Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa explained

The Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa (FLMSA) is a loosely organized regional political international of seven political parties which were involved in the African nationalist movements against colonialism and white-minority rule in Southern Africa. It has its roots in the Frontline States, a loose coalition of African countries from the 1960s to the early 1990s committed to ending apartheid and white minority rule in South Africa and Rhodesia.^[1] Its original members are the African National Congress (South Africa), Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Tanzania), FRELIMO (Mozambique), the MPLA (Angola), SWAPO (Namibia), and ZAPU and ZANU–PF (Zimbabwe).^[2] In 2019, the Botswana Democratic Party, joined the FLMSA.^[3]

Members

Party	Abbreviation	Country	Established	National legislature seats
				Lower house	Upper house
African National Congress	ANC		1912
Botswana Democratic Party	BDP		1961
Chama Cha Mapinduzi	CCM		1977
Liberation Front of Mozambique	FRELIMO		1962
People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola	MPLA		1956
SWAPO Party of Namibia	SWAPO		1960
	ZANU–PF		1963

Summits

City	Country	Date
Johannesburg		October 2000	^[4]
Harare		2001
Johannesburg		25 November 2008	^[5]
Dar es Salaam		4 May 2010	^[6]
Windhoek		11 August 2011	^[7]
		6–9 March 2013
		October 2013	^[8] ^[9]
Maputo		20 November 2015	^[10]
Victoria Falls		4–8 May 2016	^[11]
		December 2017	^[12] ^[13]
Windhoek		20–22 November 2018	^[14]
Victoria Falls		8–12 September 2019	^[15]

See also

• Southern African Development Community
• Frontline States

External links

• 6th Meeting in Tanzania
• Communique on the meeting of the Heads of Political parties of former liberation movements, March 2013

Notes and References

1. News: 2013-03-07 . President in SA for former liberation movements meeting . The Herald . 2021-01-07.
2. Web site: Matanda . Dennis . 2021-03-19 . Decoding China's Africa Strategy beyond 2021: A Discussion with Paul Nantulya . 2023-01-07 . The Habari Network . en-US.
3. Web site: 2022-08-29 . Obert Mpofu attends Botswana Democratic Party congress . 2023-01-07 . Bulawayo24 News.
4. Book: Tendi, Blessing-Miles . Making History in Mugabe's Zimbabwe: Politics, Intellectuals, and the Media . Peter Lang . 2010 . 978-3-03911-989-9 . Bern . 102 . en.
5. Web site: Meeting of Former Liberation Movements: 06-09 March 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160204170803/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?id=10102 . 2016-02-04 . 2022-01-07 . African National Congress.
6. News: 2010-05-05 . Summit for Liberation Movements Begins . The Herald . 2023-01-07 . allAfrica.
7. Web site: 2013-03-10 . NLMs commend Zanu-PF for its leadership . 2023-01-07 . Politicsweb.
8. Web site: Robi . Anne . 2013-10-10 . African govts urged to embrace people's interests . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131013061522/http://www.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/local-news/23251-african-govts-urged-to-embrace-people-s-interests . 2013-10-13 . 2023-01-07 . Daily News.
9. Web site: Mataire . Lovemore Ranga . 2015-12-05 . Ex-liberation movements rule Southern Africa . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170202021715/http://southernafrican.news/2015/12/05/ex-liberation-movements-rule-southern-africa/ . 2017-02-02 . 2023-01-07 . The Southern Times.
10. Web site: 2015-11-22 . Former liberation movements stress economic cooperation . 2023-01-07 . The Zimbabwean.
11. Web site: Fabricius . Peter . 2018-02-01 . A wind of change blows through Southern Africa . 2023-01-07 . Institute for Security Studies . en.
12. Web site: Fabricius . Peter . 2017-12-15 . When 'democracy' becomes 'regime change' . 2023-01-07 . Institute for Security Studies . en.
13. Web site: Nantulya . Paul . 2018-08-30 . Grand Strategy and China's Soft Power Push in Africa . 2023-01-07 . WATHI . en.
14. Web site: 2018 . Namibia to host SADC liberation movements summit nbc . 2023-01-07 . NBC.
15. Web site: 2019-09-04 . Ramaphosa, Magufuli, Masisi, Geingob, Nyusi, Lourenço and Mnangagwa to attend FLM summit in Vitoria Falls, Zimbabwe . 2023-01-07 . Club of Mozambique . en-US.