Foreign relations of Tunisia explained

Former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali has maintained Tunisia's long-time policy of seeking good relations with the West, while playing an active role in Arab and African regional bodies. President Habib Bourguiba took a nonaligned stance but emphasized close relations with Europe, Pakistan, and the United States.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Tunisia maintains diplomatic relations with:

CountryDate[1]
1[2]
2[3]
3[4]
4[5]
5[6]
6[7]
7[8]
8[9]
9
10[10]
11[11]
12[12]
13
14
15[13]
16
17[14]
18
19[15]
20[16]
21[17]
22[18]
23[19]
24
25
26
27[20]
28[21]
29[22]
30[23]
31[24]
32
33[25]
34[26]
35[27]
36[28]
37[29]
38
39
40
41[30]
42[31]
43[32]
44[33]
45[34]
46[35]
47
48[36]
49[37]
50[38]
51[39]
52
53[40]
54
55[41]
56
57[42]
58[43]
59
60[44]
61[45]
62
63
64[46]
65[47]
66[48]
67[49]
68[50]
69[51]
70[52]
71
72[53]
73[54]
74[55]
75[56]
76[57]
77[58]
78
79
—[59]
80[60]
81[61]
82[62]
83[63]
84[64]
85
86
87[65]
88[66]
89[67]
90[68]
91[69]
92[70]
93
94[71]
95[72]
96[73]
97[74]
98
99[75]
100[76]
101
102
103[77]
104[78]
105
106[79]
107
108[80]
109[81]
110[82]
111
112 Vanuatu[83]
113[84]
114[85]
115[86]
116[87]
117[88]
118[89]
119[90]
120 Bosnia and Herzegovina
121 Botswana
122[91]
123[92]
124[93]
125[94]
126[95]
127[96]
128[97]
129[98]
130[99]
131[100]
—[101]
132[102]
133[103]
134[104]
135 Lesotho
136 Armenia
137
138[105]
139[106]
140 Andorra
141[107]
142 El Salvador
143 Guatemala
144 Panama
145[108]
146[109]
147[110]
148[111] [112]
149[113]
150[114]
151[115]
152 Dominican Republic
153 Paraguay
154 Nicaragua
155
156Unknown
157Unknown
158Unknown
159Unknown
160Unknown
161Unknown
162Unknown
163Unknown
164Unknown

Bilateral relations

Africa

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
AlgeriaSee Algeria–Tunisia relations

Tunisia and Algeria resolved a longstanding border dispute in 1993 and have cooperated in the construction of the Trans-Mediterranean natural gas pipeline through Tunisia that connects Algeria to Italy. In 2003 Tunisia and Algeria formed Numhyd, a petroleum company to develop oil resources. It is jointly owned (each 50%) by government corporations, Algeria's Sonatrach and Tunisia's Entreprise Tunisienne d'Activités Pétrolières (ETAP). Recently Tunisia signed an agreement with Algeria in order to demarcate more exactly the maritime frontier between the two countries.

ComorosBoth countries have established diplomatic relations.[116]
Egypt1956See Egypt–Tunisia relations

In the 1950s the President of Tunisia, Habib Bourguiba, criticized on pragmatic grounds the type of Arab nationalism then promoted by Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, which was a widely popular ideology at the time in the Arabic-speaking countries. Their disagreement also concerned the policies of the Arab League. Bourguiba and Nassar eventually came to find some common ground.[117] Although ties were broken under Nasser, and again under Anwar Sadat, on the whole relations between Egypt and Tunisia have remained mutually beneficial.

After the Tunisian revolution in 2011, the Tunisian-Egyptian relations were very good, especially after the 2011 elections in Tunisia, where won the Ennahda Movement Islamic-oriented the elections, as well as the Muslim Brotherhood movement in Egypt won the elections, and also the convergence between the two presidents Moncef Marzouki and Mohamed Morsi. But since the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état, relations became increasingly strained, and between the two and considered Tunisia that what is happening in Egypt is a military coup d'État bloody and protested against it in the United Nations, which led to a diplomatic crisis in relations severed in an indirect way and there is a lack of official visits at all levels. After the 2014 elections in Tunisia and the win of Nidaa Tounes's secular movement, improved relations and exchanged visits between officials and ministers.

  • Egypt has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Cairo.
Libya22 June 1956See Libya–Tunisia relationsTunisia's relations with Libya have been erratic since Tunisia annulled a brief agreement to form a union in 1974. Diplomatic relations were broken in 1976, restored in 1977, and deteriorated again in 1980, when Libyan-trained rebels attempted to seize the town of Gafsa. In 1982, the International Court of Justice ruled in Libya's favor in the partition of the oil-rich continental shelf it shares with Tunisia. Libya's 1985 expulsion of Tunisian workers and military threats led Tunisia to sever relations. Relations were normalized again in 1987. While supporting the United Nations sanctions imposed following airline bombings, Tunisia has been careful to maintain positive relations with its neighbor. Tunisia supported the lifting of UN sanctions against Libya in 2003, and Libya is again becoming a major trading partner. Currently, Tunisia has a maritime dispute with Libya.
  • Libya has an embassy in Tunis and a consulate-general in Sfax.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Tripoli and a consulate-general in Benghazi.
Morocco1956Trade is increasing between Tunisia and Morocco. Direct maritime shipping commenced between the two countries in 2008 to supplement rail connections that remained uncertain. Also, the stock exchanges of Tunis and Casablanca this year began to jointly list the stock of a Maghriban company, this initial case involving an IPO.[118]
  • Morocco has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Rabat.

Americas

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Argentina11 October 1961Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 October 1961.
BelizeBoth countries have passed a number of bilateral agreements.[119]
Brazil1956
  • Brazil has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Brasília.
Canada9 September 1957Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 September 1957.
  • Canada has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate in Montreal.
Mexico16 November 1961See Mexico–Tunisia relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 16 November 1961.
  • Mexico is accredited to Tunisia from its embassy in Algiers, Algeria and maintains an honorary consulate in Tunis.[120]
  • Tunisia is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[121]
United States6 June 1956See Tunisia–United States relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 6 June 1956[122]

The United States has very good relations with Tunisia, which date back more than 200 years. The United States has maintained official representation in Tunis almost continuously since 1795, and the American Friendship Treaty with Tunisia was signed in 1799. The two governments are not linked by security treaties, but relations have been close since Tunisia's independence. The United States and Tunisia have an active schedule of joint military exercises. U.S. security assistance historically has played an important role in cementing relations. The U.S.-Tunisian Joint Military Commission meets annually to discuss military cooperation, Tunisia's defense modernization program, and other security matters. Since 2015, Tunisia and the United States are partners under the Major non-NATO partnership agreement.

  • Tunisia has an embassy in Washington, D.C.
  • United States has an embassy in Tunis.

Asia

Tunisia has long been a voice for moderation and realism in the Middle East. Tunisia served as the headquarters of the Arab League from 1979 to 1990 and hosted the Palestine Liberation Organization's (PLO) headquarters from 1982 to 1993, when the PLO Executive Committee relocated to Jericho and the Palestinian Authority was established after the signing of the Oslo Accords. The PLO Political Department remains in Tunis.

Tunisia consistently has played a moderating role in the negotiations for a comprehensive Middle East peace. In 1993, Tunisia was the first Arab country to host an official Israeli delegation as part of the Middle East peace process and maintained an Interests Section until the outbreak in 2000 of the Intifada. Israeli citizens of Tunisian descent may travel to Tunisia on their Israeli passports.

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
ArmeniaSee Armenia–Tunisia relations
  • Armenia is accredited to Tunisia from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
  • Tunisia is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
1 July 1998See Azerbaijan-Tunisia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Tunisia were established on July 1, 1998.
  • Relations between Azerbaijan and Tunisia have been developed within the framework of international organizations, including the UN and OIC.
  • Azerbaijan is accredited to the Republic of Tunisia through its ambassador in the Kingdom of Morocco.
China10 January 1964See China–Tunisia relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1964[123]
  • China has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Beijing.
IndiaSee India–Tunisia relations
  • India has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in New Delhi.
See Iran–Tunisia relations

In May, 2005, Tunisia signed with Iran an agreement for cooperation in air, sea, and road transportation. It was signed on the visit of Tunisian minister Abderrahim Zouari to Iran.[124]

  • Iran has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Tehran.

Europe

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Bulgaria1956
Croatia1993-01-30
  • Croatia is accredited to Tunisia from its embassy in Rabat, Morocco and maintains an honorary consulate in Tunis.
  • Tunisia is accredited to Croatia from its embassy in Vienna, Austria and maintains an honorary consulate in Zagreb.
  • Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean.
Cyprus1999
Denmark
Finland17 July 1959
FranceSee France–Tunisia relations

Tunisia and France retain a special relationship due to their history, geographic location, and economic relationship. In France there is a sizeable Tunisian diaspora, and the French language is widely used in Tunisia. Business and government connections are extensive and mutually maintained. Ranked by country, France receives the largest amount of Tunisian exports, and France is number-one regarding Tunisian imports also. In recent years many French companies have re-localized production to Tunisia.

Germany
  • Germany has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Berlin.
GreeceSee Greece–Tunisia relations
  • Greece has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Athens.
Italy20 June 1956See Italy–Tunisia relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 20 June 1956.[128]
  • Italy has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Rome, a consulate-general in Palermo and consulates in Genoa, Milan and Naples.
Malta21 December 1967
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 December 1967.
  • Malta has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Valletta.
  • Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean.
  • Maltese and Tunisian Arabic are very similar languages. The two countries share very rich historical links.
Netherlands
  • the Netherlands has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in The Hague.
PolandSee Poland–Tunisia relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Warsaw.
Romania1963
1956See Russia–Tunisia relations
  • Russia has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Moscow.
United Kingdom19 June 1956See Foreign relations of the United KingdomTunisia established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 19 June 1956.
  • Tunisia maintains an embassy in London.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Tunisia through its embassy in Tunis.[130]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Association Agreement,[131] and an Investment Agreement.[132]

Oceania

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Australia17 February 1977Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 February 1977[133]
  • Australia is accredited to Tunisia from its high commission in Valletta, Malta.
  • Tunisia is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia.
11 July 2012Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 July 2012[134]

Foreign Ambassadors

See also

Footnotes

Notes and References

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