Brothers of Italy explained

Brothers of Italy
Native Name:Fratelli d'Italia
Abbreviation:FdI
Native Name Lang:it
Leader1 Title:President
Leader1 Name:Giorgia Meloni
Leader2 Title:Coordinator
Leader2 Name:Giovanni Donzelli
Split:The People of Freedom
Headquarters:Via della Scrofa 39, Rome
Newspaper:La Voce del Patriota
Student Wing:Student Action
University Action
Youth Wing:National Youth
Membership Year:2021
Membership:130,000[1]
Position:Right-wing to far-right
National:Centre-right coalition
European:European Conservatives and Reformists Party
Colours: Blue
Seats1 Title:Chamber of Deputies
Seats2 Title:Senate
Seats3 Title:European Parliament
Seats4 Title:Regional Councils
Seats5 Title:Conference of Regions
Country:Italy

Brothers of Italy (Italian: Fratelli d'Italia, FdI) is a national-conservative and right-wing populist[2] political party in Italy, that is currently the country's ruling party. It became the largest party after the 2022 Italian general election.[3] [4] The party is led by Giorgia Meloni,[5] [6] the incumbent Prime Minister of Italy.[7] [8] Meloni's tenure has been described as the "most right-wing" republican government in Italy since World War II,[9] [10] [11] whilst her time in government is frequently described as a shift towards the far-right in Italian politics.[12] [13] [14] [15]

In December 2012, FdI emerged from a right-wing split within The People of Freedom (PdL) party.[16] The bulk of FdI's membership (including Meloni, who has led the party since 2014), and its symbol, the tricolour flame,[17] hail from the post-fascist National Alliance (AN), which was established in 1995 and merged into PdL in 2009.[18] AN was the successor to the Italian Social Movement (MSI), a neo-fascist party active from 1946 to 1995.[19] [20] [21] [22] However, FdI is home also to several former Christian Democrats[23] [24] and half of its ministers are not former MSI members.[25] [26]

According to Meloni and leading members, FdI is a mainstream conservative party.[27] Academics and observers have variously described it as conservative,[28] national-conservative, right-wing populist, social-conservative, nationalist,[29] [30] neo-fascist, post-fascist,[31] [32] nativist[33] and anti-immigrant. The party espouses a Eurosceptic position, while being in favour of Atlanticism. While its MEPs were originally affiliated with the European People's Party Group, they left in 2014 and joined the European Conservatives and Reformists in 2019, which has been led by Meloni since 2020.[34] [35] FdI proposes a "confederal Europe" of nations as opposed to a "federal Europe".[36] [37] [38]

History

Background and foundation

In November 2012, Ignazio La Russa and Maurizio Gasparri, leaders of the Protagonist Right, a faction within The People of Freedom (PdL), announced their support for Angelino Alfano in the party primary scheduled for December.[39] The subsequent cancellation of the primary was not agreed with by La Russa and many others in the party. On 16 December 2012, Giorgia Meloni, Fabio Rampelli, Guido Crosetto, and Giuseppe Cossiga organised in Rome the Primaries of Ideas,[40] in which they openly criticised Silvio Berlusconi's leadership and any possible prospect of an electoral alliance with Prime Minister Mario Monti, proposed by some leading factions of the party, among them Liberamente, Network Italy, Reformism and Freedom, Liberal Populars, New Italy, and FareItalia.[41] [42]

On 17 December 2012, La Russa, one of the three PdL national coordinators, announced he was leaving the party to form the "National Centre-right" (Centrodestra Nazionale), including not just right-wingers but also Christian democrats and liberals from Forza Italia (FI) such as Crosetto and Cossiga.[43] The split from the PdL was agreed with Berlusconi to better represent the Italian right and offer an appealing choice to right-wing voters.[43] Simultaneously, Crosetto and Meloni announced the formation of "Brothers of Italy", whose name was taken from the first line of the Italian national anthem.[44] On 21 December, the two groups, formed mainly by former members of National Alliance such as La Russa, Meloni, Rampelli, Massimo Corsaro, Viviana Beccalossi, and Alfredo Mantica, joined forces as "Brothers of Italy – National Centre-right",[45] usually shortened to Brothers of Italy (FdI). La Russa's followers soon formed their own groups in most regional councils, starting with the Regional Council of Lombardy,[46] and the Senate of the Republic.[47] Carlo Fidanza and Marco Scurria, MEPs in the European People's Party group, also joined the party.[48]

2013 general election and aftermath

In the 2013 Italian general election, the party obtained 2.0% of the vote and won nine seats in the Chamber of Deputies.[49] On 5 March 2013, the party's executive board appointed La Russa president, Crosetto coordinator, and Meloni leader in the Chamber of Deputies. During the 2013 Italian presidential election's fourth ballot on 19 April, FdI decided to support Franco Marini, a Democratic Party (PD) member supported also by PdL and Lega Nord (LN). Following the unsuccessful outcome of the vote, FdI started voting for colonel Sergio De Caprio, known for having arrested Sicilian Mafia boss Salvatore Riina.[50] On 29 April, Meloni announced in the Chamber of Deputies the party's vote of no confidence for Enrico Letta's government, supported by PD, PdL, and Civic Choice.[51]

In September 2013, FdI launched "Workshop for Italy" (Officina per l'Italia, abbr. OpI), a political initiative aimed at broadening the party's base.[52] The newly formed OpI's political committee, led by Cossiga, included, among others, former minister of Foreign Affairs Giulio Terzi di Sant'Agata, former members of AN (notably including Gianni Alemanno, Mario Landolfi, Sergio Berlato, Adolfo Urso, and Souad Sbai), former members of FI (including former Socialists like Giulio Tremonti and Antonio Guidi, and former Christian Democrats like Fabio Garagnani), former members of the Union of the Centre (Magdi Allam and Luciano Ciocchetti), and a former member of the LN (Oreste Rossi).[53] Alemanno's Italy First and Urso's FareItalia were to join FdI by February 2014.[54] [55]

National Alliance Foundation

In December 2013, the National Alliance Foundation, the association in charge of administering the assets of the defunct party, authorised FdI, supported by Alemanno and Urso, to use the logo of AN in the 2014 European Parliament election in Italy,[56] despite opposition from the Movement for National Alliance alternative front composed of The Right, Future and Freedom, Tricolour Flame, I the South, and New Alliance,[57] as well as the former members of AN who had joined FI like senators Maurizio Gasparri and Altero Matteoli.[58]

In February 2014, the party organised a primary in which members and supporters agreed to change the party's name to Brothers of Italy – National Alliance, chose the new symbol, including in small AN's one, and re-elected Meloni as president.[59] During the party's first congress in March 2014, FdI ratified the primary's outcomes; the congress also voted for the party to leave the European People's Party Group in the European Parliament and adopt Eurosceptic positions.[60] [61] In the 2014 European Parliament election in Italy, FdI obtained 3.7% of the vote and no seats, while doing well in Central and Southern Italy, especially in Lazio (5.6%), Umbria (5.4%), Abruzzo (4.7%), and Campania (4.5%), as well as in north-eastern Friuli-Venezia Giulia (4.4%).[62]

During an assembly of the association in October 2015, the representatives of FdI, supported by former AN heavyweights who had remained in the PdL, won a decisive vote over a front led by Alemanno, who had left FdI earlier, joined forces with former allies of Gianfranco Fini and wanted to form a larger party, including FdI, which retained the use of AN's name and symbol, while Alemanno announced that he would create a Movement for the United Right.[63] [64]

Road to the 2018 general election

In November 2015, it was announced that the party would undergo a new process of enlargement and that a new political committee, named Our Land (TN), would be launched by January 2016. TN would comprise FdI, along with other right-wing politicians, notably including Cossiga (former deputy of FI and founding member of FdI), Alberto Giorgetti (a deputy of FI, who was long a member of AN) and Walter Rizzetto (deputy of Free Alternative, originally elected with the Five Star Movement).[65] [66] [67] In March 2016, Rizzetto officially joined FdI and it was announced that the party's group in the Chamber would be renamed Brothers of Italy–Our Land.[68] [69] [70] The name change never happened, but the party's enlargement continued with the switch of two deputies from FI.[71]

In the 2016 Rome municipal election, Meloni ran for mayor with the support of Us with Salvini but in competition with the candidate supported by FI. Meloni won 20.6% of the vote, almost twice than FI's candidate, but did not qualify for the run-off, while FdI obtained 12.3%.[72] In the 2017 Sicilian regional election, Nello Musumeci, a conservative close to the party,[73] [74] was elected president of Sicily.[75]

During the party's second congress in December 2017, Meloni was re-elected president, the party was renamed simply Brothers of Italy, and a new symbol was unveiled. In the event, FdI welcomed several newcomers, notably including Daniela Santanchè and Bruno Mancuso,[76] respectively from FI and Popular Alternative (AP).[77] [78] [79] Mancuso became the party's third senator after Stefano Bertacco,[80] as well as Bartolomeo Amidei,[81] had previously switched from FI. Additionally, Crosetto and Urso returned to an active role in the party.[82] Finally, Alessandro Urzì led the Alto Adige in the Heart party into FdI.[83]

2018 general election and aftermath

In the 2018 Italian general election, as part of the centre-right coalition,[84] FdI obtained 4.4% of the vote and won more than three times the seats won in 2013.[85] In November 2018, in the run-up to the 2019 European Parliament election in Italy, the party agreed to join the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group in the European Parliament,[86] [87] opening the way for a pact with other minor conservative parties in Italy, notably including Raffaele Fitto's Direction Italy.[88] [89] On 29 October 2019, Direction Italy officially merged into FdI,[90] and on 7 December 2019 the National Movement for Sovereignty of Roberto Menia and Gianni Alemanno merged into FdI.[91] In 2020, other minor right-wing parties, such as Gabriella Peluso's Protagonist South and Lorenzo Loiacono's Right Bank, also merged into FdI.[92] [93]

Party member Marco Marsilio won 48.0% of the vote in the 2019 Abruzzo regional election and became FdI's first regional president on 10 February.[94] Since governing the region, which ranked as the ninth-worst region by number of deaths per capita during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, critics said undermined access to abortion and privatised health care, FdI has made it harder for migrants to access social housing. Meloni reclaimed this by saying that "Italians first is not just a slogan."[95] For the 2019 European Parliament election, FdI recruited several candidates, including five outgoing MEPs (two of Direction Italy, plus three more recent splinters from FI: Fabrizio Bertot, Stefano Maullu, and Elisabetta Gardini), other former FI politicians (Alfredo Antoniozzi and Monica Stefania Baldi), and sociologist Francesco Alberoni.[96] FdI obtained 6.4% of the vote (10.3% in Calabria, 9.0% in Lazio, 8.9% in Apulia, and 8.4% in Basilicata) and five MEPs.[97] [98]

For the 2022 Italian presidential election on 24–29 January, FdI voted Carlo Nordio when all the other main parties proposed a re-election of incumbent president Sergio Mattarella.[99] [100] [101] In April 2022, the party organised a large convention in Milan, to discuss its political program and start the campaign for the next general election.[102] [103]

Road to the 2022 general election

Heading into the 2022 Italian general election rising in the polls,[104] [105] [106] a snap election that was called after the 2022 Italian government crisis,[107] [108] it was agreed among the centre-right coalition that the leader of the party receiving the most votes would be put forward as the prime minister candidate.[109] As of July 2022, FdI was the first party in the coalition according to opinion polling,[110] [111] and she was widely expected to become Prime Minister of Italy if the centre-right coalition obtained an absolute majority in Parliament, which would be the most right-wing government in the history of the Italian Republic according to some academics.[112]

In an attempt to moderate the party to placate fears among those who describe FdI as neo-fascist or far-right,[113] including fears within the European Commission that she could lead Italy towards Hungary under Viktor Orbán,[114] Meloni told the foreign press that Italian fascism is history. As president of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party, she said she shared the experiences and values of the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom, Likud in Israel, and the Republican Party in the United States.[115] [116]

2022 general election and aftermath

In the run-up to the election, several politicians previously affiliated with Berlusconi's FI joined the FdI electoral lists.[117] [118] Notably, they included Giulio Tremonti (ex-PSI and ex-FI, former finance minister),[119] Marcello Pera (ex-PSI and ex-FI, former president of the Senate), Antonio Guidi (ex-PSI and ex-FI, former family and social solidarity minister), Giulio Terzi di Sant'Agata (former foreign affairs minister, honorary president of the PRT),[120] Carlo Nordio (former prosecutor, member of the PLI),[121] and Eugenia Roccella (a former Radical and feminist who later turned into a conservative feminist),[122] among others.[123] A general election candidate was sacked after praising Adolf Hitler.[124] While he remained a candidate, FdI removed its symbol from his candidature;[125] he was elected in the single-district constituency of Agrigento, Sicilia with 37.8% of the vote.[126] In one of Rome's single-seat constituencies, Ester Mieli, a former spokesperson of the local Jewish community and granddaughter of a Holocaust survivor,[127] was elected with 37.5% of the vote.[128] [129]

In a record-low voter turnout election,[130] exit polls projected that the centre-right coalition would win a majority of seats in the 2022 general election.[131] [132] [133] Meloni was projected to be the winner of the election with FdI receiving a plurality of seats,[134] and per agreement with the centre-right coalition, which held that the largest party in the coalition would nominate the next prime minister,[135] she is the favourite to become Prime Minister and would be the country's first woman to hold the office.[136] [137] On 13 October, the new parliamentary term started and FdI's La Russa was elected President of the Senate of the Republic;[138] he is the first politician with a neo-fascist background and to come from a post-fascist party to hold the position, which is the second highest-ranking office of the Italian Republic.[139] [140] [141]

After customary talks among the parties and the president, Sergio Mattarella, as part of the 2022 Italian government formation on 20–21 October,[142] [143] Meloni accepted the task of forming a new government and announced the Meloni government, which assumed official functions after each ministers were sworn in on 22 October.[144] [145] It was variously described as a shift to the political right,[146] and the first far-right-led coalition, as well as its first far-right leader,[147] [148] [149] since the Second World War.[150] [151] Other than Meloni, the government included 9 FdI ministers, notably including Nordio at Justice, Crosetto at Defense, and Urso at Economic Development.[26] The Meloni government successfully won the confidence votes on 25–26 October with a comfortable majority in both houses of the Italian Parliament.[152] [153] [154]

During the annual party convention, named after Michael Ende's character Atreju, which took place in December 2023, international guests included British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak, Albanian Prime Minister Edi Rama, Spanish right-wing leader Santiago Abascal and businessman Elon Musk.[155] [156] [157]

In the 2024 European Parliament election Meloni led the party in all five constituencies, after presenting the event as a vote of confidence on her leadership and government.[158] Differently from other parties, FdI privileged party stalwarts over signature candidates.[159] A rare exception was the inclusion of Vittorio Sgarbi,[160] whose candidacy would not succeed.[161] FdI came in first place in the election, winning 28.9% of the vote and 24 seats, ahead of the PD and centre-right coalition partners. Meloni, who was a candidate in all five constituencies, received 2.3 million preferences votes and was the most voted individual in the election.[162] The second most voted candidate in the party was Nicola Procaccini, outgoing chairman of the European Conservatives and Reformists group.[163]

Ideology and factions

Academics and political commentators have variously described FdI's political position as right-wing,[164] [165] [166] radical right,[167] as well as far-right.[168] [169] [170] The party has been characterised as conservative,[171] national-conservative,[172] [173] [174] [175] conservative-sovereign,[176] right-wing populist,[177] [178] [179] social-conservative,[180] nationalist,[30] neo-fascist, post-fascist,[31] [181] [182] nativist[183] and anti-immigrant. Although FdI rejects the "neo-fascist" label, it has been applied due to the party's history dating back to the Italian Social Movement (MSI),[184] its far-right ties,[185] [186] [187] its appeal to neo-fascist themes on social media like Facebook,[188] and some party leaders' nostalgia for Italian fascism,[189] [190] [191] [192] including Roman salutes.[193] Some party members have celebrated Benito Mussolini, with fascist memorabilia in some local offices.[194] [195] [196] Some members of the Mussolini family have run for FdI, such as Rachele Mussolini, granddaughter of Mussolini, for the City Council of Rome, and Caio Giulio Cesare Mussolini, great-grandson of Mussolini, for the 2019 European Parliament election.[197]

In 2019, academic Đorđe Sredanović placed FdI, along with the neo-fascist parties CasaPound (a split from Tricolour Flame, which refused to join the National Alliance) and New Force (FN) from the Terza Posizione tradition, in the post-fascist/neo-fascist categories.[198] In October 2021, FdI distanced itself from FN after they violently assaulted the labour union Italian General Confederation of Labour's headquarters; the party abstained on a parliamentary motion to ban FN while condemning "all totalitarianisms". A December 2021 investigation by Fanpage.it on allegations of money laundering and illicit campaign financing also revealed FdI had ties with neo-Nazis in the Milan party section.[199] Meloni told Corriere della Sera there were no "nostalgic fascists, racists or antisemites in the Brothers of Italy DNA" and that she had always got rid of "ambiguous people",[116] and in other interviews she said there was no place for fascist nostalgia in FdI.[17] Critics have been sceptical, citing Meloni's speeches on immigration and LGBT rights.[116]

On economic issues, the party takes inspiration from both the economic interventionism of Social Right and the economic liberalism of Reaganomics, advocating tax cuts and workfare schemes.[200] In opposition, the party advocated more protectionist measures.[201]

In regards to social issues, the party opposes euthanasia and abortion. It also has been described as being strictly "anti-gay marriage" and supporting the "traditional family unit".[202] The party collaborates with anti-abortion and anti-LGBTQ+ movements.[203] FdI calls for a zero-tolerance policy on illegal immigration and wants to blockade migrants from reaching Italian ports and boost the birth rate of Italian nationals to ease the need for migrant labour. FdI, frequently described as Eurosceptic,[171] [204] [205] aims at a "confederal Europe" of sovereign nations as opposed to a "federal Europe",[36] [37] [38] and wants to "re-discuss" European Union treaties and amend Italy's constitution to give Italian law priority over European law,[206] [207] Once in favour of withdrawing from the eurozone,[208] [209] the party abandoned the idea.[210] [211] Prior to the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the party was in favour of better relations with Russia while maintaining a pro-NATO stance.[171] Since then, it has condemned the invasion and promised to send arms to Ukraine,[212] and Meloni moved the party towards Atlantism.[213] [214] [215] Besides being a leading member of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party, FdI has ties with the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom, Likud in Israel,[216] and the Republican Party in the United States, where Meloni has been a guest at the CPAC Conference in February 2022.[217]

FdI had several organised internal factions, including a minor liberal-conservative faction.[218] It has also been stated that some internal wings of the party have ties to the neo-fascism movement.[219] [220]
Factions include:

Alemanno and Poli Bortone left FdI, along with their factions, in December 2014 and April 2015, respectively.[221] [222] In December 2019, Alemanno returned through the MNS.[223]

In June 2024, a Fanpage.it journalist infiltrated a Roman section of the party's youth organisation "National Youth". The resulting investigation showed how militants frequently use the Nazi slogan "Sieg Heil", make fascist salutes and praise Benito Mussolini. The organisation is said to have a policy of masking all these aspects publicly, while in private they are tolerated and promoted.[224]

Election results

Italian Parliament

ElectionLeaderChamber of DeputiesSenate of the Republic
Votes % Seats +/– Position Votes % Seats +/– Position
2013666,035 1.9 New 8th590,083 1.9 New 7th
20181,429,550 4.4 23 5th1,286,606 4.3 18 5th
20227,302,517 26.0 87 1st7,167,136 26.0 48 1st

European Parliament

Election Leader Votes % Seats +/– Position EP Group
2014Giorgia Meloni1,004,037 3.7 New 7th –
20191,726,189 6.4 6 5th ECR
20246,732,303 28.8 18 1st

Regional councils

width=150pxRegionwidth=100pxElection yearwidth=100pxVoteswidth=100px% width=100pxSeatswidth=50px+/−width=100pxStatus in legislature
Aosta Valley2020 0No seats
Piedmont2024403,954 (1st)24.4 9
Lombardy2023725,402 (1st)25.2 19
South Tyrol202316,747 (5th)6.0 1
Trentino202328,714 (3rd)12.4 5
Veneto2020196,310 (4th)9.5 4
Friuli-Venezia Giulia202371,503 (2nd)18.1 6
Emilia-Romagna2020185,796 (3rd)8.6 2
Liguria202068,062 (4th)10.9 2
Tuscany2020219,165 (3rd)13.5 3
Marche2020116,231 (3rd)18.7 7
Umbria201943,443 (3rd)10.4 1
Lazio2023519,633 (1st)33.6 19
Abruzzo2024139,578 (1st)24.1 6
Molise202326,649 (1st)18.9 3
Campania2020140,918 (5th)6.0 2
Apulia2020211,693 (2nd)12.6 7
Basilicata202445,458 (1st)17.4 3
Calabria202166,277 (3rd)8.7 4
Sicily2022282,345 (1st)15.1 10
Sardinia202493,122 (2nd)13.6 5

Leadership

See also

Bibliography

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Sondaggi a picco? Adesso per la Lega anche i tesserati sono al palo. Invece Fratelli d'Italia cresce e rischia di mangiarsi Salvini a breve. La Notizia. it. 6 April 2021. 15 August 2022.
  2. Baldini . Gianfranco . Tronconi . Filippo . Angelucci . Davide . 2023-01-10 . Yet Another Populist Party? Understanding the Rise of Brothers of Italy . South European Society and Politics . 27 . 3 . 385–405 . 10.1080/13608746.2022.2159625 . 255770470 . 1360-8746. subscription . 11585/938874 . free .
  3. News: Winfield. Nicole. 26 September 2022. How a party of neo-fascist roots won big in Italy. AP News. Associated Press. 30 September 2022.
  4. News: D'Emilio. Frances. Winfield. Nicole. Zampano. Giada. 27 September 2022. First female premier poised to take helm of Italy government. 30 September 2022. AP News. Associated Press.
  5. News: Kington . Tom . 25 July 2022 . Hurdles ahead for Giorgia Meloni, the rightwinger who would rule Italy . . Rome . 1 September 2022.
  6. News: Kirby . Jen . The far right is having a moment in Europe. Actually, everywhere. . 5 October 2022 . Vox . 24 September 2022 .
  7. News: 21 October 2022 . Far-right Meloni set to become Italy's first woman PM . live. https://web.archive.org/web/20221021100236/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221021-far-right-meloni-set-to-become-italy-s-first-woman-pm. 21 October 2022. 21 October 2022 . France 24. Agence France-Presse.
  8. News: Harlan . Chico . Pitrelli . Stefano . 21 October 2022 . Meloni sworn in as Italy's first female prime minister . . live. https://web.archive.org/web/20221021231732/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/10/21/giorgia-meloni-silvio-berlusconi-italy/. 21 October 2022. 22 October 2022 . 0190-8286.
  9. Web site: Leali . Giorgio . Roberts . Hannah. 25 September 2022. Italy on track to elect most right-wing government since Mussolini. 27 September 2022. Politico.
  10. News: Braithwaite . Sharon . DiDonato . Valentina . Fox . Kara . Mortensen . Antonia . Nadeau . Barbie Latza . Ruotolo . Nicola . 26 September 2022 . Giorgia Meloni claims victory to become Italy's most far-right prime minister since Mussolini . CNN . 26 September 2022.
  11. News: 26 September 2022 . Italy election: Meloni says center-right bloc has 'clear' mandate. Deutsche Welle. 26 September 2022.
  12. Pietrucci . Pamela . 2023-01-02 . Neofascist "Thugs," Pandemic Protests, Populisms: Giorgia Meloni's Cerchiobottismo and the Rise of Fratelli D'Italia During the Pandemic . Javnost - the Public . en . 30 . 1 . 51–66 . 10.1080/13183222.2023.2168444 . 1318-3222.
  13. Indelicato . Maria Elena . Magalhães Lopes . Maíra . February 2024 . Understanding populist far-right anti-immigration and anti-gender stances beyond the paradigm of gender as 'a symbolic glue': Giorgia Meloni's modern motherhood, neo-Catholicism, and reproductive racism . European Journal of Women's Studies . en . 31 . 1 . 6–20 . 10.1177/13505068241230819 . 1350-5068. free . 10316/115482 . free .
  14. De Giorgi . Elisabetta . Cavalieri . Alice . Feo . Francesca . 2023 . From Opposition Leader to Prime Minister: Giorgia Meloni and Women's Issues in the Italian Radical Right . Politics and Governance . en . 11 . 1 . 108–118 . 10.17645/pag.v11i1.6042 . free . 2183-2463.
  15. Nadeau . Barbie Latza . 2018 . Femme Fascista . World Policy Journal . en . 35 . 2 . 14–21 . 10.1215/07402775-7085556 . 0740-2775.
  16. Web site: Roberts . Hannah . 3 August 2022 . Italy confronts its fascist past as the right prepares for power . . 11 August 2022.
  17. Web site: Roberts . Hannah . 10 August 2022 . I'm not a fascist — I like the Tories, says Italy's far-right leader . Politico Europe . 11 August 2022.
  18. Web site: Fratelli d'Italia riaccende la 'fiamma'. Nel nuovo logo i simboli di Msi e An . Brothers of Italy rekindles the 'flame'. In the new logo, the symbols of Msi and An . TGcom24 . it . 16 February 2014 . 11 August 2022.
  19. Web site: Fratelli d'Italia: dova va la destra italiana . Brothers of Italy: where the Italian right goes . I Mille . it . 24 March 2014 . 10 August 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140924044441/http://www.imille.org/2014/03/fratelli-coltelli-ditaliail-nuovo-corso-della-destra-tra-provincialismo-veleni/ . 24 September 2014 . dead.
  20. Payne . Stanley G. . 1 January 2022 . Antifascist after Fascism . First Things . January 2022 . 28 September 2022 . The Italian: Movimento Sociale Italiano, a significant minority party, once seemed the best candidate for neofascism, but moderated and mutated continuously to win votes. By the 1990s it had morphed into the Italian: Alleanza Nazionale, a relatively standard and anodyne center-right parliamentary group..
  21. News: Carlo . Andrea . 20 June 2022 . Could Giorgia Meloni become Italy's next prime minister? . . 21 July 2022.
  22. News: Ciucci . Chiara . 13 August 2022 . Dall'Msi a Fratelli d'Italia, passando per An e la svolta di Fiuggi: storia della fiamma tricolore nata con Almirante e arrivata fino a Meloni . From MSI to Brothers of Italy, passing through An and the turning point of Fiuggi: the story of the tricolor flame born with Almirante and reaching Meloni . . it . 14 August 2022.
  23. News: Fraschilla . Antonio . 26 August 2022 . La caccia al centro di Giorgia Meloni per nascondere la "matrice": la rete degli ex Dc in Fratelli d'Italia . it . L'Espresso . 1 February 2023.
  24. News: Rotondi . Gianfranco . 10 August 2022 . Democristiani per Meloni. Rotondi spiega perché vota per Fratelli d'Italia . it . HuffPost . 1 February 2023.
  25. FdI is represented in the Meloni government by Prime Minister Meloni and nine ministers, five of whom were never MSI members: Carlo Nordio (a former prosecutor and a former Liberal), Guido Crosetto (a former Christian Democrat), Daniela Santanchè (who entered politics with AN), Raffaele Fitto (a former Christian Democrat) and Eugenia Roccella (a former Radical, more recently affiliated with Catholic movements).
  26. News: Gagliardi . Andrea . 21 October 2022 . Nasce il governo Meloni: ecco chi sono tutti i ministri . 26 October 2022 . Il Sole 24 Ore. it.
  27. News: 20 September 2022 . Italy's frontrunner party suspends candidate over Hitler praise . . 24 December 2022.
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  41. News: Pdl, il giorno dei montiani. 'No a scissioni' . PDL, the day of the Montians. 'No to splits' . . it . 16 December 2012 . 17 May 2013.
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  54. Web site: Ecco programma e fini (anti euro) del Partito della Nazione di Giorgia Meloni . Here is the program and aims (anti-euro) of Giorgia Meloni's Party of the Nation . 9 March 2014 . Formiche.net . it . 19 May 2015.
  55. Web site: A Fiuggi La Casa Comune Della Destra Per Fare Il Partito Della Nazione . https://archive.today/20140310141317/http://www.primalitalia.net/a-fiuggi-la-casa-comune-della-destra-per-fare-il-partito-della-nazione/ . dead . 10 March 2014 . In Fiuggi The Common House Of The Right To Make The Party Of The Nation . Prima L'Italia . it . 13 February 2014 . 19 May 2015.
  56. Web site: FdI utilizzerà logo An ad europee – Top News . FdI will use An ad European logo - Top News . . it . 18 November 2013 . 19 May 2015.
  57. Web site: Storace, Menia e Poli Bortone, il trio che si coalizza per contendere la destra al duo Meloni-La Russa . Storace, Menia and Poli Bortone, the trio that unites to compete for the right to the duo Meloni-La Russa . Formiche.net . it . 17 October 2013 . 19 May 2015.
  58. Web site: Ecco le macerie della destra italiana: liti, mozioni e veleni . Here is the rubble of the Italian right: quarrels, motions and poisons . Formiche.net . it . 16 December 2013 . 19 May 2015.
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  64. News: 25 October 2015 . Meloni: Alemanno ha governato male E lui: abbiamo governato insieme . Meloni: Alemanno ruled badly And he: we ruled together . it . . 5 November 2021.
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  69. News: Walter Rizzetto cambia ancora e sceglie Fdi/An . Walter Rizzetto changes again and chooses Fdi / An . . it . 23 March 2016 . 14 May 2016.
  70. News: Meloni: 'Oggi Fratelli D'Italia si arricchisce con l'ingresso di Walter Rizzetto, ex M5s' . Meloni: 'Today Fratelli D'Italia is enriched with the entry of Walter Rizzetto, former M5s' . . it . 22 March 2016 . 14 May 2016.
  71. Web site: XVII Legislatura – XVII Legislatura – Deputati e Organi Parlamentari – Composizione gruppi Parlamentari . XVII Legislature - XVII Legislature - Deputies and Parliamentary Bodies - Composition of Parliamentary groups . Chamber of Deputies . it . 11 August 2022.
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  75. News: Chi è Nello Musumeci, il nuovo governatore della Sicilia . . it . 6 November 2017 . 11 August 2022.
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  78. News: Nel dibattito del secondo giorno di Congresso riaffermate le tesi dei patrioti . 3 December 2017 . . it . 11 August 2022.
  79. Web site: La Santanché cambia ancora casacca: 'Sono tornata a casa, nella famiglia di Fratelli d'Italia' . 3 December 2017 . . it . 11 August 2022.
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  81. Web site: Il senatore Amidei passa con Fdi. Video . Affaritaliani.it . it . 8 November 2017 . 11 August 2022.
  82. News: Tempestini . Andrea . Fratelli d'Italia, anche Guido Crosetto torna con Giorgia Meloni . Libero Quotidiano . it . 10 December 2017 . 11 August 2022.
  83. Web site: Fratelli d'Italia: nuovo simbolo e rinforzamento del Partito in Trentino . it . 4 December 2017 . 11 August 2022.
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  96. Web site: Fratelli d'Italia europee 2019: il programma e tutti i candidati in lista . 23 May 2019 . Money.it . it . 13 June 2019.
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  99. News: 29 January 2022 . Quirinale, Giorgia Meloni va per conto suo: 'Fratelli d'Italia vota Carlo Nordio' . 11 August 2022 . Libero Quotidiano . it.
  100. News: 29 January 2022 . Quirinale, a Carlo Nordio 37 voti in più del previsto: un feroce pizzino a Matteo Salvini? . 11 August 2022 . Libero Quotidiano . it.
  101. News: 29 January 2022 . Quirinale: a Mattarella 387 voti, 64 a Nordio – Ultima Ora . 11 August 2022 . . it.
  102. News: Fratelli d'Italia, la Conferenza programmatica. Meloni: l'Occidente ha rinunciato alla propria anima . . it . 29 April 2022 . 11 August 2022.
  103. News: Giorgia Meloni: 'Questo è il nostro tempo, ci faremo trovare pronti per il governo' . . it . 29 April 2022 . 11 August 2022.
  104. News: Winfield . Nicole . 21 July 2022 . Italy's Draghi Resigns After Government Implodes . . 1 September 2022.
  105. News: 4 August 2022 . Politics has not stalled Italy network deal talks-TIM CEO . . 1 September 2022.
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  107. Web site: Roberts . Hannah . 22 July 2022 . Berlusconi's big lunch: How Italy's right ousted Mario Draghi . . 14 August 2022 . 5 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220805030712/https://www.politico.eu/article/berlusconi-big-lunch-mario-draghi-resign-oust-forza-italia-matteo-salvini-election-italy-conte-chaos/ . live.
  108. Web site: Roberts . Hannah . 29 July 2022 . Russian links to Italian right threaten Meloni's election campaign . . 14 August 2022 . 11 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220811161622/https://www.politico.eu/article/russia-link-italy-giorgia-meloni-election-campaign/ . live.
  109. Web site: Roberts . Hannah . 10 August 2022 . I'm not a fascist — I like the Tories, says Italy's far-right leader . . 14 August 2022 . 14 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220814012314/https://www.politico.eu/article/giorgia-meloni-im-not-a-fascist-i-like-the-tories-says-italys-far-right-leader/ . live.
  110. News: Broder . David . 22 July 2022 . The Future Is Italy, and It's Bleak . . https://web.archive.org/web/20220814193338/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/22/opinion/italy-draghi-meloni-government.html . 14 August 2022 . 15 August 2022 . Yet just two months after Ms. Meloni published her best-selling memoir, her party topped national opinion polls for the first time. Since then, it has continued to boast over 20 percent support and has provided the only major opposition to Mario Draghi's technocratic coalition. On Wednesday, in a sudden turn of events, the government collapsed. Early elections, due in the fall, could open the way for the Brothers of Italy to become the first far-right party to lead a major eurozone economy..
  111. Web site: 24 July 2022 . Brothers of Italy, the far-right party on the cusp of power . 25 July 2022 . . . ... the post-fascist Brothers of Italy, looks set to do well in Italian elections on September 25. . 24 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220724153553/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220724-brothers-of-italy-the-far-right-party-on-the-cusp-of-power . live.
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  114. News: Liliana Segre e Pd chiedono a Meloni di togliere la fiamma tricolore dal simbolo di Fdi: 'Partiamo dai fatti, non dalle parole' . . it . 12 August 2022 . 14 August 2022 . 14 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220814113057/https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2022/08/12/liliana-segre-e-pd-chiedono-a-meloni-di-togliere-la-fiamma-tricolore-dal-simbolo-di-fdi-partiamo-dai-fatti-non-dalle-parole/6760622/ . live.
  115. News: Il segnale di Meloni alla stampa estera: 'Nessuna svolta autoritaria, la destra italiana ha consegnato il fascismo alla storia da decenni' . . it . 10 August 2022 . 14 August 2022 . 14 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220814102834/https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2022/08/10/il-segnale-di-meloni-alla-stampa-estera-nessuna-svolta-autoritaria-la-destra-italiana-ha-consegnato-il-fascismo-alla-storia-da-decenni/6759120/ . live.
  116. News: Giuffrida . Angela . 11 August 2022 . Scepticism over Giorgia Meloni's claim 'fascism is history' in Italian far right . . 15 August 2022 . 14 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220814090622/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/11/scepticism-over-giorgia-melonis-claims-fascism-is-history-in-italian-far-right . live.
  117. Web site: Fdi presenta le liste. Fra i nomi Pera, Nordio e Tremonti . Fdi presents the lists. Among the names Pera, Nordio and Tremonti . it . TFnews . 22 August 2022 . 20 October 2022.
  118. News: Massimo . Malpica . Dall'ex ministro Tremonti a Marcello Pera. Gli ex forzisti che tingono di azzurro la Meloni . it . From former minister Tremonti to Marcello Pera. The former force troops who dye the Meloni blue . Il Giornale . 19 August 2022 . 20 October 2022.
  119. Web site: Giulio Tremonti si candida con FdI: 'Per la sinistra un po' di opposizione vera non sarebbe male' . Giulio Tremonti is a candidate with FdI: 'For the left a bit of real opposition would not be bad' . it . RAI . 21 August 2022 . 28 August 2022.
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  121. Web site: Domenico . Basso . La Giustizia di Carlo Nordio: 'Vorrei assoluzioni non appellabili e carriere separate' . La Giustizia by Carlo Nordio: 'I would like non-appealable acquittals and separate careers' . it . Corrieredelveneto.corriere.it . 23 August 2022 . 20 October 2022.
  122. News: De Cicco . Lorenzo . 21 August 2022 . La volata finale delle liste Pd, Ceccanti corre a Pisa Nipoti eccellenti per FdI . 22 October 2022 . La Repubblica . it.
  123. Web site: Carrer . Gabriele . 22 August 2022 . Oltre FdI, senza tradirla. Ecco chi c'è nelle liste della Meloni (che fa centro) . 22 October 2022 . Formiche.net . it-IT.
  124. News: 20 September 2022 . Italy elections: Far-right party sacks candidate for Hitler praise . . 20 September 2022 . 25 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220925105130/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-62971802 . live.
  125. News: Fdi, l'audio del candidato sospeso per i post pro-Hitler: 'Abbiamo dovuto prendere le distanze ma tranquilli, sospensione vale solo per 2–3 giorni'. Poi si dimette dal partito . Fdi, the audio of the suspended candidate for pro-Hitler posts: 'We had to distance ourselves but don't worry, suspension is only valid for 2–3 days'. Then he resigns from the party . . it . 20 September 2022 . 25 September 2022.
  126. News: Candido . Alessia . 26 September 2022 . Eletto il candidato che inneggiava a Hitler: Calogero Pisano la spunta ad Agrigento . The candidate who praised Hitler has been elected: Calogero Pisano wins in Agrigento . . it . 26 September 2022.
  127. News: Giannoni . Alberto . 28 September 2022 . Così Ester, nipote di un deportato a Auschwitz ha strappato il collegio alla dem Cirinnà . it . Il Giornale . 22 October 2022.
  128. Web site: Somekh . Simone . 30 September 2022 . Italian Jews worry and wait as Giorgia Meloni, far-right leader, prepares to take power . 22 October 2022 . Jewish Telegraphic Agency.
  129. Web site: 3 October 2022 . Italian elections made news on the Jewish media . 22 October 2022 . Pagine Ebraiche International.
  130. News: 26 September 2022 . Proiezioni: FdI primo partito. Calano M5s, Lega e Forza Italia. Pd al 19%, Terzo polo al 7% . Projections: FdI first party. Calano M5s, Lega and Forza Italia. Pd at 19%, Third pole at 7% . it . . 26 September 2022.
  131. News: Amante . Angelo . Balmer . Crispian . 25 September 2022 . Italy's right wing, led by Meloni, wins election, exit polls say . Reuters. 24 December 2022.
  132. News: 25 September 2022 . Speciale Elezioni 2022 di RaiNews . RaiNews Election Special 2022 . it . . 25 September 2022.
  133. News: 25 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220925232312/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63029909 . Italy's far right set to win election – exit polls . 25 September 2022 . . 25 September 2022.
  134. News: Italy elections: Giorgia Meloni's right-wing alliance ahead . 20 October 2022 . BBC News.
  135. News: Balmer . Crispian . 20 September 2022 . Italy's conservative alliance in lockstep, ready to govern, says Meloni . . 20 October 2022.
  136. Web site: 25 September 2022 . Italy voters shift sharply, reward Meloni's far-right party . 20 October 2022 . AP News.
  137. News: 27 September 2022 . Italy's far-right Meloni begins tricky government talks . 20 October 2022 . . Agence France-Press.
  138. News: 13 October 2022 . La Russa elected Senate Speaker . 26 October 2022 . ANSA.
  139. News: 13 October 2022. Far-right veteran elected Italian Senate speaker. 20 October 2022. France 24. Agence France-Press.
  140. News: 13 October 2022. Who is the far-right veteran elected Italian Senate speaker?. 20 October 2022. The Local Italy.
  141. News: Giuffrida. Angela. 13 October 2022. Brothers of Italy politician who collects fascist relics elected senate speaker. 20 October 2022. The Guardian.
  142. News: Il governo Meloni giurerà domani mattina al Quirinale. The Meloni government will be sworn in tomorrow morning at the Quirinale . RAI . it . 21 October 2022 . 21 October 2022.
  143. News: Nuovo governo, le news. Meloni accetta l'incarico, domani alle 10 il giuramento . New government, the news. Meloni accepts the assignment, tomorrow at 10 the oath. Sky TG24 . it . 21 October 2022 . 21 October 2022.
  144. News: Il governo Meloni giura oggi al Quirinale. live. The Meloni government swears today at the Quirinale. RAI. it. 21 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221021134007/https://www.rainews.it/maratona/2022/10/consultazioni-con-il-presidente-della-repubblica-per-il-nuovo-governo-92e01557-486a-43f5-b45d-57207f7f329d.html. 21 October 2022. 22 October 2022. . Updated as of 22 October 2022..
  145. News: Nuovo governo, le news. Alle 10 il giuramento di Giorgia Meloni e dei ministri. live. New government, the news. At 10 the oath of Giorgia Meloni and the ministers. Sky TG24. it. 21 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221021134336/https://tg24.sky.it/politica/2022/10/21/governo-meloni-ultime-news. 21 October 2022. 21 October 2022. . Updated as of 22 October 2022..
  146. News: Amante . Angelo . Weir . Keith . 21 October 2022 . Meloni takes charge as PM as Italy swings to the right . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221021102408/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/italys-meloni-meets-president-set-become-prime-minister-2022-10-21/ . 21 October 2022 . 21 October 2022.
  147. News: Kirby. Paul. 21 October 2022 . Italy Meloni: Far-right leader agrees to form government . BBC News . 21 October 2022.
  148. News: Horowitz . Jason . 21 October 2022 . Giorgia Meloni Gets Go-Ahead for New Italian Government . . 21 October 2022 . 0362-4331.
  149. Web site: 21 October 2022 . Italy Meloni: Far-right leader agrees to form government . The Local . 21 October 2022.
  150. News: . 21 October 2022 . Presidential palace says Giorgia Meloni forms government, giving Italy first far-right-led coalition since World War II . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221022000948/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/presidential-palace-giorgia-meloni-forms-government-giving-italy-91866408 . 22 October 2022 . 21 October 2022 . ABC News.
  151. News: 21 October 2022 . Far-right Meloni set to become Italy's first woman PM . live. https://web.archive.org/web/20221021100236/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221021-far-right-meloni-set-to-become-italy-s-first-woman-pm . 21 October 2022 . 21 October 2022 . . Agence France-Presse.
  152. Web site: Cipolla. Alessandro. Imparato. Rosaria. 25 October 2022. Meloni alla Camera, diretta video voto di fiducia al governo: cosa ha detto nella replica la presidente del Consiglio. Meloni in the Chamber, live video vote of confidence in the government: what the prime minister said in response. Money. it. https://web.archive.org/web/20221026003822/https://www.money.it/meloni-camera-diretta-video-voto-fiducia-governo. 26 October 2022. 26 October 2022.
  153. News: 26 October 2022. Il Senato vota la fiducia al governo Meloni: 115 sì, 79 no e 5 astenuti. live. The Senate votes for confidence in the Meloni government: 115 yes, 79 no, and 5 abstentions. 26 October 2022. Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata. it. https://web.archive.org/web/20221026200317/https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/politica/2022/10/26/il-senato-vota-la-fiducia-al-governo-meloni-115-si-79-no-e-5-astenuti_1f316e11-70d5-491d-801f-7e5cea2d1b71.html. 26 October 2022.
  154. Web site: Governo Meloni, le ultime notizie. Fiducia in Senato per l'esecutivo: 115 sì e 79 no. Meloni government, the latest news. Confidence in the Senate for the executive: 115 yes and 79 no. live. 26 October 2022. Sky TG24. it. https://web.archive.org/web/20221026200523/https://tg24.sky.it/politica/2022/10/26/governo-meloni-fiducia-ultime-notizie. 26 October 2022.
  155. Web site: Elon Musk ad Atreju. Meloni: Dialogo su intelligenza artificiale . 16 December 2023 .
  156. Web site: Atreju, Meloni arriva alla kermesse FdI per l'intervento di Edi Rama. Elon Musk con il figlio in braccio. Rishi Sunak sui migranti cita la Thatcher: "Applicare suo radicalismo" . 16 December 2023 .
  157. Web site: Atreju 2023, standing ovation per Meloni. Rama: «Accordo sui migranti non viola Costituzione». Musk: «Fate più figli». Schlein: «No coi nostalgici del fascismo» . 16 December 2023 .
  158. News: Meloni capolista in tutte le circoscrizioni. «Questa Italia che cambia oggi può cambiare l'Europa» . Il Sole 24 Ore . it . 28 April 2024 .
  159. News: Mentre il Pd apre (fin troppo) il partito, FdI alle europee punta tutto sulla vecchia guardia: zero sorprese. Il Foglio . it . 30 April 2024 .
  160. News: Sgarbi escluso dal governo ma ora in lista per FdI alle Europee: "Sarò l'anti-Vannacci". Meloni tenta Crosetto. Lui: "Non posso" . La Repubblica . it . 30 April 2024 .
  161. Web site: Europee, da Sgarbi a Bandecchi: Tutti quelli che hanno fatto flop .
  162. Web site: Europee 2024, chi sono i candidati più votati? La top 10 delle preferenze .
  163. Web site: Procaccini: "120mila preferenze, grazie a Meloni e militanti" - Altre news - Ansa.it .
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  175. Segatti . Paolo . Poletti . Monica . Vezzoni . Cristiano . 3 July 2015 . Renzi's Honeymoon Effect: The 2014 European Election in Italy . South European Society and Politics . 20 . 3 . 311–331 . 10.1080/13608746.2015.1075709 . 154823691 . 1360-8746.
  176. Book: Joanna Sondel-Cedarmas. Girogia Meloni’s New Europe: Europe of sovereign nations in the Brothes of Italy party manifestos. Joanna Sondel-Cedarmas. Francesco Berti. The Right-Wing Critique of Europe: Nationalist, Sovereignist and Right-Wing Populist Attitudes to the EU. Routledge. 2022. 9781000520460. https://books.google.com/books?id=0mxbEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT67. 67.
  177. News: Berlusconi im Wahlkampf . live . Berlusconi in the election campaign . . de . 1 February 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190403010702/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/heute/silvio-berlusconi-dominiert-italienischen-wahlkampf-102.html . 3 April 2019 . 15 August 2022.
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  180. Performing (during) the Coronavirus Crisis: The Italian Populist Radical Right between National Opposition and Subnational Government . 2022 . . 1–17 . . Pirro . Andrea L.P. . 251291312 . 10.1017/gov.2022.28 . free. 11585/925615 . free .
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  184. News: 30 April 2020 . 'Pensate come state messi se vi devo dare io lezioni di democrazia' . Think how you are doing if I have to give you lessons in democracy . 5 November 2021 . . it.
  185. News: What's Fueling the Shocking Rise of Italy's Far Right? . 29 July 2021 . . 11 August 2022.
  186. News: Leo . Carmelo . Faieta . Alfredo . 1 October 2021 . L'inchiesta 'Lobby Nera' su Fratelli d'Italia e i presunti finanziamenti illeciti . The 'Lobby Nera' investigation into Fratelli d'Italia and the alleged illegal financing . 11 August 2022 . . it.
  187. Web site: 10 December 2021 . An undercover investigation exposes a group of right-wing extremists influencing Italian politics from the shadows . 11 August 2022 . Fanpage.
  188. News: 24 April 2019 . Così Fratelli d'Italia va a caccia di voti su Facebook sfruttando il fascismo . So Brothers of Italy goes hunting for votes on Facebook by exploiting fascism . 5 November 2021 . . it.
  189. Web site: 23 November 2019 . Il dirigente di Fratelli d'Italia: 'Dobbiamo essere liberi di poterci definire fascisti' . The manager of Brothers of Italy: 'We must be free to be able to define ourselves as fascists' . 5 November 2021 . Globalist . it.
  190. News: 14 July 2020 . Elezioni, quanti nostalgici del Duce nelle liste di Fratelli d'Italia . Elections, how many nostalgic for the Duce on the Brothers of Italy lists. 5 November 2021 . . it.
  191. News: 1 October 2021 . L'inchiesta di Fanpage su Fratelli d'Italia a Milano . The Fanpage investigation on the Brothers of Italy in Milan . 11 August 2022 . . it.
  192. Web site: Bruno . Valerio Alfonso . Downes . James F. . Scopelliti . Alessio . 12 November 2021 . Post-Fascism in Italy: 'So Why This Flame Mrs. Giorgia Meloni' . Cultorico . 28 September 2022.
  193. News: 21 September 2022 . Romano La Russa: 'Il braccio teso? Rituale militare'. Poi le scuse a chi 'si è sentito incomprensibilmente offeso' . Romano La Russa: 'The outstretched arm? Military ritual '. Then an apology to those who 'felt incomprehensibly offended' . 28 September 2022 . . it.
  194. News: 9 September 2021 . Matera, spunta un busto del duce nella sede di Fratelli d'Italia . Matera, a bust of the Duce appears in the headquarters of the Brothers of Italy . 28 September 2022 . . it.
  195. Web site: 12 October 2021. L'ostentata nostalgia per il Duce, e non solo, del candidato Fdi al ballottaggio in un municipio di Roma – Il video. 28 September 2022. Open. it.
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  209. News: Brexit, si teme effetto domino. Ecco gli euroscettici d'Europa . it . Brexit, domino effect is feared. Here are the Eurosceptics of Europe . . 24 June 2016 . 11 August 2022.
  210. News: 26 July 2022 . Le giravolte di Meloni sull'euro e il sogno impossibile di un'altra Ue . Meloni's twists and turns on the euro and the impossible dream of another EU . 11 August 2022 . . it.
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  215. Web site: Castaldi. Roberto. 8 September 2022. Il programma di Fratelli d'Italia: nazionalista, atlantista, contro una maggiore integrazione europea. Euractiv. it. 6 October 2022.
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  217. News: Lauria. Emanuele. 23 February 2022. Centrodestra, Meloni sfida Salvini e vola negli Usa alla conferenza del Partito Repubblicano. La Repubblica. it. 6 October 2022.
  218. Web site: 22 October 2012. Crosetto, il gigante liberale che non ha peli sulla lingua. 5 November 2021. Il Giornale. it.
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  221. News: Lopapa. Carmelo. 10 December 2014. Meloni: 'Alemanno ha sbagliato, non da solo. Candidarmi io? Se me lo chiedono'. La Repubblica. it. 11 August 2022.
  222. News: Poli Bortone sospesa da Fratelli d'Italia, è candidata di Forza Italia. L'ex ministro: 'Mi fanno ridere'. La Repubblica. it. 16 May 2015. 11 August 2022.
  223. Web site: Il Movimento di Alemanno aderisce a Fratelli d'Italia. Brindisi Oggi. it. 10 December 2019. 11 August 2022.
  224. Web site: Saluti romani, inni al Duce e "Sieg Heil": dentro Gioventù nazionale, il movimento giovanile di Fratelli d'Italia. Roman greetings, hymns to the Duce and 'Sieg Heil': inside Gioventù nazionale, the youth movement of Fratelli d'Italia.

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