Frans de Waal explained

Frans de Waal
Birth Name:	Franciscus Bernardus Maria de Waal
Birth Date:	29 October 1948
Birth Place:	's-Hertogenbosch, North Brabant, Netherlands
Death Place:	Stone Mountain, Georgia, U.S.
Workplaces:	Emory University
Fields:	Primatology, ethology
Doctoral Advisor:	Jan van Hooff

Franciscus Bernardus Maria de Waal (29 October 1948 – 14 March 2024) was a Dutch-American primatologist and ethologist. He was the Charles Howard Candler Professor of Primate Behavior in the Department of Psychology at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, director of the Living Links Center at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory,^[1] and author of numerous books including Chimpanzee Politics (1982) and Our Inner Ape (2005). His research centered on primate social behavior, including conflict resolution, cooperation, inequity aversion, and food-sharing. He was a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Early life and education

De Waal was born in 's-Hertogenbosch on 29 October 1948,^[2] to Jo and Cis de Waal. He grew up with five brothers in Waalwijk.^[3]

He studied at Radboud University Nijmegen, University of Groningen, and Utrecht University in the Netherlands. In 1977, De Waal received his doctorate in biology from Utrecht University after training as a zoologist and ethologist with professor Jan van Hooff, a well-known expert of emotional facial expression in primates. His dissertation, titled "Agonistic interactions and relations among Java-monkeys", concerned aggressive behavior and alliance formation in macaques.^{[2] [4]} Fellow Dutch ethologist Niko Tinbergen was an inspiration to de Waal.^[5]

Career

In 1975, De Waal began a six-year project on the world's largest captive colony of chimpanzees at the Arnhem Zoo. The study resulted in many scientific papers, and resulted in the publication of his first book, Chimpanzee Politics, in 1982. This book offered the first description of primate behavior explicitly in terms of planned social strategies. De Waal was the first to introduce the thinking of Machiavelli to primatology, leading to the label "Machiavellian intelligence" that later became associated with it.^[6] In the mid 1990’s the book was put on a reading list for Republican House freshmen. In his writings, De Waal never shied away from attributing emotions and intentions to his primates, and as such his work inspired the field of primate cognition.

De Waal's early work drew attention to deception and conflict resolution among primates, both of which became major areas of research. At first, his research was highly controversial and the label "reconciliation", which De Waal introduced for reunions after fights, was initially questioned, but came to be fully accepted with respect to animal behavior. De Waal's later work emphasized non-human animal empathy and the origins of morality. His most widely cited paper, written with his former student Stephanie Preston, concerns the evolutionary origin and neuroscience of empathy, not just in primates, but in mammals in general.^[7]

In the 1990s, there was resistance from editors against De Waal's desire to publish his work on bonobos, which included potentially controversial work about bonobo sex. However, he published an article in Scientific American in 1995 and the book Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape in 1997.^[8] De Waal made bonobos popular and gave them a "make love – not war" reputation.^[9]

De Waal's larger goal was understanding what binds primate societies together rather than how competition structures them. However, competition is not ignored in his work: the original focus of de Waal's research was aggressive behavior and social dominance. Whereas his research focused on the behavior of nonhuman primates (mostly chimpanzees, bonobos, macaques, and capuchin monkeys), his popular books gave de Waal worldwide visibility by relating the insights he has gained from monkey and ape behavior to human society. With his students, he also worked on elephants, which were increasingly featured in his writings.^[10]

De Waal's research into the innate capacity for empathy among primates led him to the conclusion that non-human great apes and humans are simply different types of apes, and that empathic and cooperative tendencies are continuous between these species. His belief is illustrated in the following quote from The Age of Empathy: "We start out postulating sharp boundaries, such as between humans and apes, or between apes and monkeys, but are in fact dealing with sand castles that lose much of their structure when the sea of knowledge washes over them. They turn into hills, leveled ever more, until we are back to where evolutionary theory always leads us: a gently sloping beach."^[11]

This is quite opposite to the view of some economists and anthropologists, who postulate the differences between humans and other animals. However, recent work on prosocial tendencies in apes and monkeys supports de Waal's position. See, for example, the research of Felix Warneken,^[12] a psychologist at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. In 2011, de Waal and his co-workers were the first to report that chimpanzees given a free choice between helping only themselves or helping themselves plus a partner, prefer the latter. In fact, de Waal does not believe these tendencies to be restricted to humans and apes, but views empathy and sympathy as universal mammalian characteristics, a view that over the past decade has gained support from studies on rodents and other mammals, such as dogs. He and his students have extensively worked on such cooperation and fairness in animals. In 2011 de Waal gave a TED Talk entitled "Moral behavior in animals".^[13] Part of the talk dealt with inequity aversion among capuchin monkeys, and a video extract of this went viral. It showed the furious reaction of one monkey given a less desirable treat than another.^[14] The most recent work in this area was the first demonstration that given a chance to play the ultimatum game, chimpanzees respond in the same way as children and human adults by preferring the equitable outcome.^[15]

In 1981, de Waal moved to the United States for a position at the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, and in 1991 took a position at Emory University, in Atlanta, Georgia. He was C.H. Candler Professor in the Psychology Department at Emory University and director of the Living Links Center at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory.^[16] He became an American citizen in 2008.

In 2005 he coined the term Veneer theory.^[17] His 2013 book The Bonobo and the Atheist examines human behavior through the eyes of a primatologist, and explores to what extent God and religion are needed for human morality. The main conclusion is that morality comes from within, and is part of human nature. The role of religion is secondary.^[18]

De Waal also wrote a column for Psychologie Magazine, a popular Dutch monthly.^[19]

From 1 September 2013, de Waal was a distinguished professor (universiteitshoogleraar) at Utrecht University. This was a part-time appointment whilst he remained in his position at Emory University, in Atlanta.^{[2] [20]}

In October 2016, de Waal was the guest on the BBC Radio Four program The Life Scientific.^[21]

In June 2018, de Waal was awarded the NAT Award, established by the Museum of Natural Sciences of Barcelona. It was awarded to de Waal "for his vision regarding the evolution of animal behaviour in establishing a parallel between primate and human behaviour in aspects such as politics, empathy, morality and justice."^[22]

Two of de Waal’s last books, “Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are?” (2016) and “Mama’s Last Hug: Animal Emotions and What They Tell Us About Ourselves” (2019), were best sellers.^[23]

De Waal died of stomach cancer on 14 March 2024 in Stone Mountain, Georgia. He was 75.^[24]

Awards

• 2021 Doctor Honoris Causa, Université Jean-Monnet-Saint-Étienne (France)
• 2020 PEN / EO Wilson Literary Science Writing Award (US)^[25]
• 2018 Doctor Honoris Causa, Yale University (US)^[26]
• 2018 NAT Award for the Dissemination of Natural Science, Barcelona (Spain)^[27]
• 2017 Doctor Honoris Causa, Radboud University (Netherlands)
• 2015 ASP Distinguished Primatologist (American Society of Primatologists)^[28]
• 2015 Eugène Dubois Chair, Maastricht University (Netherlands)^[29]
• 2014 Galileo Prize (Premio Letterario Galileo), Padua (Italy)^[30]
• 2013 Edward O. Wilson Biodiversity Technology Pioneer Award^[31]
• 2013 Foreign Member, Royal Holland Society of Sciences and Humanities^[32]
• 2013 Doctor Honoris Causa, Utrecht University (Netherlands)^[33]
• 2012 Ig Nobel Prize winner, in the Anatomy category^[34]
• 2011 Discover magazine's "47 (all time) Great Minds of Science"^[35]
• 2011 Doctor Honoris Causa, Colgate University (US)^[32]
• 2010 Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion^[36]
• 2009 Medal, Società di Medicina & Scienze Naturali, Parma (Italy)^[32]
• 2009 Ariëns Kappers Medal, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences^[32]
• 2009 Doctor Honoris Causa, University for Humanistics (Netherlands)^[32]
• 2008 Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS)^[37]
• 2007 Time 100 world's most influential people^[38]
• 2005 Member of the American Philosophical Society (APS)^[39]
• 2005 Arthur W. Staats Award, American Psychological Foundation^[40]
• 2004 Member of the (US) National Academy of Sciences (NAS)^[41]
• 1993 Corresponding member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)^[42]
• 1989 Los Angeles Times Book Award for Peacemaking among Primates^[43]

Selected bibliography

Books

• Book: Different: Gender Through the Eyes of a Primatologist. 2022. 978-1-324-00710-4. W. W. Norton. New York.
• Book: Mama's Last Hug: Animal Emotions and What They Tell Us about Ourselves. 2019. 978-0-393-63506-5. W. W. Norton. New York.
• Book: Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are?. 2016. 978-0-393-24618-6. W. W. Norton. New York.
• Book: The Bonobo and the Atheist: In Search of Humanism Among the Primates. 2013. 978-0-393-07377-5. W. W. Norton. New York.
• Book: The Age of Empathy: Nature's Lessons for a Kinder Society. 2009. 9780307407771. Crown Publishing Group. New York.
• Primates and Philosophers: How Morality Evolved, 2006.
• Our Inner Ape. New York: Riverhead Books, 2005. ^[44]
• Animal Social Complexity: Intelligence, Culture, and Individualized Societies, Edited with Peter L. Tyack. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003. .
• My Family Album, Thirty Years of Primate Photography 2003.
• Tree of Origin: What Primate Behavior Can Tell Us about Human Social Evolution, Harvard University Press, 2001. .
• The Ape and the Sushi Master, Cultural reflections by a primatologist. New York: Basic Books, 2001.
• Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex Among Apes (25th Anniversary ed.). Baltimore, MD: JHU Press; 2007. .
• Natural Conflict Resolution. 2000 (with Filippo Aureli)
• Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. (with Frans Lanting)
• Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996.
• Chimpanzee Cultures, Edited with Richard Wrangham, W.C. McGrew, and Paul Heltne. Foreword by Jane Goodall. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994. .
• Peacemaking Among Primates. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989.

Articles

• 2022 de Waal, Frans B.M. and K. Andrews. "The question of animal emotions." Science 375 (6587): 1351–1352. 25 March 2022.
• 2015 Opinion piece about the discovery of Homo naledi in The New York Times
• 2013 Opinion piece about animal intelligence in The Wall Street Journal
• 2010 Opinion piece about God and morality in The New York Times
• 2010 de Waal . Frans B.M. . Ferrari . Pier Francesco . Towards a bottom-up perspective on animal and human cognition . Trends in Cognitive Sciences . May 2010 . 14 . 5 . 201–207 . 10.1016/j.tics.2010.03.003 . 20363178 . 16459127 .
• 2009, de Waal . Frans B. M. . Darwin's last laugh . Nature . July 2009 . 460 . 7252 . 175 . 10.1038/460175a . 19587747 . 2009Natur.460..175D . 207787993 . free .
• 2008 de Waal . Frans B.M. . Putting the Altruism Back into Altruism: The Evolution of Empathy . Annual Review of Psychology . January 2008 . 59 . 1 . 279–300 . 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093625 . 17550343 .
• 2007, "Bonobos, Left & Right" Skeptic, (8 August 2007).
• 2006, Plotnik . Joshua M. . de Waal . Frans B. M. . Reiss . Diana . Self-recognition in an Asian elephant . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 7 November 2006 . 103 . 45 . 17053–17057 . 10.1073/pnas.0608062103 . 17075063 . 1636577 . free .
• 2005, "The empathic ape", New Scientist, 8 October 2005
• 2001, "Do Humans Alone 'Feel Your Pain'?" (Chronicle.com, 26 October 2001)
• 1999, de Waal . Frans B. M. . The End of Nature versus Nurture . Scientific American . December 1999 . 281 . 6 . 94–99 . 10.1038/scientificamerican1299-94 . 10614071 . 26058526 . 1999SciAm.281f..94D .
• 1995, de Waal . Frans B. M. . Bonobo Sex and Society The behavior of a close relative challenges assumptions about male supremacy in human evolution . Scientific American . 272 . 3 . March 1995 . 82–88 . 14326127 . subscription .

See also

• The Genius of Charles Darwin (Richard Dawkins interviews De Waal)
• The Family of Chimps, a Dutch documentary film based on de Waal's book, Chimpanzee Politics and Our Inner Ape

Further reading

• Nuzzo . R. . Profile of Frans B. M. de Waal . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 1 August 2005 . 102 . 32 . 11137–11139 . 10.1073/pnas.0505686102 . 16061791 . 1183609 . 2005PNAS..10211137N . free .

External links

• The surprising science of alpha males TED talk by Frans de Waal.
• Do animals have morals? TED talk by Frans de Waal.
• Interview with Frans de Waal on the BBC Radio 4 programme The Life Scientific.
• .
• Frans de Waal An extended film interview with transcripts for the 'Why Are We Here?' documentary series.

Notes and References

1. Web site: How did we go from ape to airplane? Scientists turn to chimpanzees to solve the mystery of our cultural roots . 20 August 2007 . Andrea Thompson . 9 August 2007 . NBC News . 10 November 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171110225247/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/20198285/ . dead .
2. Web site: Prof.dr. F.B.M. de Waal (1948 –) . https://web.archive.org/web/20201107130332/https://profs.library.uu.nl/index.php/profrec/getprofdata/2680/14/17/0 . nl . Utrecht University . 7 November 2020.
3. News: Traub . Alex . 20 March 2024 . Frans de Waal, Who Found the Origins of Morality in Apes, Dies at 75 . 21 March 2024 . The New York Times.
4. http://www.emory.edu/LIVING_LINKS/dewaal.html Living Links Bio Page
5. Web site: Frans de Waal on Political Apes, Science Communication, and Building a Cooperative Society. Eric Michael. Johnson. Scientific American. 4 October 2016. 27 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211227174316/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/primate-diaries/httpblogsscientificamericancomprimate-diaries20110711frans-de-waal/. live.
6. News: Jackson . Michael . Grace . Damian . Machiavellian intelligence in primates and Machiavelli M. Jackson and D. Grace . The Montréal Review . December 2012 . 21 March 2024 . 6 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221006094339/https://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/Machiavellian-intelligence-in-primates-and-Machiavelli.php . live .
7. Preston . Stephanie D. . de Waal . Frans B. M. . Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases . Behavioral and Brain Sciences . February 2002 . 25 . 1 . 1–20 . 10.1017/S0140525X02000018 . 12625087 . . 10.1.1.120.7176 .
8. Profile of Frans B. M. de Waal . 2005 . 10.1073/pnas.0505686102 . Nuzzo . Regina . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 102 . 32 . 11137–11139 . free . 16061791 . 1183609 . 2005PNAS..10211137N.
9. Endeavour . 40 . 4 . 256–267 . The "Make Love, Not War" Ape: Bonobos and Late Twentieth-Century Explanations for War and Peace . 21 March 2024 . 26 March 2021 . December 2016 . Weinstein . Deborah . 10.1016/j.endeavour.2016.10.005 . 27884401 . ScienceDirect . https://web.archive.org/web/20210326134721/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160932716300916 . live.
10. Jabr . Ferris . The Science Is In: Elephants Are Even Smarter Than We Realized [Video] ]. Scientific American . 26 February 2014 . en . 18 March 2024 . 3 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240203173907/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-science-is-in-elephants-are-even-smarter-than-we-realized-video/ . live .
11. Gibson . Lauren . Darwin and the Human-Nonhuman Divide . Intersect . 2015 . 8 . 3 . 21 March 2024 . 10 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230310165833/https://ojs.stanford.edu/ojs/index.php/intersect/article/download/687/681/3009 . live .
12. News: Chimps beat us to that human touch . . 4 October 2016 . 11 May 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080511205508/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article1977658.ece . live.
13. Web site: Moral behavior in animals . 10 April 2012 . TED . 9 May 2022 . 9 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220509024238/https://www.ted.com/talks/frans_de_waal_moral_behavior_in_animals . live .
14. Web site: Two Monkeys Were Paid Unequally: Excerpt from Frans de Waal's TED Talk "Moral behavior in animals" . 4 April 2013 . TED . YouTube . 9 May 2022 . 4 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220204113002/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=meiU6TxysCg . live .
15. Proctor . Darby . Williamson . Rebecca A. . de Waal . Frans B. M. . Brosnan . Sarah F. . Chimpanzees play the ultimatum game . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 2013 . 110 . 6 . 2070–2075 . 10.1073/pnas.1220806110 . 23319633 . 41992181 . 3568338 . free .
16. Web site: Clark . Carol . Emory primatologist Frans de Waal remembered for bringing apes 'a little closer to humans' . Emory University . en . 16 March 2024 . 21 March 2024 . 20 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240320001147/https://news.emory.edu/features/2024/03/er_frans_de_waal_16-03-2024/index.html . live .
17. Book: de Waal, Frans . Frans de Waal

    . Primates and philosophers: How morality evolved . Frans de Waal . Robert Wright . Christine M. Korsgaard . Philip Kitcher . Peter Singer . Macedo . Stephen . Ober . Josiah . 2009 . Princeton University Press . Princeton . 978-0-691-14129-9 . 6.

18. News: Atheism In search of the ungodly . Economist . 6 April 2013 . 7 April 2013 . 6 April 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130406171516/http://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21575732-two-books-offer-fresh-views-humanism-search-ungodly . live .
19. Web site: Frans de Waal . Psychologie Magazine . 21 July 2013 . 16 August 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130816075029/http://www.psychologiemagazine.nl/web/Columns/Frans-de-Waal.htm . live .
20. Web site: Frans de Waal hoogleraar Utrecht. https://web.archive.org/web/20190212030601/https://nos.nl/artikel/545912-frans-de-waal-hoogleraar-utrecht.html. nl. nos.nl. 30 August 2013. 12 February 2019.
21. News: Frans de Waal, The Life Scientific – BBC Radio 4. bbc.co.uk. 4 October 2016. 4 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161004083014/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07wt6bj. live.
22. Web site: NAT Award . museuciencies.cat . 12 June 2018 . 12 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180612152118/https://museuciencies.cat/en/communication/nat-award/ . live .
23. News: Traub . Alex . March 20, 2024 . Frans de Waal, Who Found the Origins of Morality in Apes, Dies at 75 . The New York Times.
24. News: 'Wereldberoemde Nederlandse primatoloog Frans de Waal overleden' . 16 March 2024 . Het Parool . 16 March 2024 . 16 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240316172040/https://www.parool.nl/nederland/wereldberoemde-nederlandse-primatoloog-frans-de-waal-overleden~bb83c1b3/?referrer=https://en.wikipedia.org/ . live .
25. Web site: Frans de Waal's "Mama's Last Hug" Receives the 2020 PEN/E.O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award . EO Wilson Biodiversity Foundation . 11 March 2020 . 10 November 2020 . 16 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200816132945/https://eowilsonfoundation.org/frans-de-waals-mamas-last-hug-receives-the-2020-pen-e-o-wilson-literary-science-writing-award/ . live .
26. Web site: Yale awards honorary degrees to 10 individuals for their achievements . https://web.archive.org/web/20200819013133/https://news.yale.edu/2018/05/20/yale-awards-honorary-degrees-10-individuals-their-achievements . Yale University . 20 May 2018 . 19 August 2020.
27. Web site: 12 June 2018 . La primera edició del Premi Nat de divulgació de les ciències naturals distingeix el gran primatòleg, Frans de Waal . 17 March 2024 . Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona . 17 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240317080902/https://museuciencies.cat/primera-edicio-premi-nat-divulgacio-ciencies-naturals-distingeix-gran-primatoleg-frans-waal/ . live .
28. Web site: Distinguished Primatologist Award . American Society of Primatologists . 21 March 2024 . 24 July 2023 . 23 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230923041057/https://asp.org/grants-and-awards/distinguished-primatologist-award/ . live .
29. Web site: In Memoriam: Professor Frans de Waal . Eugène Dubois Foundation . 21 March 2024.
30. News: È morto Frans de Waal, l'etologo che ha studiato le emozioni degli scimpanzé . La Repubblica . 17 March 2024 . it . 21 March 2024 . 20 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240320142908/https://www.repubblica.it/cultura/2024/03/17/news/e_morto_frans_de_waal_letologo_che_ha_studiato_le_emozioni_degli_scimpanze-422326225/ . live .
31. Web site: Westry . Tiffany . Frans de Waal named recipient of 2016 Ireland Distinguished Visiting Scholar Award . UAB News . 5 February 2016 . 21 March 2024 . 22 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230322003745/https://www.uab.edu/news/research/item/6947-frans-de-waal-named-recipient-of-2016-ireland-distinguished-visiting-scholar-award . live .
32. Web site: Prof. dr. F.B.M. (Frans) de Waal . Utrecht University . 21 March 2024 . 17 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240217233024/https://www.uu.nl/medewerkers/FBMdeWaal . live .
33. Web site: Eredoctoraat voor bioloog Frans de Waal en econoom Avner Greif . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130709214925/http://pers.uu.nl/eredoctoraat-voor-bioloog-frans-de-waal-en-econoom-avner-greif/ . nl . Utrecht University . 20 February 2013 . 9 July 2013.
34. Web site: The 2012 Ig Nobel Prize Winners . Improbable.com . 21 July 2013 . 26 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130126124951/http://www.improbable.com/ig/ig-pastwinners.html#ig2012 . dead .
35. News: Skojec . Chelsea . Conversation: Frans de Waal . Earth Island Journal . 3 May 2016 . 21 March 2024 . 7 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231207193000/https://earthisland.org/journal/index.php/articles/entry/conversation_frans_de_waal/ . live .
36. Web site: Leeuw voor apenonderzoeker . nl . Trouw . 29 April 2010 . 7 November 2020 . 18 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210418160000/https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/leeuw-voor-apenonderzoeker~b19f0594/ . live .
37. Web site: Frans B.M. de Waal . https://web.archive.org/web/20201107124910/https://www.amacad.org/person/frans-bm-de-waal . American Academy of Arts and Sciences . 7 November 2020.
38. The 2007 Time 100 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201101075832/http://content.time.com/time/specials/2007/completelist/0,29569,1595326,00.html . . 1 November 2020.
39. Web site: Dr. Frans B. M. de Waal . https://web.archive.org/web/20201107124700/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Waal&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced . American Philosophical Society . 7 November 2020.
40. Web site: Arthur W. Staats Lecture for Unifying Psychology . American Psychological Foundation . 21 March 2024 . 14 March 2023 . 22 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230522025840/https://apf.apa.org/funding/staats/ . live .
41. Web site: Frans B.M. de Waal . https://web.archive.org/web/20190324141922/http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/20007501.html . National Academy of Sciences . 24 March 2019.
42. Web site: Frans de Waal . https://web.archive.org/web/20200924091045/https://www.knaw.nl/en/members/correspondents/4962 . Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences . 24 September 2020.
43. News: Kevles . Bettyann . 1989 Book Prize Winner: Science and Technology : Peace: A Biological Imperative for Primates? . Los Angeles Times . 5 November 1989.
44. News: Grandin, T.. Temple Grandin. Review of Our Inner Ape by Frans de Waal. 9 October 2005. 23. The New York Times. 13 April 2018. 14 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180414014045/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/09/books/review/our-inner-ape-hey-hey-were-the-monkeys.html. live.