenzie

Frederick T. Mackenzie (March 17, 1934 – January 3, 2024) was an American sedimentary and global biogeochemist.[1] Mackenzie applied experimental and field data coupled to a sound theoretical framework to the solution of geological, geochemical, and oceanographic problems at various time and space scales.[2]

Mackenzie is identified closely with the book Evolution of Sedimentary Rocks co-authored in 1971 by Mackenzie with Robert M. Garrels, which reawakened and revitalized the scientific community to the ideas of the British geologist James Hutton that lay fallow for more than 150 years.[3] Evolution of Sedimentary Rocks expanded on the theory of reverse weathering proposed by Mackenzie and Garrels in 1966.[4] [5]

Life and career

Mackenzie earned a bachelor's degree in physics and geology from Upsala College in 1955. He later earned an M.S. degree in 1959 and his Ph.D. in 1962 in geological sciences and biogeochemistry from Lehigh University. His Ph.D. dissertation research dealt with a paleocurrent and environmental analysis of the ~ 140 Ma Cretaceous Lakota and equivalent rock units of the Western Interior of the United States.[6]

Following completion of his Ph.D., Mackenzie went to work full-time for Shell Oil Company as an Exploration and Research Geologist. Two of his assignments at the time involved studies of the stratigraphy and structure of Ordovician carbonates in the Appalachian Mountains as targets for oil exploration and of the Devonian Marcellus Shale, which in recent years has become a horizon for gas production by fracking and a subject of strong environmental concern. Then in 1963, Mackenzie accepted a position as Staff Geochemist and assistant director at the Bermuda Biological Station for Research (BBSR, now the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences).[7] One of his tasks at BBSR was to manage Hydrostation S, the longest continuously occupied hydrostation in the world.

In 1967 Mackenzie joined the faculty at Northwestern University becoming professor and department chair in 1971.[8] Here between 1967 and 1981, he in association with colleagues Robert Garrels, Hal Helgeson, Abraham Lerman and his many graduate students and national and international colleagues published a number of classic papers involving an interdisciplinary range of scientific topics including early diagenetic processes of reverse weathering and controls on seawater composition, pore water geochemistry, kinetics and thermodynamics of mineral-water reactions, and modeling of Earth's surface environmental system over geological time.[9]

In 1982 Mackenzie became professor at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, where he continued doing research and teaching, although in 2008, he became a Professor Emeritus of Oceanography and Geology & Geophysics. At the University of Hawaii, Mackenzie broadened his research and teaching program even more into the field of marine biogeochemistry, particularly into the biogeochemical interactions involving carbon and oxygen and the nutrient elements of nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon between the land and coastal waters.[10] He also investigated exchange in coastal marine waters, and the biogeochemistry and consequences of ocean acidification for reefs and other carbonate ecosystems.[11] In 1997, Mackenzie founded the Global Environmental Science Program at the University of Hawai‘i, at Manoa.

Mackenzie authored or co-authored nearly 300 scholarly works, and has published with more than 200 co-authors.[12] Mackenzie was also a passionate athlete, lifetime traveler, and mountaineer having climbed in many ranges of the world.

Mackenzie died in Honolulu, Hawaii, on January 3, 2024, at the age of 89.[13]

Fellowships, awards and honors

Mackenzie was a Fellow of the Mineralogical Society of America, the Geological Society of America, the Geochemical Society, the European Association of Geochemistry, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and was a Life Trustee of the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences.[14] He has received innumerable awards and honors including:[15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]

Selected publications

Books

Journal articles

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Fred Mackenzie. American Scientist. The Scientific Research Society. March 28, 2015.
  2. De Carlo. Eric Heinen. Arvidson. Rolf S.. Chou. Lei. Sabine. Christopher. Luther. George W.. Fred T. Mackenzie: Gentleman, Scholar, Mountaineer and Model Colleague. Aquatic Geochemistry. November 2013. 19. 5–6. 347–351. AquaticGeo. 10.1007/s10498-013-9221-8. free.
  3. Web site: Berner. Robert A.. A Biographical Memoir: Robert Minard Garrels. Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. National Academy of Sciences. 28 March 2015. Garrels Memoir.
  4. Book: Emerson. Steven. Hedges. John. Chemical Oceanography and the Marine Carbon Cycle. 2008. Cambridge University Press. New York, New York. 978-0-521-83313-4. 43. 28 March 2015.
  5. R. M. Garrels, F. T. Mackenzie, 1966, Chemical mass balance between rivers and oceans. American Journal of Science, 264, 507-525.
  6. F. T. Mackenzie and J. D. Ryan, 1962, Cloverly-Lakota and Fall River paleocurrents in the Wyoming Rockies. Wyoming Geological Association Guidebook. Symposium on Early Cretaceous Rocks of Wyoming and Adjacent Areas, 44-61.
  7. Andersson. Andreas J.. The Marine Carbon System and Ocean Acidification during Phanerozoic Time. Geochemical Perspectives. April 2013. 2. 1. 1–227. 10.7185/geochempersp.2.1. free.
  8. Web site: Fred Mackenzie. Northwestern University. Helix Magazine. 8 March 2015.
  9. Web site: School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. Fred T. Mackenzie Scholarly Works. University of Hawaii. 8 March 2015.
  10. Book: Coupled C, N, P, and O Biogeochemical Cycling at the Land–Ocean Interface. Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science. July 2012. 5. 317–342. ScienceCoupled. 10.1016/B978-0-12-374711-2.00512-X. MacKenzie. F.T.. De Carlo. E.H.. Lerman. A.. 9780080878850.
  11. Web site: Reyes-Nivea. C.. Interactive comment on Relative roles of endolithic algae and carbonate chemistry variability in the skeletal dissolution of crustose coralline algae. Biogeosciences Discussion. European Geosciences Union. 30 March 2015.
  12. Mackenzie, Fred; Andersson, Andreas (2013). Geochemical Perspectives. The Marine Carbon and Ocean Acidification during the Phaneozoic Time.
  13. Web site: In Memoriam: Fred T. Mackenzie, legendary UH Manoa faculty and scientist. January 17, 2024.
  14. Web site: School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. Fred T. Mackenzie Honors. University of Hawaii. 8 March 2015.
  15. http://www.sepm.org/CM_Files/SocietyRecords/SocRec2005.pdf Annual Report
  16. IAGC. International Association of GeoChemistry. Retrieved 2007
  17. Web site: Regents' Medal for Excellence in Research. www.hawaii.edu. University of Hawaii. 30 April 2015.
  18. Web site: Regents' Medal for Excellence in Teaching 1965-2003. www.hawaii.edu. University of Hawaii. 30 April 2015.
  19. Web site: Scholars research and accolades. www.arcsfoundation.org. Achievement Rewards for College Scientists Foundation. 30 April 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025350/https://www.arcsfoundation.org/honolulu/scholar-research-and-accolades. 4 March 2016. dead.
  20. Web site: Fred T. Mackenzie. www.wiko-berlin.de. Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin. 30 April 2015.
  21. Web site: C.C. Patterson Award. www.geochemsoc.org. Geochemical Society. 30 April 2015.
  22. Book: Garrels. Robert M.. Mackenzie. Fred T.. Evolution of Sedimentary Rocks. 1971. W. W. Norton & Company. New York. 978-0-393-09959-1. 1st. 27 April 2015.
  23. Book: Garrels. R.M.. Hunt. C.. Mackenze. F. T.. Chemical Cycles and the Global Environment – Assessing Human Influences. 1975. W. Kaufman, Inc.. Los Altos, California. 978-0-913232-29-3. 30 April 2015.
  24. Book: Gregor. C.B.. Garrels. R.M.. Mackenzie. F.T.. Maynard. J.B.. Chemical Cycles in the Evolution of Earth. 1988. Wiley. University of California. 978-0-471-08911-7. 276. 1. 30 April 2015.
  25. Book: Mackenzie. F.T.. Morse. R.W.. Geochemistry of Sedimentary Carbonates. 1990. Elsevier. Amsterdam, Holland. 978-0-444-88781-8. 707. 30 April 2015.
  26. Book: Wollast. R. Mackenzie. Fred T. Chou. Lei. Interactions of C, N, P, and S biogeochemical cycles and global change. 1993. Springer-Verlag. Berlin. 978-3-642-76064-8. 10.1007/978-3-642-76064-8.
  27. Book: Woodwell. George M.. Mackenzie. Fred T.. Biotic Feedbacks in the Global Climatic System: Will the Warming Feed the Warming?. 1995. Oxford University Press. New York. 978-0-444-88781-8. 416.
  28. Book: Mackenzie. Fred T.. Lerman. Abraham. Carbon in the Geobiosphere—Earth's Outer Shell. Springer. Dordrecht, Netherlands. 2010. 402. 978-9048170227.
  29. Book: Mackenzie. Fred T.. Guidry. M.W.. Arvidson. R.S.. Evolution of Primary Producers in the Sea. P.. Falkowski. A.. Knoll. Elsevier Academic Press. Massachusetts. 377–403. 2007. 978-0-12-370518-1.
  30. Book: Mackenzie, Fred T.. Our Changing Planet: An Introduction to Earth System Science and Global Environmental Change. registration. 4+1991 with Judith Mackenzie+1998+2003. Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, N. J.. 579. 978-0-321-66772-4. 1998.
  31. Mackenzie. Fred T.. Garrels. Robert M.. Silicates: Reactivity with Sea Water. Science. 150. 3692. 1 October 1965. 57–58. 10.1126/science.150.3692.57 . 17829745. 1965Sci...150...57M. 42430308.
  32. Mackenzie. Fred T.. Garrels. Robert M.. Chemical mass balance between rivers and oceans. American Journal of Science. 1 September 1966. 264. 7. 507–525. 10.2475/ajs.264.7.507. 1966AmJS..264..507M. free.
  33. Land. Lyton S.. Mackenzie. Fred T.. Gould. Stephen J.. Pleistocene History of Bermuda. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 24 June 1966. 78. 8. 993–1006. 10.1130/0016-7606(1967)78[993:phob]2.0.co;2.
  34. Garrels. Robert M.. Mackenzie. Fred T.. A Quantitative Model for the Sedimentary Rock Cycle. Journal of Marine Chemistry. 1972. 1. 27–40. 10.1016/0304-4203(72)90004-7.
  35. Mackenzie. Fred T. Thorstenson. D. C.. Time Variability of Pore Water Chemistry in Recent Carbonate Sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 1974. 38. 1–19. 10.1016/0016-7037(74)90192-6.
  36. Mackenzie. Fred T.. Pigott. J.. Tectonic Controls of Phanerozoic Sedimentary Rock Cycling. Journal of the Geological Society. 1981. 138. 2. 183–196. 30 April 2015. 10.1144/gsjgs.138.2.0183. 1981JGSoc.138..183M. 129021179.
  37. Bishoff. William D.. Bishop. Finley C.. Mackenzie. Fred T.. Stabilities of Synthetic Magnesian Calcites in Aqueous Solution: Comparison with Biogenic Materials. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 1987. 51. 6. 1413–1423. 30 April 2015. 10.1016/0016-7037(87)90325-5. 1987GeCoA..51.1413B.
  38. Mackenzie. F.T.. Sabine. C.. Bank-derived Carbonate Sediment Transport and Dissolution in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Aquatic Geochemistry. 1995. 1. 2. 189–230. 10.1007/BF00702891. 129393449.
  39. Arvidson. R.S.. Mackenzie. F.T.. 49341088. The dolomite problem: Control of Precipitation Kinetics by Temperature and Saturation State. American Journal of Science. 1999. 299. 4. 257–288. 10.2475/ajs.299.4.257. 1999AmJS..299..257A. free.
  40. Lerman. A.. Mackenzie. F.T.. Ver. L.M. Biogeochemical Responses of the Carbon Cycle to Natural and Human Perturbations: Past, Present, and Future. American Journal of Science. 1999. 299. 7–9. 762–801. 10.2475/ajs.299.7-9.762. 10.1.1.534.4685. 1999AmJS..299..762V.
  41. Anderson. A.J.. Mackenzie. F.T.. Shallow-water Oceans: a Source or Sink of Atmospheric ?. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 2004. 2. 7. 348–353. 10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0348:SOASOS]2.0.CO;2.
  42. Anderson. A.J.. Lehman. A.. Mackenzie. F.T.. Coastal Ocean and Carbonate Systems in the High World of the Anthropocene. American Journal of Science. 2005. 305. 9. 875–918. 10.2475/ajs.305.9.875. 2005AmJS..305..875A. free.
  43. Anderson. J.. Mackenzie. F.T.. Morse. J.W.. Initial Responses of Carbonate-rich Shelf Sediments to Rising Atmospheric pCO2 and 'Ocean Acidification': Role of High Mg-Calcites.. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 2006. 70. 23. 5814–5830. 1 May 2015. 10.1016/j.gca.2006.08.017. 2006GeCoA..70.5814M.
  44. Mackenzie. Fred T.. De Carlo. E.H.. Lerman. A.. Coupled C, N, P, and O biogeochemical cycling at the land-ocean interface. Treatise on Coastal and Estuarine Science. 5. 10. J. Middleburg. R. Laane. 317–342. 30 July 2012. 10.1016/B978-0-12-374711-2.00512-X.
  45. Mackenzie. Fred T.. Andersson. Andreas J.. The Marine Carbon System and Ocean Acidification during Phanerozoic Time. Geochemical Perspectives. 2. 1. 227. 10.7185/geochempersp.2.1. 2013. free.
  46. Rolf S.. Arvidson. Fred T.. Mackenzie. Robert A.. Berner. The Sensitivity of the Phanerozoic Inorganic Carbon System to the Onset of Pelagic Sedimentation. Aquatic Geochemistry. 20. 2–3. 343–362. 5 February 2014. 10.1007/s10498-013-9224-5. 129590986.
  47. Book: J., Veizer. Treatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition) . Evolution of Sedimentary Rocks. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080959757007154. 2. H. D.. Holland. K. K.. Turekian. F.T.. Mackenzie. Treatise on Geochemistry. 9 Sediments, Diagenesis and Sedimentary Rocks. ScienceDirect. 399–435. 19 October 2013. 10.1016/b978-0-08-095975-7.00715-4. 9780080983004.

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