Frank B. Kellogg Explained

Office:Associate Judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice
Term Start:September 25, 1930[1]
Term End:September 9, 1935[2]
Predecessor:Charles E. Hughes[3]
Successor:Manley O. Hudson[4]
Office1:45th United States Secretary of State
President1:Calvin Coolidge
Herbert Hoover
Term Start1:March 5, 1925
Term End1:March 28, 1929
Predecessor1:Charles Evans Hughes
Successor1:Henry L. Stimson
Office2:39th United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom
President2:Calvin Coolidge
Term Start2:January 14, 1924
Term End2:February 10, 1925
Predecessor2:George Harvey
Successor2:Alanson B. Houghton
Jr/Sr3:United States Senator
State3:Minnesota
Term Start3:March 4, 1917
Term End3:March 3, 1923
Predecessor3:Moses E. Clapp
Successor3:Henrik Shipstead
Office5:County Attorney of Olmsted County
Term Start5:January 1, 1882[5]
Term End5:January 1, 1887[6]
Predecessor5:Halfton A. Eckholdt[7]
Successor5:Burt W. Eaton[8]
Office6:City Attorney of Rochester
Term Start6:1878
Term End6:1881
Predecessor6:Royal H. Gove[9] [10]
Successor6:W. Logan Breckenridge[11]
Birth Name:Frank Billings Kellogg
Birth Date:22 December 1856
Birth Place:Potsdam, New York
Death Place:St. Paul, Minnesota
Party:Republican
Spouse:Clara Cook
Awards:Nobel Peace Prize 1929 Legion of Honour
Signature:Frank B Kellogg signature.svg

Frank Billings Kellogg (December 22, 1856 – December 21, 1937) was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served in the U.S. Senate and as U.S. Secretary of State. He co-authored the Kellogg–Briand Pact, for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1929.[12]

Early life and career

Kellogg was born in Potsdam, New York, on December 22, 1856, the son of Abigail (Billings) and Asa Farnsworth Kellogg.[13] His family moved to Minnesota in 1865.[14]

Kellogg read law and began practicing law in Rochester, Minnesota, in 1877. He served as city attorney of Rochester 1878–1881 and county attorney for Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1882 to 1887. He moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1886.[14]

In 1905, Kellogg joined the federal government when Theodore Roosevelt asked Kellogg to prosecute a federal antitrust case. In 1906, Kellogg was appointed special counsel to the Interstate Commerce Commission for its investigation of E. H. Harriman. In 1908, he was appointed to lead the federal prosecution against Union Pacific Railroad, under the Sherman Antitrust Act.[15] [16] [17] His most important case was Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States, 221 U.S. 1 (1911). Following this successful prosecution, he was elected president of the American Bar Association (1912–1913). He was a member of the World War Foreign Debts Commission.[18]

In 1907, Kellogg was honored as a Compatriot of the Minnesota Society of the Sons of the American Revolution.[19]

United States Senate

In 1916, Kellogg was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate from Minnesota and served from March 4, 1917, to March 3, 1923, in the 65th, 66th, and 67th Congresses. During the ratification battle for the Treaty of Versailles, he was one of the few Republicans who supported ratification. He lost his re-election bid in 1922 and, in 1923, he was a delegate to the Fifth International Conference of American States at Santiago, Chile.[14]

Ambassador to Great Britain

In 1924, he was appointed by President Calvin Coolidge as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Great Britain,[20] serving from January 14, 1924, to February 10, 1925. He succeeded George Brinton McClellan Harvey who served under Warren G. Harding and was succeeded by Alanson B. Houghton so that Kellogg could assume the role of Secretary of State.[14]

Secretary of State

From 1925 to 1929, he served as the United States Secretary of State in the Cabinet of President Coolidge.[21] In 1928, he was awarded the Freedom of the City in Dublin, Ireland and in 1929 the government of France made him a member of the Legion of Honour.[14]

As Secretary of State, he was responsible for improving U.S.–Mexican relations and helping to resolve the long-standing Tacna–Arica controversy between Peru and Chile. His most significant accomplishment, however, was the Kellogg–Briand Pact, signed in 1928. Proposed by its other namesake, French foreign minister Aristide Briand, the treaty intended to provide for "the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy." Kellogg was awarded the 1929 Nobel Peace Prize in recognition.[14] [22] [23] (Briand had already won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926).[24]

He was associate judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice from 1930 to 1935.[25] [26] [27] [28]

He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1931.[29]

Kellogg was self-conscious about his lack of academic credentials; he attended a one-room country school and dropped out at age 14. He never attended high school, college or law school. His only advanced training came from clerking in a private lawyer's office. Kellogg grew up in a poor farm in Minnesota, and lacked a commanding presence or the sophistication to deal with the aristocrats who dominated European diplomacy. As Secretary of State, his main focus was Latin America, where he dealt with brutal but unsophisticated strongmen. His staff provided the ideas, and they appreciated that he was always open, candid, and easy to communicate with. He helped end the battle between the Mexican government and the Catholic Church, but failed to resolve the dispute over ownership of the oil reserves. In the Far East, he followed the advice of Nelson Trusler Johnson, the new chief of the Division of Far Eastern Affairs. They favored China and protected it from threats from Japan. They successfully negotiated tariff reform with China, thereby giving enhanced status to the Kuomintang and helping get rid of the unequal treaties.[30] As for Europe he was primarily interested with expanding the limitations on naval armaments that been established by the Washington Treaty; he made little progress. Kellogg gained international fame, and the Nobel Peace Prize, with the Kellogg–Briand Pact. It was endorsed by nearly every nation and made starting a war a punishable criminal action. It formed the legal basis for the trial and execution of German and Japanese war leaders after 1945.[31]

Personal life

In 1886, Kellogg was married to Clara May Cook (1861–1942), the daughter of George Clinton Cook (1828–1901) and Elizabeth (née Burns) Cook (1838–1908).[32]

In 1880, he became a member of the Masonic Lodge Rochester No. 21, where he received the degrees of freemasonry on April 1, April 19, and May 3.[33]

He died from pneumonia, following a stroke, on the eve of his 81st birthday in St. Paul.[34] He was buried at the Chapel of St. Joseph of Arimathea in Washington National Cathedral, Washington, D.C.[14]

Legacy

In 1937, he endowed the Kellogg Foundation for Education in International Relations at Carleton College, where he was a trustee.[35] His house in St. Paul, the Frank B. Kellogg House was listed as a National Historic Landmark in 1976.[36]

The following were named in his honor:

Papers

Frank B. Kellogg's papers are available for research use at the Minnesota Historical Society. They include correspondence and miscellaneous papers, State Department duplicates, news clippings scrapbooks, awards, floor plans, honorary degrees, maps, memorials and memoranda.[38]

See also

Further reading

Primary sources

External links

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Notes and References

  1. https://books.google.com/books?id=JCIgAAAAMAAJ&dq=Frank+Kellogg+September+25,+1930&pg=RA11-PA1 Treaty Information Bulletin No. 1-117 (October 31, 1929–June 30, 1939, Volumes 1-20)
  2. https://books.google.com/books?id=2E06AQAAIAAJ&dq=Frank+Kellogg+September+9,+1935&pg=PA1208 Digest of International Law, Volume 12 (1971)
  3. https://books.google.com/books?id=p9tEAQAAMAAJ&dq=Charles+Hughes+Judge+Frank+Kellogg&pg=PA1 Permanent Court of International Justice, Volumes 1-4 (United States Congress - House Committee on Foreign Affairs, 1932)
  4. Book: Walker, David Maxwell . 1980 . The Oxford Companion to Law . . 9780198661108.
  5. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112109787819&view=1up&seq=156&skin=2021&q1=Olmsted%20County Executive documents of the State of Minnesota for 1881
  6. https://books.google.com/books?id=1P9BAQAAMAAJ&dq=Burt+W.+Eaton+County+Attorney+January+1,+1887&pg=RA5-PA33 Executive Documents of the State of Minnesota (1887, Volume 1)
  7. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112109787793&view=1up&seq=95&skin=2021&q1=Olmsted%20County Executive documents of the State of Minnesota for 1879-1880, Volume 1
  8. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.35112102483429&view=1up&seq=39&skin=2021&q1=Olmsted%20County Report of the Minnesota Attorney General (1888-1890)
  9. Book: Leonard, Joseph Alexander . 1910 . History of Olmsted County, Minnesota - Together with Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers, Citizens, Families and Institutions . Goodspeed Historical Association .
  10. https://www.rochestermn.gov/government/departments/city-attorney/past-city-attorneys Past City Attorneys of Rochester (1862-Present)
  11. Book: Historical Society, Olmsted County . 1883 . History of Olmsted County, Together with Biographical Matter, Statistics, Etc (Gathered from Matter Furnished by Interviews with Old Settlers, County, Township, and Other Records, and Extracts from Files of Papers, Pamphlets, and Such Other Sources as Have Been Available) . Olmsted County Historical Society (Minnesota) .
  12. Web site: The Nobel Peace Prize 1929. October 6, 2011. Nobelprize.org.
  13. Book: Biographical Directory of the United States Executive Branch, 1774-1989. 9780313265938. Sobel. Robert. 1990. Greenwood Press .
  14. Web site: KELLOGG, Frank Billings - Biographical Information. bioguide.congress.gov. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. May 13, 2017.
  15. News: Taft Declines Comment.; F.B. Kellogg, in Conference with Candidate, Also Silent Now.. May 13, 2017. The New York Times. July 23, 1908.
  16. News: Article 2 -- No Title. May 13, 2017. The New York Times. November 21, 1909.
  17. Web site: Neubeck. Deborah Kahn. Collection Finding Aids, Frank B. Kellogg chronology. mnhs.org. December 14, 2014.
  18. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015022757697&view=1up&seq=263&skin=2021&q1=Frank%20B.%20Kellogg Official congressional directory, 70th congress - 1st session (December 1927)
  19. Book: American Revolution, Sons of the . 1907 . National Year Book . .
  20. News: 2,000 Nominations Made by Coolidge; List Is Headed by Frank B. Kellogg for Ambassador to Britain.. May 13, 2017. The New York Times. December 11, 1923.
  21. News: Sacasa Protests Kellogg's Course; Said to Have Threatened in Message to Rouse Latin America Against US. Will Keep Up the Fight: He Promptly Denies Story That He Is Giving Up in Face of Our Opposition.. May 13, 2017. The New York Times. January 15, 1927.
  22. News: Kellogg to Go to Oslo.; But Nobel Peace Prize Winner Is Uncertain When He Can Pay Visit.. May 13, 2017. The New York Times. November 29, 1930.
  23. News: Kellogg Gets Honorary Degree at Oxford; Outstanding Candidate for Nobel Peace Prize. May 13, 2017. The New York Times. November 27, 1929.
  24. Web site: The Nobel Peace Prize 1926 . Nobel Foundation . 2022-08-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110908160137/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1926/index.html . 2011-09-08 . live .
  25. News: Photo. Manley O. Hudson, Bemis Professor of International Law, Harvard Law School times Wide World. Who's Who of the Judges Elected to World Court; Frank B. Kellogg. May 13, 2017. The New York Times. October 12, 1930.
  26. News: Kellogg. Frank B.. The Road to Peace. May 13, 2017. The New York Times. December 24, 1933.
  27. News: Cabinet Members Explain New Deal; Cummings and Roper Urge at Rollins College Education as Aid to Government. Both Receive Degrees: College at Founders' Day Celebration Honors Frank B. Kellogg for World Peace Efforts.. May 13, 2017. The New York Times. February 27, 1934.
  28. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8hthO-cEvps Installation ceremony of Frank B. Kellogg at Permanent Court of International Justice, The Hague (1930)
  29. Web site: APS Member History . 2023-07-07 . search.amphilsoc.org.
  30. Russell D. Buhite, "Nelson Johnson and American Policy Toward China, 1925-1928". Pacific Historical Review (1966): 451-465 online.
  31. Edward Mihalkanin, ed. (2004). American Statesmen: Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell. pp. 293-98.
  32. News: Mrs. F. B. Kellogg, Diplomat's Widow; Was Hostess for Her Husband Co-Author of Peace Pact and Ex-Secretary of State Dies at St. Paul Home Aided Mrs. Coolidge at White House Fetes: Couple Marked 50th Anniversary in 1936 . May 13, 2017. The New York Times. October 3, 1942.
  33. Web site: 10,000 Famous Freemasons. Denslow. William R.. 1957. Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply Co. . The Phoenixmasonry Masonic Museum and Library. November 10, 2014.
  34. News: Frank B. Kellogg Dies At Age Of 81 [sic]. Winner of Nobel Peace Prize for Pact Outlawing War, Ex-Secretary of State ]. Frank B. Kellogg, former World Court judge and Secretary of State, died at 7:28 P. M., Guy Chase, his law partner, announced tonight. . The New York Times . December 22, 1937 . December 16, 2014 .
  35. News: Carleton College Gets $500,000 Gift; Frank B. Kellogg Establishes Unit for Study of International Relations. May 13, 2017. The New York Times. June 8, 1937.
  36. Web site: Frank B. Kellogg House. January 8, 2008. National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080403090657/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1447&ResourceType=Building. April 3, 2008.
  37. Book: Millett, Larry . Larry Millett . AIA Guide to the Twin Cities: The Essential Source on the Architecture of Minneapolis and St. Paul . 2007 . . 978-0-87351-540-5 . 142 .
  38. http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00982.xml Frank B. Kellogg Papers

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