Before Unification as the Canadian Armed Forces in 1968, the Canadian military had three distinct services: the Royal Canadian Navy, the Royal Canadian Air Force, and the Canadian Army. All three services had a Regular (full-time) component and a reserve (part-time) component. The rank structure for these services were based on the services of the British military, the Royal Navy, the Royal Air Force, and the British Army. The change to a "Canadian" rank structure meant that many of the traditional (British) rank titles and insignia were removed or changed.
The ranks of the new Canadian Armed Forces did not match up exactly with the ranks (and attendant responsibilities) of the old system.
In the army, for example, an infantry platoon would have a sergeant for a second in command and a staff sergeant would serve as a company quartermaster sergeant. In the new Canadian Forces, however, a warrant officer would fill both those roles. While an infantry section was commanded by a corporal pre-unification, after unification that task fell on a sergeant. The rank of corporal in the army was especially downgraded in terms of responsibility; before unification a Canadian corporal was the equivalent of a sergeant in most other armies due to his responsibility as a section commander. After unification, the rank of corporal became nothing more than a pay raise with authority being granted instead to the new master corporals. Equivalents in the table below are very approximate, then.[1]
| Canadian Forces Maritime Command (1968-2011), RCN (2011-) | Royal Canadian Navy (before 1968) | Canadian Forces (Land Force Command (from 2011 Canadian Army), Air Command (RCAF from 2011) | Canadian Army before 1968 | Royal Canadian Air Force (before 1968) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General officers | Air officers | ||||||
| Admiral | Admiral | General | General | Air chief marshal | |||
| Vice admiral | Vice admiral | Lieutenant general | Lieutenant general | Air marshal | |||
| Rear admiral | Rear admiral | Major general | Major general | Air vice marshal | |||
| Commodore | Commodore | Brigadier general | Brigadier | Air commodore | |||
| Officers | |||||||
| Captain (N) | Captain | Colonel | Colonel | Group captain | |||
| Commander | Commander | Lieutenant colonel | Lieutenant colonel | Wing commander | |||
| Lieutenant commander | Lieutenant commander | Major | Major | Squadron leader | |||
| Lieutenant (N) | Lieutenant | Captain | Captain | Flight lieutenant | |||
| Sub lieutenant | Sub lieutenant | Lieutenant | Lieutenant | Flying officer | |||
| Acting sub lieutenant | Acting sub lieutenant | Second lieutenant | Second lieutenant | Pilot officer | |||
| Naval cadet | Midshipman | Officer cadet | Officer cadet | Officer cadet (flight cadet before 1962, provisional pilot officer before WWII) | |||
| Non-commissioned personnel | |||||||
| Chief petty officer 1st class | Chief petty officer 1st class | Chief warrant officer | Warrant officer class I | Warrant officer class I | |||
| Chief petty officer 2nd class | Chief petty officer 2nd class | Master warrant officer | Warrant officer class II | Warrant officer class II | |||
| ROWSPAN=2 | Petty officer 1st class | ROWSPAN=2 | Petty officer 1st class | ROWSPAN=2 | Warrant officer | Staff sergeant | Flight sergeant |
| Sergeant | Sergeant | ||||||
| Petty officer 2nd class | Petty officer 2nd class | Sergeant | Corporal | Corporal | |||
| Master sailor | Leading seaman | Master corporal | Lance corporal | Leading aircraftman | |||
| Sailor 1st class | Able seaman | Corporal | Private | Aircraftman class 1 | |||
| Sailor 2nd class | Ordinary seaman | Private (trained) | Private | Aircraftman class 2 | |||
| Sailor 3rd class | Recruit | Private (recruit) | Recruit | Recruit | |||
Certain ranks have alternative titles according to tradition and the trade of the soldier.
The RCN used the rank and insignia of the RN.
RCN officers wore gold stripes with the naval executive curl above to denote rank. Also similar to that of the Royal Navy, the patterns of the insignia denoted which part of the navy the officer served in. The standard braid indicated an officer of RCN (the regular force), single wavy braid an officer of the Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve (RCNVR, nicknamed the "Wavy Navy") and intersecting wavy pairs an officer of the Royal Canadian Naval Reserve. After 1945, the RCNVR and the RCNR were merged to form the Royal Canadian Naval Reserve and in the mid-1950s, the RCNR later adopted the same officer's pattern of the regular RCN.
Also following the RN practice in the 1950s, the rank of acting sub lieutenant was officially introduced to roughly match that of an army second lieutenant or an RCAF pilot officer.
Following the RN practice, non-commissioned personnel were known as ratings.
From the RCN's creation in 1910 until about 1950, the only ratings were that of ordinary seaman, able seaman, leading seaman, petty officer and chief petty officer. Rank-wise, an able seaman would be the rough equivalent of an army lance corporal and a leading seaman (also known as a killick) would roughly match that of a corporal. A petty officer depending on length of service would match that of a sergeant or staff sergeant and a chief petty officer of that of an army warrant officer.
| Insignia | ||
| Chief petty officer | 3 brass buttons worn on the lower sleeve | |
| Petty officer | 2 crossed foul anchors with a crown Above | |
| Leading seaman | 1 foul anchor | |
| Able seaman | No insignia | |
| Ordinary seaman | No insignia |
Starting around the 1950s, the RCN's ratings rank structure was changed to match closer to that of the army's. As such, the ranks of petty officer 2nd class and petty officer 1st class were introduced to match those of an army/RCAF sergeant and staff sergeant/flight sergeant respectively. Likewise, the ranks of chief petty officer 2nd class and chief petty officer 1st class were similarly introduced to match those of an army/RCAF warrant officer class II and warrant officer class I respectively.
| Insignia | ||
| Chief petty officer 1st class | 3 brass buttons with a crown above worn on the lower sleeve | |
| Chief petty officer 2nd class | 3 brass buttons worn on the lower sleeve | |
| Petty officer 1st class | 2 crossed foul anchors with a crown above | |
| Petty officer 2nd class | 2 crossed foul anchors | |
| Leading seaman | 1 foul anchor | |
| Able seaman | No insignia | |
| Ordinary seaman | No insignia |
Similar to that of the army, the crown worn with insignia until 1953 was the Tudor Crown. After 1953, it was replaced by St. Edward's Crown.
Army officers' insignia before unification consisted of several rank badges based on British Army designs:
Army warrant officers also used rank badges based on British designs:
Finally, Army NCOs also used rank badges based on British designs:
The RCAF for the most part used the rank and insignia of the RAF. The main difference however was where the RAF had only 1 Warrant Officer rank and the use of aircrew ranks, the RCAF used the ranks of Warrant Officer Class II and Warrant Officer Class I similar to that of the Canadian Army and had no air crew ranks.
Around 1953, the RCAF changed its other ranks / airmen's insignia from blue-black to grey/silver.
A series of gold stripes was instituted, similar to the pre-unification naval and air force rank system in concept but very different in appearance. Warrant officers retained the traditional army-style rank badges, and NCOs' chevrons were also changed, being smaller and made from newer material. The maple leaf also featured on NCO badges, even being worn over a private's one-bar chevron in initial issues of the new insignia in the years immediately after unification.[2] The nickname for this short-lived rank was Trade Corporal.Generals' and admirals' insignia remained similar to pre-unification army insignia, with maple leaves replacing the stars, but retaining the crown and crossed sabre and baton. A wide band of gold braid was also used, similar to pre-unification naval insignia worn by admirals. Naval officers of flag rank removed the rank epaulettes on the service dress on June 11, 2010, when the executive curl was reinstated with additional sleeve ribbon for the admiral ranks.
Naval rank titles remained for the personnel of the new Maritime Command. On the Canadian Forces service uniform, the rank insignia of officers up to the rank of naval Captain followed the old Royal Canadian Navy pattern but with the executive curl deleted. However, the executive curl was permitted on naval mess dress for all naval officers. In 1985 a new naval service uniform was announced and was introduced into service over the following three years. Admirals lost their sleeve ranks entirely and began wearing the maple leaf ranks on shoulder straps as their Army and Air Force counterparts.
For non-commissioned members, the unique naval anchor insignias were deleted and replaced with the same system as the Army and Air Force.
While the insignia for non-commissioned personnel of the CF very closely matched that of the pre-unification army, there were some changes and new classes of ranks were created. The army had previously had general officers, officers, warrant officers, senior NCOs, junior NCOs, and men. All personnel that were not officers were referred to collectively as "other ranks". After unification, in mid 1980’s other ranks became known as non-commissioned members (NCMs). The category of senior NCOs now included only one rank – that of sergeant – whereas before it had included both staff sergeants and sergeants. There were also three grades of warrant officer, whereas immediately before unification there had been only two.
The appointments of lance corporal and lance sergeant were deleted. Originally, there were only privates and corporals below the rank of sergeant. Those corporals with leadership training came to be referred to as "B" corporals (for having completed Part B of the leadership training) and started to wear a crown over their two chevrons. Eventually the crown was changed to a maple leaf surmounting the chevrons, and the appointment of master corporal was created after much hostility and confusion within the ranks regarding who would be providing leadership at the lowest levels of Mobile Command (the new name for what used to be the Army).
Officers had their "pips and crowns" insignia deleted entirely and replaced with naval style bars or sleeve rings. General officers continued to wear their rank insignia on the shoulders, but now using maple leaves that were embroidered into the shoulder straps rather than the previous pin on metal devices.
The distinctive air force rank titles were eliminated, and Air Command used the same rank titles and insignia as Mobile Command.
On June 11, 2010 the executive curl was reinstated for use by all naval officers, but the rank of midshipman was not reinstated, and the rank of naval cadet stayed on. The rank insignia for non-commissioned members continued to be based on army pattern insignia.
On 8 July 2013 the Minister of National Defence, Peter MacKay, announced that Canadian Army officers would once again wear "pips and crowns", signalling a return to the pre-unification rank insignia. The final product was a return to the rank insignia used before 1920 by the army, with the reinstatement of the brigadier-general insignia of crossed sabre and baton.
Peter MacKay, Minister of National Defence, announced on 8 July 2013 the Government of Canada's intent to restore Canadian Army rank insignia, names and badges to their traditional forms. The first stage was to be done before the end of the year for the officer corps, and resulted to a return to the pre-1968 rank insignia, but brigadier generals instead had the pre-1920 insignia (and not the 1928–66 insignia for brigadiers) reinstated. All other army officers had by November 11, 2014, insignia based on the old pre-1968 pattern. In 2016, the Canadian Army ordered that general officer rank insignia would be modified to a version of the insignia worn under the unification era, except that it would conform to the traditional Canadian Army style in using the same metal pin-on ranks as other Canadian Army officers instead of the slightly different cloth badging worn under unification.
In 2015 the rank of private was changed to aviator within the Royal Canadian Air Force. The RCAF insignia were also changed from gold to the grey/silver colouring that existed prior to unification. As this restoration aimed at carrying on the traditions of the RCAF, and also of the First World War–era Royal Flying Corps (and other CAF air branches), it did not signify a wholesale reversion to the post–Second World War–era RCAF ranks.
On April 1, 2016, the Canadian Army announced that it would use the maple leaf ranks for generals as well as reinstating gold sleeve braids on generals' tunic cuffs. The insignia, however, will use metal pin-ons instead of the unification cloth badges. To honour the centennial of the Battle of Vimy Ridge on 1 April 2017, the Vimy Star, composed of a red maple leaf within a gold diamond and surrounded by the army's Latin motto Latin: vigilamus pro te ("we stand on guard for thee", from the English lyrics of "O Canada"), replaced the Bath Star in officer shoulder boards.