Foreign relations of Senegal explained

Senegal's first President, Léopold Senghor, advocated close relations with France and negotiation and compromise as the best means of resolving international differences after Senegal's independence from its status as a French colony. To a large extent, the two succeeding presidents, Abdou Diouf and Abdoulaye Wade, have carried on Senghor's policies and philosophies. Senegal has long supported functional integration among French-speaking West African states through the West African Economic and Monetary Union.[1]

Senegal has a high profile in many international organizations and was a member of the UN Security Council in 1988–89. It was elected to the UN Commission on Human Rights in 1997. Friendly to the West, especially to France and to the United States, Senegal also is a vigorous proponent of more assistance from developed countries to the Third World. Additionally, Senegal has been a member state of the African Union since 1963.[2] The present-day Senegalese president, Macky Sall, is currently serving as the African Union's chairperson as of February 5, 2022.

Senegal borders The Gambia, Mauritania, Mali, Guinea, and Guinea-Bissau. Senegal enjoys mostly cordial relations with its neighbors. In spite of clear progress on other fronts with Mauritania (border security, resource management, economic integration, etc.), there remains the problem of an estimated 30,000 Black Mauritanian refugees living in Senegal.

Senegal is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered under Article 98).

Pre-colonial foreign policy

Senegal was regarded as Senegambia before the arrival of Europeans (Jaiteh),[3] where a number of independent kingdoms settled. By the 15th century, when the first Europeans arrived, Senegambia was linked to intra and inter-regional (Decourse, 8)[4] trade networks that extended throughout the coast. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the African slave trade took advantage of autonomous kingdoms such as, the Wolof and Jolof kingdoms (Tang, 3).[5] The establishment of French colonies coupled with the competing hegemonic power between local ethnic groups within the Wolof kingdom led to a power void after traditional rulers could not prevent the French from impeding the establishments already in place by politicians and elites (Venema, 4) . The change from slave trade to the trade of cash crops set the precedent for the collapse of states within both empires (Gray, 3).[6] The French used Senegal's advantageous geographic location, on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, to safeguard their interest in the trade of groundnuts (Schraeder and Gaye, 488).[7] The foreign policy of Senegal is also characterized by the religious values and beliefs of Islam. The spiritual traditions and foundations of Senegal represent another facet of foreign policy in and outside of the region. Political and diplomatic actors are ultimately determined by marabouts that intercede on behalf of the people to Allah (Schraeder and Gaye, 489). Some marabouts establish loyalist relationships of patron with political leaders. Marabouts do not make policy, but their support is essential to the stability of government (Behrman Creevey, 262).[8]

Independence (1960-1989)

Senegalese independence began in 1960 with Léopold Sedar Sénghor as the first president and was succeeded by Abdou Diouf in 1980. Senegalese diplomats in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs believe that West Africa must unite in order to not only remain competitive in an international economy dominated by superpowers like China and the United States, but also promote and consolidate economic development within West Africa. Senegalese policy officials prioritize and use the individual strengths of surrounding African countries in order to strengthen regional economies and weaken regional dependency on foreign actors. This combative approach for western influence is underscored in the Senegalese constitution in clause four of the preamble: "must spare no effort in the fulfillment of African Unity". These efforts have been actively pursued through formal diplomatic agreements with neighboring countries, such as the Mali Foundation in 1960, the Federation with Gambia from 1982 to 1989, as well as informal forms of cooperation such as the Inter-State Authority in the Fight Against Drought in the Sahel (CILSS), The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), The Joint African and Malagasy Organization (OCAM), the Organization for the Development of the Gambia River Valley (OMVG), and the Organization for the Development of the Senegal River Valley (OMVS).

Cold War Foreign Policy

During the Cold War, Senegal was part of the non-aligned world and remained neutral throughout the conflict. In 1965, the first Foreign Minister of Senegal, Doudou Thiam, published a book titled "The Foreign Policy of African States."[9] Thiam implored Africa to move beyond the ideological divisions of the Cold War to form a third neutral ideology on which African states could build their own path. This concept of non-alignment became a central theme in Senegalese politics. Senegal's first President Léopold Sedar Sénghor privileged the country's relationship with France and sided with French President Charles de Gaulle against "superpower" domination between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.[7] France accounted for 95% of all investments in Senegal and 80% of Senegal's foreign trade in the 1960s.[10] Due to the close economic relationship between France and Senegal, Senegal appealed to French protectionism over West Africa, declining to move too closely to any superpower. Nonetheless, Senegal's ties with Western countries like France tilted its alignment westward.

"La Francophonie"

One of the important strategic goals of Senegalese leaders was the integration and cooperation of Francophone Africa; a policy known as "la Francophonie" coined by President Senghor. The promotion of this concept played a key role in the formation of worldwide summits, such as the Franco-African Summit, that allowed Senegal to emerge as a leader within the francophone movement in Africa, African consolidation, unification and cooperation are at the center of Senegalese foreign policy. Senegal was also one of the founding members of several organizations designed to integrate Francophone Africa, including the African and Malagasy Common Organization in 1961 and the Malian Federation in 1960.[11]

"Négritude"

Another cornerstone of Senegalese foreign policy during the Cold War was the exemplification of African Art and international cultural ties. This was connected to President Senghor's ideology of "Negritude" which emphasized Pan-Africanism and the exceptionalism of African culture. In 1966, the First World Festival of Negro Arts was hosted in Dakar, Senegal.[12] The event was a tribute the art and excellence of the African Diaspora across the world. In the development of the event, Senegal strengthened relations with the UN, African states like Ethiopia, and nations on both sides of the Cold War. The United States was one of the key supporters of the event, sending the largest delegation of performers, artists, and technician of any of the 43 participating nations.[13] Despite an official policy of non-alignment, Senegal used African Art and Culture as a negotiation tool with international partners and build a "soft" foreign policy with a variety of nations. At the same time, the First World Festival of Negro Arts was seen by many post-colonial states as neocolonial due to its connection to French concept of Negritude and cooperation with Western powers. The event strained relationships with Algeria and Guinea who would host their own festival in the years following in Algiers.

Iran-Senegal Relations

Senegal's non-alignment policy also contributed to the building of significant relationships with other nations. President Sénghor developed strong political and economic ties with the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. In 1971, formal diplomatic relations were established, and, by 1973, the Shah was providing $2.4 million in developmental loans for Senegal (Steele 180–1). Iran continued to provide development investment and loans from 1974 to 1979 that focused on the trade of Iranian oil for Senegalese phosphate, including the creation of an oil refinery and a new adjacent city in Senegal (Steele 183–4). The project was never completed due to funding gaps and the Iranian Revolution, despite strong intentions to move forward.

Current Partnerships

U.S.-Senegal Relations

Diplomatic relations between the United States and Senegal began in 1960, following independence and the dissolution of the Mali Federation.[14] Early after independence, a relationship was formed between President Senghor and U.S. President John F. Kennedy as part of the latter's "African Policy."[13] As part of Senegal's policy of non-alignment and African Socialism, bilateral relations between the two were limited but meaningful. The United States contributed aid to Senegal, including for the First World Festival of Negro Arts, and maintained consistent contact with the country throughout the Cold War via its US Agency for International Development (USAID).[13]

Today, U.S.-Senegal Relations are defined by foreign aid, military cooperation, and the protection of democracy in the region. The United States provides a growing amount of economic aid to the country. Senegal has received aid for democracy promotion, food security, and development projects like $1.5 million in aid for solar energy and nano-loan financing systems.[15] Health diplomacy is another sector of aid that the United States and Senegal collaborate on. These include programs for child health, the prevention of Malaria, and family planning funded by USAID.[16] Recently, the US sent $10.7 million of emergency aid and 99,450 vaccine does to Senegal to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.[17] Defense has also been a major area of partnership as Senegal has remained a stable nation in a region consistently fraught with violence. In 2016, both nations also signed a Defense Cooperation Agreement that would ensure joint-military training and missions in West African states affected by Islamic extremism and alleviate the need for more troops to be stationed in Senegal.[18] Senegal has also supported U.S. military missions in Iraq (1991), Niger (2016), and even its own territory during the Ebola outbreak of 2014, through the auspices of the United States African Command (AFRICOM).[13] Another major priority of the United States in Senegal is the promotion and protection of democracy. Senegal's democratic system has persisted for decades and has become more democratic following the Cold War, garnering the attention of the U.S. as a model state for West Africa. The United States manages several programs or aid packets meant to increase democratic diplomacy. One of these programs is conducted by the United States Information Agency which help hold workshops and training with Senegalese news federation and reporters to increase the independence and power of the press in the country.[19]

The relationship between the United States and Senegal is often limited by the country's strong ties with France, preventing deep connections from forming without diplomatic conflict.[20] The French have been critical of recent "hard" diplomacy actions by the U.S., including AFRICOM and limited the nation's African Crisis Response Initiative (ACRI) to the training of African forces in West Africa.[21]

Intergovernmental Organizations

ECOWAS

Senegal is a Zone A member of ECOWAS since its formation in 1975 with the signing of the Treaty of Lagos and the largest contributor of troops in the Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG).[22] According to the ECOWAS official website, Senegal's affairs in ECOWAS are currently overseen by Madame Aissata Tall Sall, Senegal's Foreign Minister.[23] Senegal holds 6 seats in ECOWAS's Community Parliament, which assigns seats based on member states' populations.

The Trans-West African Coastal Highway was an ECOWAS project which made significant infrastructure developments that connected Senegals' Capital, Dakar, to other major cities in the surrounding region, such as Lagos in Nigeria and Nouakchott in Mauritania. Additionally, ECOWAS oversaw the construction of a 1.9 km bridge connecting Senegal to its interior neighbor, the Gambia, and has begun plans to construct a bridge connecting Mauritania and Senegal.[24] [25] Not only did these projects expand Senegal's physical infrastructure and access to its neighbors, but they are projected by officials to be prosperous for economic development through trade expansion.

On July 10, 2014, ECOWAS member states agreed to begin an economic partnership agreement (EPA) with the EU. The implementation of the EPA, along with the adoption of a common external tariff (CET) for ECOWAS members, impacted the Senegalese economy's ability to levy custom tariffs on EU imports, thus reducing revenue collected by the Senegalese government, but increasing remuneration in the formal Senegalese labor market.[26]

Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998)

Senegal contributed about 2,000 troops upon the request of President Joao Bernardo Vieira of Guinea-Bissau for support during the Guinea-Bissau Civil War. The contribution of Senegalese troops to the Civil War also served to benefit Senegalese national interests because Vieira's government was at risk of being replaced in a coup attempt by Ansumane Mane. Mane was believed to be sending weapons to Casamance separatists, who are a secessionist group in the southwestern region of Senegal.[27] In November 1998, Senegal abided by the conclusion of the ECOWAS authority to withdraw Senegalese and Guinean troops from the intervention and instead allow the other ECOWAS nations to contribute armed forces in Guinea-Bissau.[28]

The Gambia (2017)

ECOWAS militarily intervened in The Gambia in 2017 when Former Gambian President Yahya Jammeh refused to concede after losing the election that year, abbreviated as ECOMIG and code-named "Operation Restore Democracy". The Senegalese Foreign Minister first brought this concern to the U.N. Security Council in an emergency meeting (UNSC Resolution 2337). The resolution called for a peaceful resolution to the Gambian presidential crisis and passed unanimously; ECOWAS military forces, led by a Senegalese commander, entered the Gambia following the resolution's passage.[29] Senegal's armed forces played an active role in this military intervention and had a vested political interest in Jammeh stepping down; Adama Barrow, the current Gambian president, was sworn into his presidential office in the Gambian embassy in Dakar, Senegal for fear of his safety.[30] Additionally, Jammeh was a cause of concern because his alleged aid to Casamance separatists in Senegal. Conflicts between pro-Jammeh forces and the Senegalese armed forces produced refugee flows into Senegal and Guinea-Bissau.[31]

Mali Federation (1959–60)

Senegal was an active member of the Mali Federation during its existence from 1959 to 1960. Along with French Sudan, Senegal advocated for the union of French-speaking West African nations, including the proposal of the union's name, and was a key contributor in its creation.[32] The formation of the Federation reflected a desire to prevent AOF (Afrique Occidentale Française, or French West Africa) from fragmenting — the constitution writing process was led by Leopold Senghor and Modibo Keita, the first presidents of Senegal and Mali, respectively.[11]

In 1960, Senegalese and Malian interests conflicted when Senghor became a candidate for the presidency of the Federation and Keita responded by declaring a state of emergency. On August 20, Senegal left the Mali Federation. The Federation subsequently dissolved.

Senegambian Confederation (1981-89)

The Senegambian Confederation, comprising The Gambia and Senegal, was established in 1981 and dissolved in 1989. The Confederation was intended to promote security, political, and economic unity between the two countries, and in the vision of the Senegalese government, an eventual integration of the countries, to which The Gambia resisted.[33] The Confederation's disestablishment was initiated by the abrupt withdrawal of Senegalese troops from the Gambia, but ultimately was a culmination of multiple factors.

CILSS

The Comité permanent Inter-États de Lutte contre La Sécheresse dans Le Sahel (CILSS) or the Permanent Interstates Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel is an international organization dedicated to combatting the effects of drought and desertification in the Sahel region of Africa.[34] Founded in 1973 after major droughts across the Sahel, CILSS has worked to uphold the work of ECOWAS in ensuring food and energy security, to educate local engineers on more sustainable development practices, to provide information on ongoing environmental problems, and to research the effects of climate change and desertification. While originally consisting of 13 mostly Francophone West African nations including Senegal, the organization was integrated into ECOWAS, expanding to a total of 17 members.[35]

Senegal is one of the founding members of CILSS and one of its biggest contributors The nation and Senegalese President Macky Sall has been leaders in development projects like "2iS" or the "Sahel Irrigation Initiative" which would create a network of irrigation infrastructure across the Sahel belt to support water-insecure areas.

African and Malagasy Common Organization (1961-1985)

The African and Malagasy Common Organization or the Organization Commune Africaine et Malgache (OCAM) was an international organization that encompassed much of Francophone West and Central Africa and Madagascar from 1961 to 1985. It was originally established as the Union Africaine et Malgache in 1961, with the support of France, for the purpose of greater economic, political, and social integration of French-speaking West Africa. At its height from 1961 to 1973, the organization included 14-15 members and changed names several times before finally settling on the African, Malagasy, and Mauritian Common Organization (OCAMM).[36] After 1973, member states began to leave the organization because of the lack of substantive work and integration of its governing bodies, especially following the establishment of the Organization of African Unity (later the African Union) in 1963 which had a broader Pan-African focus and mandate.

Senegal was a member of OCAM from its founding to its eventual dissolution in 1985 and was instrumental in its development. President Senghor, in particular, was a major supporter of the organization because of his policy of " la Francophonie" or the integration of French-speaking Africa. Senegal remains a member of several of the institutions that were initially created by the Conference of Heads of State while OCAM was still functional, including the African and Malagasy Council on Higher Education (CAMES).

OMVG

Senegal is one of the two founding members of the Organization pour la Mise en Valeur de la Fleuve Gambie (OMVG), also known as the Organization for the Development of the Gambia River Basin.[37] Its other members include Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, and Guinea. The objective of the organization is to ensure the proper management and shared usage of water resources in the Gambia and Geba River Basins across the borders of member states.[38] The OMVG has become increasingly important in recent years due to climate change and conflicts between Senegal and Guinea-Bissau over water resources in the Geba river. One of its main projects is the usage of the river basin for hydro-electrification. Particularly in Southern Senegalese region of Kédougou, the planned construction of Sambangalou Hydroelectric Development (AHES) on the border of Guinea would provide power and greater agriculture potential to the area.

OMVS

The Organization pour la Mise en Valeur de la Fleuve Sénégal (OMVS) or the Organization for the Development of the Senegal River Basin was established in 1972 and consists of four member states: Senegal, Guinea, Mali, and Mauritania.[39] Former Senegalese President Senghor is considered one of the "founding fathers" of the organization. The goals of the OMVS are to promote the economic integration, development, and sustainability of the river basin which provides essential natural resources to member states.[40] Dakar, the capital of Senegal, relies on the Senegal river for 75% of its water usage.[41]

The OMVS has been an effective organization at developing the Senegal River Basin, but have experienced diplomatic and environmental problems throughout its existence. The most serious of these conflicts was between Senegal and Mauritania. In the late-1980s and early-1990s, there were a series of violent clashes between Senegalese farmers and Mauritanian herders over scarce resources near the river. After the murder and expulsion of Senegalese farmers from Mauritania, troops from both countries were mobilized to the border and over 100 Mauritanians were killed in Dakar while the rest were expelled. The only remaining Mauritanians in Senegal were diplomats working for the OMVS which remained the only diplomatic relationship between Senegal and Mauritania at the time. This period almost saw the two countries go to war and cemented current tensions within the organization despite continuing plans for development and research.

Future developments in foreign policy

Senegal is regarded on the international stage as one of the most stable democracies in Africa (Konte)[42] as a result of three peaceful power-transitions since 1960 (WorldBank). Senegalese policy making is primarily based on immediate neighbors, the remainder of Africa, the Arab world and other Muslim states, and western democracies (Schraeder and Gaye, 501) and revolves around Mauritania, Mali, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, and Gambia (Schraeder and Gaye, 502). A source of conflict between Senegal and surrounding nations has been the management and development of shared border resources (Schraeder and Gaye, 503).

Senegalese foreign policy also revolves around Senegal's involvement in the internal affairs of other African nations and the desire to take and establish a lead role in a myriad of organizations committed to promoting regional integration and African unity (Schraeder and Gaye, 504). International commitments are a distinctive aspect of Senegalese foreign policy and includes arrangements with international organizations that operate in Senegal and members of state organizations that Senegal belongs to (Sall, 9).[43] An obligatory resolution mandated by the United Nations or a decree by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) may constitute an international commitment by Senegal.

Senegalese foreign policy is now characterized by a nationalism that is fueled by the place Senegal once had within the French colony and a traditional culture. Thus, constituting a sense of regional superiority in regards to the domain of regional integration. The thirty-five years of uninterrupted democratic rule in Senegal has also been a key factor in Senegalese foreign policy. Over seventy percent of people are dependent on agriculture to provide economic stability and most of Senegal's economic earnings stem from the exportation of groundnuts (Gray, 1). Thus, Senegal is currently working towards a structural transformation of their economy by implementing a form of economic diplomacy to strengthen regional stability and seize foreign markets (Zacchia et al., 2).[44] Senegal plays an active role within international organizations such as the United Nations Security Council, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Nepad, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation or the International Organisation of La Francophonie (WorldBank).[45]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Senegal maintains diplomatic relations with:

CountryDate
1[46]
2[47]
3[48]
4[49]
5[50]
6[51]
7[52]
8[53]
9[54]
10[55]
11[56]
12[57]
13[58]
14[59]
15[60]
16[61]
17[62]
18[63]
19[64]
20[65]
21[66]
22[67]
23[68]
24[69]
25[70]
—[71]
26[72]
27[73] [74]
28[75]
29[76]
30[77]
31[78]
32[79]
33[80]
34[81]
35[82]
36[83]
37[84]
38[85]
39[86]
40[87]
41[88]
42[89]
43[90]
44[91]
45[92]
46[93]
47[94]
48[95]
49[96]
—[97]
50[98]
51[99]
52[100]
53[101]
54[102]
55[103]
56[104]
57[105]
58[106]
59[107]
60[108]
61[109]
62[110]
63[111]
64[112]
65[113]
66[114]
67[115]
68[116]
69[117]
70[118]
71[119]
72[120]
73[121]
74[122]
75[123]
76[124]
77[125]
78[126]
79[127]
80[128]
81[129]
82[130]
83[131]
84[132]
85[133]
86[134]
87[135]
88[136]
89[137]
90[138]
91[139]
92[140]
93[141]
94[142]
95[143]
96[144]
97[145]
98[146]
99[147]
100 Ecuador
101[148]
102[149]
103[150]
104[151]
105[152]
106[153]
107[154]
108
109
110[155]
—[156]
111[157]
112
113[158]
114
115[159]
116[160]
117 Slovakia[161]
118
119[162]
120[163]
121[164]
122[165]
123[166]
124
125[167]
126
127[168]
128[169]
129
130
131[170]
132
133[171]
134
135
136[172]
137
138[173]
139[174]
140
141
142[175]
143[176]
144
—[177]
145[178]
146[179]
147[180]
148[181]
149[182]
150
151[183]
152[184]
153[185]
154[186]
155
156[187]
157[188]
158Unknown
159Unknown[189]
160Unknown
161Unknown
162Unknown
163Unknown
164Unknown
165Unknown
166Unknown
167Unknown
168Unknown
169Unknown
170Unknown
171Unknown
172Unknown

Bilateral relations

Africa

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
16 February 1982Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 February 1982[190]
6 July 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 July 1975[191]
10 October 2014Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 October 2014 when Ambassador of Senegal to Eritrea Mr. Mamadou Mamadou Sall presented his credentials to President Isaias Afwerki.[192]
Kenya
  • Kenya has an embassy in Dakar.
  • Senegal has an embassy in Nairobi.
2 February 1972Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 February 1972.[193]
Madagascar12 August 2002Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 August 2002[194]
  • Madagascar has an embassy in Dakar.[195]
  • Senegal is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.[196]
Mauritania4 May 1962See Mauritania–Senegal relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 4 May 1962 when Permanent Representative of Mauritania to Senegal Mr. Mamadou Lamine Ba, presented his credentials to President Leopold Sedar Senghor.[197] In the years following independence, Mauritania's principal ally in sub-Saharan Africa was Senegal, although the two countries have espoused different strategies for development.[198] The growing split between blacks and Maures in Mauritania has, however, affected ties with Senegal, which sees itself as championing the rights of Mauritania's black minority. Under Taya, relations between the two countries were correct, even though each accused the other of harboring exiled dissidents.

In May 1987, Senegal extradited Captain Moulaye Asham Ould Ashen, a former black member of the Haidalla government accused of corruption, but only after veiled threats from Nouakchott that failure to do so would result in Mauritania's allowing Senegalese dissidents a platform from which to speak out against the government of President Abdou Diouf. At the same time, Senegal and Mauritania have cooperated successfully with Mali under the Senegal River Development Office (Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Sénégal—OMVS), which was formed in 1972 as a flood control, irrigation, and agricultural development project.

15 November 1960Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 November 1960[199]
Namibia27 April 1990Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1990[200]
  • Namibia has a resident embassy in Dakar.[201]
  • Senegal is accredited to Namibia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
6 May 1994Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 May 1994[202]
22 August 1969Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 August 1969 when accredited first Ambassador of Senegal to Tanzania (resident in Addis Ababa) Mr. Youssouph Sylla[203]
8 April 1970Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 April 1970 when accredited first Ambassador of Senegal to Uganda (resident in Addis Ababa) Mr. Youssouph Sylla[204]

Americas

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Argentina28 March 1962Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 March 1962[205]
  • Argentina has an embassy in Dakar.
  • Senegal is accredited to Argentina from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
Brazil26 April 1961Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 April 1961[206]
Canada26 May 1962See Canada–Senegal relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 26 May 1962.[207]
Guatemala29 September 2015Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 September 2015[210]
  • Guatemala is accredited to Senegal, through its embassy in London, United Kingdom.
  • Senegal is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[211]
Mexico10 May 1962Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1962[212] See Mexico–Senegal relations
  • Mexico is accredited to Senegal from its embassy in Rabat, Morocco.[213] and maintains an honorary consulate in Dakar.[214]
  • Senegal is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains an honorary consulate in Mexico City.[215]
United States24 September 1960Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 September 1960[216] See Senegal–United States relationsSenegal enjoys an excellent relationship with the United States. The Government of Senegal is known and respected for its able diplomats and has often supported the U.S. in the United Nations, including with troop contributions for peacekeeping activities. The United States maintains friendly relations with Senegal and provides considerable economic and technical assistance.
  • Senegal has an embassy in Washington, DC and a consulate-general in New York City.[217]
  • United States has an embassy in Dakar.[218]

Asia

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
26 September 1974Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 1974[219]
China7 December 1971See China–Senegal relationsThe People's Republic of China established diplomatic relations with the Republic of Senegal on December 7, 1971.[220] The Senegalese Government and the Republic of China (Taiwan) signed a communique on "resuming diplomatic relations" on January 3, 1996. Therefore, the Chinese Government announced the suspension of diplomatic relations with Senegal on January 9, 1996. China and Senegal resumed diplomatic ties at the ambassadorial level as of Oct. 25, 2005.
India2 April 1961Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 April 1961[221] See India-Senegal relations
  • India has an embassy in Dakar[222]
  • Senegal has an embassy in New Delhi.
3 October 1980Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 October 1980[223]
13 May 1971See Iran–Senegal relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 13 May 1971.[224] Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and his Senegalese counterpart Abdoulaye Wade had a joint press conference along with a close meeting in Feb 2008 in the city of Mashhad, both side pledged to expand the bilateral ties in the fields of economy, tourism and politics in addition to increase the efforts for empowering the OIC.[225]

Also the giant Iran-based automaker Iran Khodro established[226] an assembly line to produce Iranian cars in Senegal and dispatch them to the African markets directly from Dakar. This Iranian-Senegalese company has the capacity to produce 10,000 Samand cars annually.[227]

In 2011, Senegal cut ties with Iran, accusing Tehran of supplying separatist rebels in the Casamance region with weapons. They purport that these weapons were used in the killing of three Senegalese soldiers.[228]

Israel10 November 1960
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 1960.[229]
  • Both countries restored diplomatic relations on June 4 2017 after they were broken on October 28 1973 following the Yom Kippur War.
  • Israel has an embassy in Dakar.[230]
  • Israel has persuaded Senegal to open an embassy in Jerusalem.[231]
Japan1960
Malaysia1 April 1977Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1977[233] See Malaysia–Senegal relations
15 March 1976Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 March 1976[236]
  • Philippines is accredited to Senegal from its embassy in Rabat, Morocco.
  • Senegal is accredited to the Philippines from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.
22 January 1961Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 January 1961[237]
19 October 1962
  • The establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of Korea and the Republic of Senegal was on October 19, 1962[238]
  • South Korea has an embassy in Dakar.[239]
9 August 1980Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 August 1980[240]
  • Thailand has an embassy in Dakar which is also accredited to Ivory Coast.[241]
  • Senegal is accredited to Thailand through its embassy in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.[242]
Turkey17 October 1963See Senegal–Turkey relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 17 October 1963 when accredited first Envoy of Turkey to Senegal with residence in Dakar Mr. Abdülahad Birden.[243]
United Arab Emirates23 July 1973Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 July 1973[245]

The United Arab Emirates established an Embassy in Dakar in March 2018, which was unveiled by Abdullah Bin Zayed Al Nahyan.[246] The Abu Dhabi Fund for Development loaned Senegal $13 million to invest in rural solar energy.

29 December 1969Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 December 1969[247] Both countries are former French colonies, Vietnam and Senegal have a long history of cultural links. Beginning in the 1930s, many Senegalese began serving in Vietnam as soldiers for France; some took local wives, with whom they had children. However, in the turbulent 1940s, with World War II and the First Indochina War, many Vietnamese women married to Senegalese followed their husbands back to Senegal.

Europe

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Austria
  • Austria has an embassy in Dakar.[248]
  • Senegal is accredited to Austria, through its embassy in Berlin, Germany. Senegal also maintains an honorary consulate in Vienna.
France20 August 1960See France–Senegal relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 20 August 1960[249]
23 September 1960Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 September 1960[252] See Germany–Senegal relations
  • Germany has an Embassy in Dakar.[253]
  • Senegal has an Embassy in Berlin.[254]
14 February 2014Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 February 2014[255]
  • Senegal was the first African country which recognizes Kosovo's independence in 2008.[256]
  • In 2017, Kosovo opened an embassy in Dakar, both country enjoy excellent friendships.[257]
Poland18 June 1962See Poland–Senegal relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 18 June 1962[258]
  • Poland has an embassy in Dakar.
  • Senegal has an embassy in Warsaw.
Romania5 November 1965Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 November 1965[259]
  • Romania has an embassy in Dakar.[260]
  • Senegal is accredited to Romania, through its embassy in Berlin, Germany. Senegal also maintains an honorary consulate in Bucharest.[261]
14 June 1962See Russia–Senegal relationsThe Soviet Union established diplomatic relations with Senegal on 14 June 1962[262]
  • Russia has an embassy in Dakar.
  • Senegal has an embassy in Moscow.
Slovakia1 January 1993Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1993[263]
  • Slovakia is accredited to Senegal through its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.[264]
  • Senegal is accredited to Slovakia, through its embassy in Berlin, Germany. Senegal also maintains an honorary consulate in Bratislava.
Spain3 March 1965Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 March 1965[265] See Senegal–Spain relations
  • Senegal has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Dakar.
20 August 1960Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 August 1960[266]
  • Senegal has an embassy in London.
  • The UK has an embassy in Dakar.

Disputes – international

A short section of the boundary with the Gambia is undefined.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: The Foreign Policy of Senegal Since 2000 . 2022-05-05 . SAIIA . en-GB.
  2. Web site: Member States African Union . 2022-05-05 . au.int.
  3. Web site: Senegambia. Malanding. Jaiteh J.. 16 December 2008. The Atlas of the Gambia. 1 October 2019.
  4. Book: DeCorse, Christopher R.. West Africa during the Atlantic Slave Trade Archaeological Perspectives. Leicester University Press. 2001. London. 8.
  5. Book: Tang, Patricia. Masters of the Sabar: Wolof Griot Percussionists of Senegal. Temple University Press. 2007. Philadelphia. 3.
  6. PhD . The Groundnut Market in Senegal: Examination of Price and Policy Changes . Virginia Tech . Gray. James K.. 157599763. 10 June 2002 . 10919/28143 . free.
  7. Schraeder . Peter J. . Nefertiti Gaye . 1997 . Senegal's Foreign Policy: Challenges of Democratization and Marginalization . African Affairs . 96 . 385 . 485–508 . 723816 . 10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007881.
  8. Behrman. Lucy Creevey. 1977. Muslim Politics and Development in Senegal: The Journal of Modern African Studies. The Journal of Modern African Studies . 15 . 2 . 261–277 . 159921 . 10.1017/S0022278X00053933 . 154501016.
  9. Book: Thiam, Doudou . The Foreign Policy of African States: Ideological Bases, Present Realities, and Future Prospects . Praeger . 1965 . 978-0-8371-8555-2 . New York.
  10. Steele . Robert . 2020-08-20 . The Keur Farah Pahlavi Project and Iranian-Senegalese Relations in the 1970s . Iranian Studies . en . 54 . 1–2 . 169–192 . 10.1080/00210862.2020.1792768 . 225244330 . 0021-0862.
  11. Web site: Walters . Kurt Cornelis Frederik . June 1966 . The Mali Federation: A Case Study for Political Integration . April 27, 2022.
  12. Taylor . Lauren Elizabeth . 2019 . The Art of Diplomacy in Dakar: The International Politics of Display at the 1966 Premier Festival Mondial des Arts Negroes. . UCLA.
  13. Ripert . Yohann C. . 2021-01-05 . Decolonizing Diplomacy: Senghor, Kennedy, and the Practice of Ideological Resistance . African Studies Review . 64 . 2 . 292–314 . 10.1017/asr.2020.91 . 234247930 . 0002-0206.
  14. Web site: The United States and Senegal: 60 Years of Partnership . 2022-05-12 . United States Department of State . en.
  15. Web site: 2022-03-31 . U.S. Government supports access to energy and finance through new grants operating in Africa including Senegal Press Release Senegal U.S. Agency for International Development . 2022-05-12 . www.usaid.gov . en . May 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220512211805/https://www.usaid.gov/senegal/press-releases/mar-30-2022-us-government-supports-access-energy-and-finance-through-new .
  16. Weiss . William . Piya . Bhumika . Andrus . Althea . Ahsan . Karar Zunaid . Cohen . Robert . 2022-01-06 . Estimating the impact of donor programs on child mortality in low- and middle-income countries: a synthetic control analysis of child health programs funded by the United States Agency for International Development . Population Health Metrics . en . 20 . 1 . 2 . 10.1186/s12963-021-00278-9 . 1478-7954 . 8734298 . 34986844 . free .
  17. Web site: 2022-05-03 . U.S. Donates 99,450 COVID-19 vaccines to Senegal . 2022-05-12 . www.usaid.gov . en . May 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220512211811/https://www.usaid.gov/senegal/news-information/press-releases/us-donates-99450-covid-19-vaccines-senegal .
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  149. Web site: 11 May 2023 . Countries with which the Republic of Maldives has established Diplomatic Relations . 7 July 2023 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Maldives . 29 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230629032804/https://www.gov.mv/en/files/dpl-full-country-list-as-of-11-may-2023--8993.pdf . dead .
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