In mathematics, specifically the field of transcendental number theory, the four exponentials conjecture is a conjecture which, given the right conditions on the exponents, would guarantee the transcendence of at least one of four exponentials. The conjecture, along with two related, stronger conjectures, is at the top of a hierarchy of conjectures and theorems concerning the arithmetic nature of a certain number of values of the exponential function.
If x1, x2 and y1, y2 are two pairs of complex numbers, with each pair being linearly independent over the rational numbers, then at least one of the following four numbers is transcendental:
| x1y1 | |
| e |
,
| x1y2 | |
| e |
,
| x2y1 | |
| e |
,
| x2y2 | |
| e |
.
An alternative way of stating the conjecture in terms of logarithms is the following. For 1 ≤ i, j ≤ 2 let λij be complex numbers such that exp(λij) are all algebraic. Suppose λ11 and λ12 are linearly independent over the rational numbers, and λ11 and λ21 are also linearly independent over the rational numbers, then
λ11λ22 ≠ λ12λ21.
An equivalent formulation in terms of linear algebra is the following. Let M be the 2×2 matrix
M=\begin{pmatrix}λ11&λ12\ λ21&λ22\end{pmatrix},
While a 2×2 matrix having linearly independent rows and columns usually means it has rank 2, in this case we require linear independence over a smaller field so the rank isn't forced to be 2. For example, the matrix
\begin{pmatrix}1&\pi\ \pi&\pi2\end{pmatrix}
The conjecture was considered in the early 1940s by Atle Selberg who never formally stated the conjecture.[1] A special case of the conjecture is mentioned in a 1944 paper of Leonidas Alaoglu and Paul Erdős who suggest that it had been considered by Carl Ludwig Siegel.[2] An equivalent statement was first mentioned in print by Theodor Schneider who set it as the first of eight important, open problems in transcendental number theory in 1957.[3]
The related six exponentials theorem was first explicitly mentioned in the 1960s by Serge Lang[4] and Kanakanahalli Ramachandra,[5] and both also explicitly conjecture the above result.[6] Indeed, after proving the six exponentials theorem Lang mentions the difficulty in dropping the number of exponents from six to four - the proof used for six exponentials "just misses" when one tries to apply it to four.
Using Euler's identity this conjecture implies the transcendence of many numbers involving e and π. For example, taking x1 = 1, x2 = , y1 = iπ, and y2 = iπ, the conjecture - if true - implies that one of the following four numbers is transcendental:
ei\pi,ei\pi\sqrt{2
An open problem in number theory settled by the conjecture is the question of whether there exists a non-integer real number t such that both 2t and 3t are integers, or indeed such that at and bt are both integers for some pair of integers a and b that are multiplicatively independent over the integers. Values of t such that 2t is an integer are all of the form t = log2m for some integer m, while for 3t to be an integer, t must be of the form t = log3n for some integer n. By setting x1 = 1, x2 = t, y1 = log(2), and y2 = log(3), the four exponentials conjecture implies that if t is irrational then one of the following four numbers is transcendental:
2,3,2t,3t.
The four exponentials conjecture reduces the pair and triplet of complex numbers in the hypotheses of the six exponentials theorem to two pairs. It is conjectured that this is also possible with the sharp six exponentials theorem, and this is the sharp four exponentials conjecture.[8] Specifically, this conjecture claims that if x1, x2, and y1, y2 are two pairs of complex numbers with each pair being linearly independent over the rational numbers, and if βij are four algebraic numbers for 1 ≤ i, j ≤ 2 such that the following four numbers are algebraic:
| x1y1-\beta11 | |
| e |
,
| x1y2-\beta12 | |
| e |
,
| x2y1-\beta21 | |
| e |
,
| x2y2-\beta22 | |
| e |
,
This conjecture implies both the sharp six exponentials theorem, which requires a third x value, and the as yet unproven sharp five exponentials conjecture that requires a further exponential to be algebraic in its hypotheses.
The strongest result that has been conjectured in this circle of problems is the strong four exponentials conjecture.[9] This result would imply both aforementioned conjectures concerning four exponentials as well as all the five and six exponentials conjectures and theorems, as illustrated to the right, and all the three exponentials conjectures detailed below. The statement of this conjecture deals with the vector space over the algebraic numbers generated by 1 and all logarithms of non-zero algebraic numbers, denoted here as L∗. So L∗ is the set of all complex numbers of the form
\beta0+\sum
| n | |
| i=1 |
\betailog\alphai,
The four exponentials conjecture rules out a special case of non-trivial, homogeneous, quadratic relations between logarithms of algebraic numbers. But a conjectural extension of Baker's theorem implies that there should be no non-trivial algebraic relations between logarithms of algebraic numbers at all, homogeneous or not. One case of non-homogeneous quadratic relations is covered by the still open three exponentials conjecture.[10] In its logarithmic form it is the following conjecture. Let λ1, λ2, and λ3 be any three logarithms of algebraic numbers and γ be a non-zero algebraic number, and suppose that λ1λ2 = γλ3. Then λ1λ2 = γλ3 = 0.
The exponential form of this conjecture is the following. Let x1, x2, and y be non-zero complex numbers and let γ be a non-zero algebraic number. Then at least one of the following three numbers is transcendental:
| x1y | |
| e |
,
| x2y | |
| e |
,
| \gammax1/x2 | |
| e |
.
There is also a sharp three exponentials conjecture which claims that if x1, x2, and y are non-zero complex numbers and α, β1, β2, and γ are algebraic numbers such that the following three numbers are algebraic
| x1y-\beta1 | |
| e |
,
| x2y-\beta2 | |
| e |
,
| (\gammax1/x2)-\alpha | |
| e |
,
The strong three exponentials conjecture meanwhile states that if x1, x2, and y are non-zero complex numbers with x1y, x2y, and x1/x2 all transcendental, then at least one of the three numbers x1y, x2y, x1/x2 is not in L∗.
As with the other results in this family, the strong three exponentials conjecture implies the sharp three exponentials conjecture which implies the three exponentials conjecture. However, the strong and sharp three exponentials conjectures are implied by their four exponentials counterparts, bucking the usual trend. And the three exponentials conjecture is neither implied by nor implies the four exponentials conjecture.
The three exponentials conjecture, like the sharp five exponentials conjecture, would imply the transcendence of eπ2 by letting (in the logarithmic version) λ1 = iπ, λ2 = −iπ, and γ = 1.
Many of the theorems and results in transcendental number theory concerning the exponential function have analogues involving the modular function j. Writing q = e2πi for the nome and j = J(q), Daniel Bertrand conjectured that if q1 and q2 are non-zero algebraic numbers in the complex unit disc that are multiplicatively independent, then J(q1) and J(q2) are algebraically independent over the rational numbers.[11] Although not obviously related to the four exponentials conjecture, Bertrand's conjecture in fact implies a special case known as the weak four exponentials conjecture.[12] This conjecture states that if x1 and x2 are two positive real algebraic numbers, neither of them equal to 1, then π2 and the product are linearly independent over the rational numbers. This corresponds to the special case of the four exponentials conjecture whereby y1 = iπ, y2 = -iπ, and x1 and x2 are real. Perhaps surprisingly, though, it is also a corollary of Bertrand's conjecture, suggesting there may be an approach to the full four exponentials conjecture via the modular function j.