Francis Crozier Explained

Width Style:person
Francis Crozier
Image Upright:1.1
Birth Date:17 October 1796
Birth Place:Banbridge, County Down, Kingdom of Ireland
Placeofburial Label:Disappeared
Placeofburial:
King William Island, North-Western Territory (now Nunavut, Canada)
Branch Label:Branch
Serviceyears Label:Service years
Serviceyears:1810–1848
Rank:Captain
Unit Label:Ships
Battles Label:Expeditions

Francis Rawdon Moira Crozier (; 17 October 1796 – disappeared 26 April 1848) was an Irish officer of the Royal Navy and polar explorer who participated in six expeditions to the Arctic and Antarctic. In 1843, he became a Fellow of the Royal Society for his scientific work during his expeditions.[1] Later, he was second-in-command to Sir John Franklin and captain of during the Franklin expedition to discover the Northwest Passage, which ended with the loss of all 129 crewmen in mysterious circumstances.

Many places in the Arctic and Antarctic are named after him.[2] He, with James Clark Ross and Richard Moody, was also responsible for selecting the location of the capital of the Falkland Islands, Port Stanley, in 1843.[3]

Early life

Francis Crozier was born in Banbridge, County Down, in Ulster, the northern province in Ireland. He was the eleventh of thirteen children, and the fifth son of solicitor George Crozier, who named him after his friend Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 2nd Earl of Moira. Crozier attended school locally in Banbridge, with his brothers William and Thomas, and lived with his family in Avonmore House which his father had built in 1792, in the centre of Banbridge.

Naval service

At the age of 13, Crozier volunteered for the Royal Navy and joined HMS Hamadryad in June 1810. In 1812, he served on and visited Pitcairn Island in 1814, where he met the last surviving mutineers from . In 1817, he received his certificate as mate; in 1818, he served on during a trip to the Cape of Good Hope.

Crozier joined Captain William Parry's second Arctic expedition to traverse the Northwest Passage in 1821. He served as midshipman on Parry's, which was accompanied by Captain Lyon's . He returned to the North with Parry a second time in 1824, this time on Hecla. The journey resulted in the sinking of Fury off Somerset Island. Crozier was promoted to lieutenant in 1826, and a year later, he once more joined Parry in his attempt to reach the North Pole; ultimately a futile endeavour.

During his voyages, Crozier became a close friend and confidant of the explorer James Clark Ross. He was elected to become a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1827, after conducting valuable astronomical and magnetic studies on his three expeditions with Parry.

He was appointed to the frigate in 1831, and served off the coast of Portugal during the Liberal Wars, the country's civil war. Crozier joined Clark Ross as second-in-command of HMS Cove in 1835, to assist in the search for 12 lost British whaling ships in the Arctic. Crozier was appointed to the rank of commander in 1837.[4] [5]

Ross expedition

In 1839, Crozier again joined James Clark Ross on the Ross expedition, as second-in-command of a four-year voyage to explore the Antarctic continent in the ships and . Crozier commanded Terror, and was appointed to the rank of captain in 1841. Erebus and Terror returned in 1843, having made the most significant penetration of the Antarctic pack ice and discovered large parts of the continent—including the Ross Sea and Ross Island, Mount Erebus and the Ross Ice Shelf.[6] [7]

Crozier was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1843, in recognition of his outstanding work on magnetism.[8]

Franklin expedition

See main article: Franklin's lost expedition.

In 1845, Crozier joined Captain Sir John Franklin as captain of the on the Franklin expedition to traverse the last unnavigated section of the Northwest Passage. Crozier himself was offered the command of the expedition, but, with "characteristic modesty", he deferred to Franklin.[9] After Franklin's death in June 1847, Crozier took over. His fate and those of the other expedition members remained a mystery until 1859, when a note written by Crozier and James Fitzjames, captain of the Erebus, was discovered on King William Island during an expedition led by Francis McClintock. Dated 25 April 1848, the note indicated that the ships—stuck in thick pack ice—had been abandoned. Nine officers, including Sir John Franklin, and 15 crewmen had died. Also stated was their intention, on 26 April, to set out on foot for Back's Great Fish River on the Canadian mainland.[10]

Inuit rumours collected between 1852 and 1858 indicate that Crozier and one other expedition member might have been seen in the Baker Lake area, about to the south, where, in 1948, Farley Mowat found "a very ancient cairn, not of normal Eskimo construction", inside which were fragments of a hardwood box with dovetail joints.[11] McClintock and later searchers found relics, graves and human remains of the Franklin crew on Beechey Island, King William Island and the northern coast of the Canadian mainland.

Ships' location

In 2014, the Victoria Strait Expedition found two items on Hat Island, in the Queen Maud Gulf, near King William Island; part of a boat-launching davit bearing the stamps of two Royal Navy broad arrows, and a wooden object, possibly a plug for a deck hawse, the iron pipe through which the ship's chain cable would descend into the chain locker below.[12] [13] The expedition located one of Franklin's ships, preserved in reasonably good condition.[14] [15] The wreck lies at the bottom of the eastern portion of Queen Maud Gulf, west of O'Reilly Island[16] and has been confirmed to be that of Erebus.[17] In 2016, a well-preserved ship matching Terrors description was located in Terror Bay, off the southern coast of King William Island.[18] The exploration of the wrecks continues.

Legacy

In January 2008, Crozier's home town of Banbridge hosted a memorial event, which included a service of remembrance and thanksgiving at the Church of the Holy Trinity, which was attended by more than a hundred descendants of Crozier and other officers of Franklin's lost expedition and those who searched for it, along with the chairman of Banbridge Council, and several Arctic historians, including Michael Smith and Russell Potter.[19]

A memorial to Sir John Franklin and his men was erected by order of Parliament in 1858, in the Painted Hall of London's Greenwich Hospital. It was moved to Greenwich Royal Naval College's chapel in 1937, and was re-erected in the entrance of the former college in late 2009. At the service of thanksgiving on 29 October 2009, polar travellers and descendants of the expedition's crew celebrated their contributions.[20] [21]

Namesake

Geographical features named after Crozier include:

In popular culture

Francis Crozier appears as a character and the primary narrator of the 2007 best-selling novel, The Terror by Dan Simmons, a fictionalized account of Franklin's lost expedition, as well as the 2018 television adaptation, where Crozier is portrayed by Jared Harris.[22]

Notes and References

  1. Book: Smith . Michael . Icebound In The Arctic: The Mystery of Captain Francis Crozier and the Franklin Expedition . 2021 . The O'Brien Press . 978-1-78849-265-2 . 30 April 2024 .
  2. Book: Smith . Michael . Icebound In The Arctic: The Mystery of Captain Francis Crozier and the Franklin Expedition . 2021 . The O'Brien Press . 978-1-78849-265-2 . 30 April 2024 .
  3. Book: Smith . Michael . Icebound In The Arctic: The Mystery of Captain Francis Crozier and the Franklin Expedition . 2021 . The O'Brien Press . 978-1-78849-265-2 . 30 April 2024 .
  4. Book: Smith, M.. 2006. Captain Francis Crozier – Last Man Standing. Collins Press. 1905172095.
  5. Book: Smith, M.. 2010. Great Endeavour – Ireland's Antarctic Explorers. Collins Press. 9781848890237.
  6. Book: Paine, L. P.. [{{google books|J9W4QO1b_A8C|plainurl=y}} Ships of Discovery and Exploration]. Houghton Mifflin. 2000. 139–140. 0395984157.
  7. Book: Ross, J. R.. A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions, During the Years 1839–43. London. John Murray. 1847. 2.
  8. Web site: List of Fellows of the Royal Society, 1660–2007. The Royal Society. 8 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20160210192559/https://royalsociety.org/~/media/Royal_Society_Content/about-us/fellowship/Fellows1660-2007.pdf . 10 February 2016. dead.
  9. 10.1093/ref:odnb/6840. Crozier, Francis Rawdon Moira.
  10. Book: Savours, A.. The Search for the North West Passage. St. Martin's Press. 1999. New York. 291–293. 0312223722.
  11. Book: Woodman, D. C.. 1992. Unravelling the Franklin Mystery: Inuit Testimony. Montreal. McGill-Queen's University Press. 317. 0773509364. Note: Woodman was unable to track down the origin of these Inuit reports, and the builder and origins of the cairn found by Mowat are unknown.
  12. Web site: pc.gc.ca. Victoria Strait Expedition. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20151004010237/http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/culture/franklin/recherche-search/exp2014.aspx. 4 October 2015.
  13. Web site: Franklin expedition ship pieces believed discovered in Arctic. CBC. 9 September 2014.
  14. Web site: Daily Motion. British ship lost in the arctic 170 years ago found. 9 September 2014.
  15. Web site: Lost Franklin expedition ship found in the Arctic. CBC. 2014-09-09. 2014-09-09.
  16. News: Finding of Franklin ship fuels Harper's new nationalism. S.. Chase. The Globe and Mail. Ottawa. 9 September 2014. 10 September 2014.
  17. Web site: pc.gc.ca. HMS Eribus. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924070014/http://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/cp-nr/release_e.asp?id=2167&andor1=nr. 24 September 2015.
  18. News: Watson. P.. Ship found in Arctic 168 years after doomed Northwest Passage attempt. The Guardian. 12 September 2016 . 12 September 2016.
  19. "Polar First Proves Great Ice-breaker", Banbridge Courier, 23 January 2008.
  20. Web site: Online review of recent Service of Thanksgiving . 31 July 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120306024425/http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/stories/article/6542_taissumanni_nov._20/ . 6 March 2012 . dead .
  21. http://visionsnorth.blogspot.com/2009/11/night-of-polar-stars.html Online blog of Service of Thanksgiving
  22. Web site: Andreeva . N. . AMC Orders 'The Terror' Anthology Drama Series From Scott Free . Deadline . 2 March 2016 . 13 September 2016.