On 24 February 2022, Russia launched a large-scale invasion of Ukraine, prompting the imposition of substantial economic and political sanctions by the EU, the UK, the US, Canada, and other countries. The Russian government has a specified "Unfriendly Countries List" which indicates those countries with which relations are now strained (or non-existent). A Foreign Policy Concept approved by president Vladimir Putin in 2023 identifies Russia as a Eurasian civilization state; aligning the country more closely with Asia, the Islamic world, Africa, Latin America, and rest of the Global South, and seeks the end of Western hegemony in the international order.[1]
President Aslan Bzhaniya stated that Russia's invasion of Ukraine was "absolutely justified."[2]
President of Artsakh Arayik Harutyunyan welcomed the decision of President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin to recognize the independence of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics.[3] The Government of the Artsakh Republic sent 14 tons of humanitarian aid to the residents of the Kyiv and Zaporizhzhia regions through Russian peacekeeping troops in Artsakh.[4]
The president of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev expressed his support for territorial integrity of Ukraine, and urged his Ukrainian counterparts to "never to agree to the violation of your territorial integrity".[5] [6] [7] Ilham Aliyev also offered to organize talks between Ukraine and Russia,[8] instructed Azerbaijan's State Oil Company SOCAR to provide free fuel to Ukraine's ambulances and State Emergency Service[9] and sent humanitarian aid to Ukraine.[10] [11]
The government of Azerbaijan has taken a neutral position on the conflict, and has maintained strong cooperation with both Moscow and Kyiv.[12]
Russia and Azerbaijan signed a joint wide-ranging political-military agreement.[13]
In February 2022 Russian forces were permitted to stage part of the invasion of Ukraine from Belarusian territory.[14] Lukashenko stated that Belarusian troops could take part in the invasion if needed.[15] Belarus has also stated that Russia can bring its nuclear weapons onto Belarusian soil.[16] In March 2022, Oleksandr Kamyshin, head of Ukrainian Railways, said there is no longer a railway connection between Ukraine and Belarus, so Russian equipment from Belarus will not be able to be delivered.[17] On 25 March 2023, Russian president Vladimir Putin announced that Russia would be stationing tactical nuclear operations in Belarus.[18]
While condemning the invasion of Ukraine, Serbia refused to back sanctions against Russia.[19] Serbia respected Ukraine's territorial integrity and considered Russia's action against it "wrong", but would not impose sanctions against Moscow, Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić said on 25 February. Vučić said the National Security Council concluded the Republic of Serbia considers "very wrong the violation of territorial integrity of a number of countries including Ukraine."[20] [21] Vučić also said that he would condemn Russia's recognition of the independence of separatist regions in eastern Ukraine only if Zelenskyy condemned the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999 on public television.[22]
Serbian Foreign Minister Nikola Selaković said that "Russia was Serbia's biggest support in its battle to preserve its territorial integrity and sovereignty and avoid the stigmatisation of the entire Serb people." Serbian Interior Minister Aleksandar Vulin stressed that Serbia would not join NATO: "While Aleksandar Vučić is the head of the state, you should have no dilemma as to what our attitude toward the NATO alliance is." While there was no agreement on sanctions on Russia, Serbia nevertheless expressed regrets over events, describing both Russia and Ukraine as friendly states and underlining full support for the territorial integrity of Ukraine.[23] [24]
After the military assault began, some Serbian pro-government newspapers hailed Russia's invasion of Ukraine, praising that Russia "overran" Ukraine, Moscow's troops "reached Kyiv in a day" and that the Russian attack on Ukraine was a "response to NATO threats".[25] Serbian Parliament Speaker Ivica Dačić said that Serbia would never impose sanctions on its friend Russia, despite the pressure that it faced. Dačić also added that "Russia is our most influential ally for preserving our territorial integrity and sovereignty in Kosovo." The initial weak response by the government was criticised by some commentators in the country and the region.[26] [27]
The Serbian organization Women in Black organised anti-war demonstrations in Belgrade, and the Serbian Orthodox Church organised a collection of humanitarian aid.[28] [29]
On 2 March Serbia voted 'yes' to the UN's resolution condemning the Russian attack on Ukraine.[30]
On 16 May Serbia signed the "Tirana declaration" and deplored in the strongest terms the illegal and unjustified aggression by the Russian Federation against Ukraine in violation of Article 2(4) of the UN Charter.[31]
The Economist classifies Serbia as "neutral".[32]
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement: "The Republic of South Ossetia expresses its support for the decision of the Russian Federation to conduct the special military operation to protect the residents of Donbas from the current nationalist regime of Kyiv."[33] On 26 March 2022, South Ossetian President Anatoly Bibilov began sending troops to Ukraine to assist Russia with the invasion.[34] [35]
On 26 February, Vadim Krasnoselsky, the president of the breakaway state of Transnistria internationally recognized as part of Moldova, in response to what he called rumors and false information that Transnistria would attack Ukraine, said that Transnistria was a peaceful state, never had plans to attack its neighbours and called those who spread these claims people without control over the situation or provocateurs with malicious intentions. Krasnoselski also noted the large ethnically Ukrainian population in Transnistria and that Ukrainian is taught in Transnistrian schools and is one of the official languages of the republic.[36]
The Armenian MFA spokesman on 23 February expressed "hope that the existing problems between the two friendly states would be resolved through diplomatic dialogue", and declared Armenia's readiness to accept refugees.[37] [38] On 1 June 2023, during an interview, prime minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan stated, "Armenia is not an ally of Russia in the war in Ukraine."[39]
ensions were further raised following the arrests of former president Robert Kocharyan and CSTO secretary general Yuri Khatchaturov[40] [41] [42] as well as business disputes involving Russian companies operating in Armenia.[43]
Russia was described as reluctant to openly intervene in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war in support of Armenia due to the ongoing tensions between Putin and Pashinyan.[44] [45] Russia ultimately held peace talks between Azerbaijan and Armenia, culminating in a ceasefire agreement of 10 October,[46] which was subsequently disregarded by both sides.[47] The war was halted when the belligerents′ leaders and president of Russia signed an armistice agreement in Moscow on 9 November 2020.
On 3 September 2023, during an interview, prime minister Nikol Pashinyan stated that it was a strategic mistake for Armenia to solely rely on Russia to guarantee its security. Pashinyan stated, "Moscow has been unable to deliver and is in the process of winding down its role in the wider South Caucasus region" and "the Russian Federation cannot meet Armenia's security needs. This example should demonstrate to us that dependence on just one partner in security matters is a strategic mistake." Pashinyan accused Russian peacekeepers deployed to uphold the ceasefire deal of failing to do their job. Pashinyan confirmed that Armenia is trying to diversify its security arrangements, most notably with the European Union and the United States.[48]
Tripartite Presidency Member Željko Komšić said Bosnia would support Ukraine. Croat and Bosniak members of the tripartite presidency, Željko Komšić and Šefik Džaferović, issued separate statements condemning the Russian invasion. The Serb member Milorad Dodik did not, instead stating that Bosnia and Herzegovina was neutral. He'd said the previous day that events showed it was good Bosnia and Herzegovina had not joined NATO, and that the country would not support sanctions. Foreign Minister Bisera Turković said: "Bosnia and Herzegovina remains firmly committed to Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity, and we call for an immediate end to fighting and shelling! OSCE principles, security and international law are under attack today. Hostility and suffering of innocent civilians must end immediately". Turković called on Russia and Belarus to refrain from using force in the interests of peace, and regional and global stability.[49]
While, Milorad Dodik for several occasions visit Russia, including attended Eastern Economic Summit in Vladivostok, hold several bilateral meetings with Vladimir Putin, and in recently, still stands for Russia in many occasions.
Prime Minister Victor Orban widely known as vocal supporter on peace and Hungarian national interest, with strong arguments related with NATO expansion to the East, and also Ukraine is never can be EU nor NATO members. Orban also still defending many Russia and Hungarian relations related with their interest, humanitarian, economic, energy, and many important relations that built more than years. Until recently, Hungary, handful countries in European continents still maintain relations with Russia despite many sanctions or obstacles faced between bilateral relations of Russia and Hungary.
Prime Minister Eduard Heger stated that "The Russian imperialism has been restored in front of our eyes in its aggressive, militant form" and about Russian president Vladimir Putin added "All victims of this war will be his victims and he will be responsible for them in the eyes of the global public."[50] On 24 February 2022, Bratislava Castle and the seat of President of Slovakia Grassalkovich Palace in Bratislava was light up in blue and yellow in solidarity with Ukraine.[51] Slovakia also provided Ukraine with an S-300 air defense system.[52]
On 3 February 2022, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan of Turkey volunteered to organize a Ukraine-Russia conference during a visit to Ukraine, as EU leaders increased up outreach to the Kremlin to calm worries of a Russian invasion.[53] On 24 February, after the invasion started, Erdoğan expressed his support for Ukraine.[54] On 25 February, on the other hand, the Republic of Turkey abstained from voting on Russia's suspension from the Council of Europe as it calls for open dialogue between the parties under any circumstances.[55] Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu also reiterated Turkey's "readiness to host negotiations that could take place between the Russian Federation and Ukraine," accordingly.[56]
On 27 February 2022, Cavusoglu stated that Turkey shifted its terminology to refer to Russia's assault on Ukraine as a "war," and committed to enforce elements of the 1936 Montreux Convention's international pact which allows Turkey to prohibit all warships of the belligerent forces, including those of the Russian navy, from entering the Bosporus and Dardanelles and thus hinder Russian vessels' transit from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea.[57] On 28 February, President Erdoğan publicly confirmed that the straits would be closed to prevent an escalation of the war, while also pledging to maintain relations with both Ukraine and Russia.[58] On March 10, Messrs Sergei Lavrov and Dmytro Kuleba, the top diplomats of the Russian Federation and of Ukraine, have personally met in the Mediterranean province of Antalya in Turkey in the first high-level contact between the two sides since the beginning of the skirmishes in April. The meeting between Lavrov and Kuleba took place on the sidelines of a significant diplomacy forum gathering professionals who deal with diplomacy such as political leaders, diplomats, opinion makers, authors and academics. Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu also participated. Mr Cavusoglu has said the aim of the diplomatic meeting is "to pave the way," for a meeting between the Russian and Ukrainian presidents, which would be facilitated by Turkey's president.
Turkey has been actively involved in mediation efforts in the 2022 Russian-Ukrainian War due to its important relations with both countries.[59] Ukraine has asked both Israel and Turkey to set up talks with Russia for negotiations.[60] [61]
Turkey has provided Ukraine with Bayraktar drones since 2019, which played a significant role in deterring Russian advances in the early stages of the 2022 Russian-Ukrainian War, but has not imposed sanctions on Russia for the conflict.[62] [63]
On 17 March 2022, Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu expressed hope for a humanitarian ceasefire in the southern Ukrainian port city of Mariupol, where he claimed more than 100 Turkish citizens remained.[64]
On 20 March 2022, Turkey's foreign minister stated that Russia and Ukraine were close to reaching an agreement on "important" issues, and that he hoped for a ceasefire if the two sides did not reverse their previous advances.[65]
Pope Francis has stated that the events in Ukraine have caused, "great pain in his heart". The Pope called for 2 March, Ash Wednesday, to be a day of prayer and fasting for peace. In an unprecedented departure from diplomatic protocol, the Pope went to the Russian embassy on 25 February, to relay his concern over Russia's invasion of Ukraine to Moscow's ambassador.[66]
The Pope said to Russian youth, "Never forget your heritage. You are the descendants of great Russia: the great Russia of saints, rulers, the great Russia of Peter I, Catherine II, that empire – educated, great culture and great humanity. Never give up on this heritage." This comment was received negatively by the government of Ukraine.[67]
In mid February 2022, Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov accused Albania and two other Balkan countries of sending mercenaries to the Donbass conflict in Ukraine. The claims were rejected by Albanian officials.
As Russian military actions in Ukraine commenced, Albanian President Ilir Meta,[68] Prime Minister Edi Rama, Minister for Europe and Foreign Affairs Olta Xhaçka,[69] and Ambassador to the UN Ferit Hoxha[70] [71] made statements condemning the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Russia's recognition of the separatist regions in the Ukrainian Donbass as independent was condemned by Albania as a violation of the Minsk Protocol, international law and of Ukraine's statehood and borders.[72]
In late February 2022, Albania and the US tabled a co-written resolution condemning the Russian invasion of Ukraine at the 15 member UN Security Council, but failed to pass as Russia vetoed it.[73] At the UN Security Council, Albania cosponsored a resolution with the US for an emergency General Assembly session to be held regarding the invasion of Ukraine. As it was a procedural vote, Russia's opposition did not effect the outcome and the resolution passed.[74] [75] At the emergency General Assembly session, Albania voted in favour of a resolution which successfully passed that condemned Russia's invasion and demanded its military withdrawal from Ukraine.[76]
Albania imposed sanctions on Russia targeting the political and business elite close to President Vladimir Putin, on sectors related to energy, finance, technology and transport, and denying airspace access to Russian aircraft.[77] The name of a Tirana street where the Russian embassy is located was changed to "Free Ukraine" by Mayor Erion Veliaj.[78] These actions led to Russia including Albania on its official enemy list of "unfriendly countries".[79] [80] Albania's honorary consulate in Kharkiv was shelled and destroyed by Russian forces, there were no casualties as its staff had evacuated the building.[81] [82] [83]
In mid March, Albania and five other countries at the UN Security Council accused Russia of having committed war crimes in Ukraine.[84] In Albania, President Meta, Foreign Minister Xhaçka and the Speaker of Parliament Lindita Nikolla all condemned Russia for the Bucha massacre and called for an international response and independent investigation.[85] Albania voted for a successful UN General Assembly resolution to suspend Russia from the UN Human Rights Council.[86] In late September 2022, Russia vetoed a UN Security Council resolution tabled by Albania and the US opposing the Russian annexation of occupied areas of Ukraine.[87]
In February and March 2022, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Austria supported EU sanctions against Russia, despite still being a militarily neutral country.[88] On 7 March 2022, Putin put Austria on the list of "enemy countries" along with all other countries who supported sanctions against Russia.[89] Austria joined other countries in spring 2022 in declaring a number of Russian diplomats Persona non grata.
After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine started, Belgium, as one of the EU countries, imposed sanctions on Russia, and Russia added all EU countries to the list of "unfriendly nations".[90] Belgium joined other countries in spring 2022 in declaring a number of Russian diplomats Persona non grata.
After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine started, Bulgaria, as one of the EU countries, imposed sanctions on Russia, and Russia added all EU countries to the list of "unfriendly nations".[90]
On 24 March 2022, the Bulgarian prime minister announced the recalling of the Bulgarian ambassador in Moscow for consultations, in the wake of "undiplomatic, sharp and rude" comments reportedly spouted by the Russian ambassador to Bulgaria, Eleonora Mitrofanova.[91]
In the evening of 27 June the Russian embassy in Sofia launched a charity appeal for Bulgarians to support the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[92] One day later, Petkov announced the expulsion of 70 Russian diplomats over concerns of espionage.[93] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that Bulgaria would be temporarily closing down its diplomatic mission in Yekaterinburg and expected Russia to temporarily halt the activities of its own mission in Ruse, Bulgaria.[94] All services of the Russian embassy were halted, and Bulgaria stipulated that Russia must follow from thenceforth the official standard of limiting their numbers to 23 diplomatic staff and 25 administrative staff.[95] Misinformation promulgated by Russia in Bulgaria is being countered by the government of Bulgaria.[96]
Russia is suspected of being behind an explosion at an arms factory in Bulgaria in June 2023, it follows a series of similar incidents at arms depots housing ammunition meant to be exported to Ukraine.[97] In June 2023 Bulgaria decided to supply weapons directly to Ukraine and in July 2023 endorsed a decision to join the European Defence Agency's Collaborative Procurement of Ammunition project in support of Ukraine.[98]
The Prime Minister of Bulgaria, Nikolai Denkov stated "Russia must definitely withdraw from the territory of Ukraine, recognize its borders, and be held accountable for the crimes it has committed," when meeting the President of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelenskyy in July 2023.[99]
Bulgaria is close to selling two unused Russian-made nuclear reactors and other critical equipment to Ukraine's state-owned atomic energy company.[100] In addition, in July Bulgaria will take over the Rosenets oil terminal at the port of Burgas, run by Lukoil, with the Russian company losing its long term concession.[101]
Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Croatia joined other countries in spring 2022 in declaring a number of Russian diplomats Persona non grata. In March 2022, the Government of the Russian Federation listed Croatia, along with the other EU states, as one of "foreign states and territories that commit unfriendly actions against Russia, its companies, and citizens".[102] [103]
In July 2022 Russia added Croatia to its list of "unfriendly nations".[104] President Zoran Milanović continued with his pro Russian statements, stating in January 2023 "Crimea will never again be part of Ukraine".[105] In January 2023 Croatia joined the Schengen Area so Russian citizens now need to apply for a visa to enter Croatia.[106]
After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine started, Cyprus, as one of the EU countries, imposed sanctions on Russia, and Russia added all EU countries to the list of "unfriendly nations".[90]
Czech Republic, (Czechia),as a member of the EU has agreed to the idea of sanctioning Russia.The Russian government responded by setting the Czech Republic on its 'Unfriendly Countries List' along with the United States. As a result, the Czech embassy in Moscow are allowed to only hire up to 19 Russian locals, while the U.S. embassy in Moscow are not allowed to hire any Russian locals.[107] [108]
After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine started, Denmark along with the other EU countries imposed sanctions on Russia, and Russia added all EU countries to the list of "unfriendly nations".[109] The self-governing Faroe Islands, which are not part of the EU, implemented similar sanctions on Russia.[110] In April 2022, Denmark expelled 15 Russian diplomats from Denmark, and the following month Russia expelled 4 Danish diplomats and 3 other Danish embassy workers from Russia.[111] Relative to its GDP, Denmark was one of the nations that donated most to Ukraine (combined military and humanitarian aid) following the Russian invasion in 2022.[112] [113]
After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine started, Estonia, as one of the EU countries, imposed sanctions on Russia, and Russia added all EU countries to the list of "unfriendly nations".[90] Estonia joined other countries in spring 2022 in declaring a number of Russian diplomats Persona non grata. Estonia also introduced a ban on Russian language media channels.[114]
In September 2022, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia decided to close entry for Russian citizens with Schengen visas, including those issued by third countries.[115]
On 18 October 2022, the Estonian parliament voted in favour of officially recognizing Russia as a terrorist state. The Riigikogu also called on the international community to adopt a similar position.[116] [117]
On 6 December 2022 Vadim Konoshchenok, a suspected FSB officer was arrested at the border with high tech electronic items and ammunition sourced in the US, additional goods were found in a warehouse Konoshchenok was renting. The USA sought his extradition,[118] which was granted and actioned in July 2023.[119]
In January 2023, Estonian Foreign Ministry spokesman Mihkel Tamm announced Estonia's intention to seize $21.4 million in Russian assets in Estonia and deliver it to Ukraine. Estonia is working with European Commission on plans to seize Russian assets frozen in the European Union which are estimated to be in the hundreds of billions of dollars.
Estonia announced the expulsion of 21 Russian diplomats and technical staff in January 2023 and encouraged other European Union countries to follow suit. In response, Russia responded by downgrading its relations with Estonia and expelling the Estonian ambassador, Estonia responded in kind.[120]
After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine started, Finland, as one of the EU countries, imposed sanctions on Russia, and Russia added all EU countries to the list of "unfriendly nations".[90]
On 6 June 2023 Finland expelled nine Russian diplomats, believed to be working for an intelligence service. In July 2023 Russia ordered the closure of the St Petersburg consulate and expelled nine diplomats. Entry into Finland for Russian citizens will be limited for an indefinite period.[121]
Finland would end up joining NATO.
After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine started, France, as one of the EU countries, imposed sanctions on Russia, and Russia added all EU countries to the list of "unfriendly nations".[90] On 5 June 2022, French finance minister Bruno Le Maire stated that France is currently in talks with the United Arab Emirates, intending to replace Russian oil imports due to the imposition of the European Union ban.
Since Macron took power in France, Russian-French relations have remained at a standstill. According to Macron, "the war will continue" and he urged the French people "to prepare for the scenario where we all have to go without Russian gas." Macron's government has urged a "sobriety plan" to conserve energy rather than seek better diplomatic relations with the Russian Federation.[122]
President Salome Zourabichvili stated that "We are participating in all kinds of international financial sanctions and that's quite something for the Georgian financial sector. At the same time, we are participating in all the international resolutions that have been taken to support Ukraine. We share [with Ukraine] a common two-century history of Russian aggression and we know what that means"[123]
Zourabichvili said that her nation was "shocked" by Russian aggression in Ukraine. She affirmed her "solidarity with the Ukrainian people" and called for a halt in military operations.[124]
The Georgian government contributed 1 million GEL from its reserve budget to help Ukrainians harmed by Russia's military assault. Prime Minister Irakli Garibashvili made the decision and signed the decree authorizing the aid. The funding will be used to purchase medical supplies for Georgia's Ministry of Internally Displaced Persons, Labor, Health, and Social Affairs.[125]
On 24 February, the Chairman of the Parliament of Georgia Shalva Papuashvili expressed his solidarity with Ukraine and called on the international community to take steps to "stop Russia escalating into a full-scale conflict and ensure the protection of international norms."[126]
On 27 February 100 tons of humanitarian aid were delivered to Ukraine via Poland, including first-aid supplies, over 30 types of pharmaceuticals, oxygen concentrators, and other humanitarian supplies. In addition, Georgia provided blood components, transfusion materials, and diagnostics.[125]
On 4 March, The Georgian Health Ministry declared that all Ukrainian citizens in Georgia would receive free emergency medical services if needed.[125]
Prime Minister Irakli Garibashvili said that Georgia's government could not impose separate sanctions against Russia.[127]
Vice Prime Minister/Minister of Foreign Affairs of Georgia, David Zalkaliani stated that "Military aggression launched by Russia against Ukraine is totally intolerable". He called on international partners to give a strict response to the violation of international law by Russia and ensure the de-escalation of the situation.[128]
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia expressed extreme concern about developments in Ukraine. According to its statement, Russia's military actions undermined Ukraine's territorial integrity and sovereignty as well as the UN Charter and fundamental principles of international law.[129]
Economy Minister Levan Davitashvili said that Georgia was part of every international sanction against Russia[130]
A Parliamentary delegation of Georgia visited two Ukrainian cities where Papuashvili strongly opposed Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The opposition United National Movement (UNM), Georgia's main opposition party, paid a surprise visit to Kyiv on the same day, sending a separate delegation that included party chairman Nika Melia and former Georgian President Giorgi Margvelashvili.[131]
The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine led to a near complete reversal of German-Russian relations with the new German Chancellor, Olaf Scholz, "ordering" the immediate transfer of thousands of missiles to the Ukrainian military to aid in its fight against the invading Russian forces. Germany has also participated in severe economic banking sanctions against Russia since the start of the war. However, Germany is very dependent on Russia for natural gas and has been less willing to sanction this sector, aside from halting the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline and the attack on September 26 temporarily shutting the pipes down. The pipeline made up a significant portion of Germany's petroleum imports from Russia.[132] In response to sanctions imposed by Germany and the West, Russia gradually plunged flows of gas, which came to a complete halt in September 2022.
After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine started, Germany, as one of the EU countries, imposed sanctions on Russia, and Russia added all EU countries to the list of "unfriendly nations".[90] Germany joined other countries in spring 2022 in declaring a number of Russian diplomats persona non grata.
In April 2022, the German government said it will send 1 billion euros in military aid to Ukraine.[133] On 17 May 2022, German Finance Minister Christian Lindner said he is "politically open to the idea of seizing" the frozen foreign-exchange reserves of the Central Bank of Russia —which amount to over $300 billion— to cover the costs of rebuilding Ukraine after the war. Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Alexander Grushko remarked that it would amount to "complete lawlessness", and that the measure would hurt Germany if adopted.[134]
German Riol Chemie GmbH has allegedly illegally delivered chemicals to Russia, including precursor for Novichok.[135] [136]
In late 2022, Germany announced its first trade deficit since 1991, after it halted permits for Nord Stream 2, and introduced a Russian oil embargo. The country has been buckling under an acute energy shortage, approving cost-intensive subsidies to protect households from soaring energy bills. In fall 2022, Russia had halted gas flows via the Nord Stream 1 pipeline several times, blaming international sanctions against Russia, while the value of the Euro continued to slip against all major currencies until February 2023.[137] Russia's foreign ministry blamed the United States for Germany's energy crisis, by pushing its leaders towards a "suicidal" step of cutting economic and energy cooperation with Moscow, which he claimed had been a reliable energy supplier since Soviet times,[138] despite previous Russian-Ukrainian gas disputes having affected Russia's natural gas supply to Europe in 2006 and 2009.[139]
The discussion on the legitimacy of economic sanctions against Russia had a significant impact on Germany's political landscape. Parties to the right (AfD) and to the left (Die Linke) are split on the issue whether economic sanctions are effective to stop the conflict, and how they impact the German economy. Proponents of the right wanted to support the Nord Stream 2 pipeline, while politicians to the left have voiced similar concerns with regard to Germany's economic viability.[140] [141]
In April 2023, Germany expelled 50 Russian diplomats, the action was reportedly taken "in order to reduce the presence of Russian intelligence in Germany".[142] The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs responded by expelling 34 German diplomats from Moscow, stating that Germany "continues to demonstratively destroy the entire array of Russian-German relations".[143] In May 2023, the German Foreign Ministry stated that hundreds of Germans would be expelled from Moscow at the beginning of June, this due to a decision by Russia to cap the number of German employees in the country. Those expelled include employees from the German School Moscow.[144]
President Katerina Sakellaropoulou said that "we strongly condemn the Russian attack on an independent country" as "a clear violation of international law and our values".[145] On 8 March 2022, International Women's Day, Sakellaropoulou appeared at the Hellenic Parliament with a dress in the colors of Ukraine's flag, in tribute to the Ukrainian women affected by the war.[146]
Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis condemned the "revisionist" actions of Russia against Ukraine.[147] [148] [149] Mitsotakis had also given the impression of soon attacking Russia, but doing this would be taking a ‘giant risk’,putting NATO under threat.
Prime Minister Katrín Jakobsdóttir condemned Russia's invasion of Ukraine as "an unacceptable breach of international law."[150]
President Michael D. Higgins called the Russian invasion "unacceptable and immoral" and stated: "This violence must stop. Troops must be withdrawn by Russia. The rise of militarism must end. Full humanitarian access must be given to all civilians in need. Every glimmer of hope through diplomacy must be seized."[151]
Taoiseach Micheál Martin condemned the "outrageous" actions of Russia in Ukraine and promised "severe sanctions from EU", while saying: "Our thoughts must be with the innocent people of Ukraine at this, their most difficult hour."[152]
Tánaiste Leo Varadkar stated that while Ireland is militarily neutral, "in this conflict, Ireland is not neutral at all", acknowledging the country's "unwavering and unconditional" support for Ukraine.[153] He compared the invasion of Ukraine to the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1939, calling Putin "the Hitler of the 21st century".[154]
Prime Minister Mario Draghi promised "whatever it takes to restore Ukrainian sovereignty" and said it was "impossible to have meaningful dialogue with Moscow", demanding Russia unconditionally pull its forces back to the internationally established borders.[155]
The Russian-Ukraine crisis, with the deployment of Russian troops along the entire border with Ukraine and the subsequent war with Ukraine,[156] led Italy to open a diplomatic channel to resolve the crisis. Italy has severely condemned the Russian aggression and expressed full support to Ukraine.[157] The Russian aggression against Ukraine surprised and disconcerted Italy and European countries. Former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi also expressed shock at Vladimir Putin's decision to attack Ukraine.[158]
Initially, Italy was opposed to applying harsh economic sanctions against Russia, also because they were much more penalizing economically for Italy itself than for Russia, however it had to adhere to the European plan of harsh but gradual economic sanctions against Russia.[159] [160] [161] [162]
Italian public opinion has been strongly shocked and worried by the attack on Ukraine, also because it considered this war as unjustified and unjustifiable,[163] fratricidal between populations of Rus' origin and with the same Orthodox Christian religion.The significant presence of Ukrainian immigrants in Italy demonstrated in the Italian squares and churches for peace and to ask for support from Italy.[164]
After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine started, Italy, as one of the EU countries, imposed sanctions on Russia, and Russia added all EU countries to the list of "unfriendly nations".[90] Italy joined other countries in spring 2022 in declaring a number of Russian diplomats persona non grata.
Prime Minister Albin Kurti condemned the Russian invasion as "the largest military aggression, not only in Europe, since the end of the Second World War", stating "we stand in solidarity with the people of Ukraine and stand together with the EU, NATO, the US, and the UK for state sovereignty, territorial integrity, the country's independence and the right of self-determination for the people of Ukraine", alongside condemnations by the Kosovar parliament. Meanwhile, President Vjosa Osmani said that the people of Kosovo supported Ukrainians "as they face an unprovoked war as a result of Russian aggression", stating on Twitter that "we will work with our allies. ... Russian hegemony will not triumph. Freedom and democracy will win". A joint statement by Kosovo's president, prime minister and senior ministers furthermore condemned attempts to draw parallels to Kosovo's own declaration of independence from Serbia: "Dictator Putin's effort to refer to the Kosovo case and draw parallel are totally unstable, abusive and an attempt to camouflage the lack of any base or reason for the barbarous attack of its forces against a sovereign state."[165]
President of Latvia Egils Levits strongly condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine, calling for "all possible support, including weapons" to Ukraine and "the harshest possible sanctions" against Russia.[166] In a later interview he called the invasion the "beginning of the end for Putin".[167] On 26 February, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia suspended issuing visas to Russian nationals with the exception of humanitarian visas.[168] Two days later, Saeima approved legal amendments allowing Latvian nationals to voluntarily fight on the Ukrainian side against the Russian invasion.[169] On 4 March, Riga City Council renamed a section of the street in front of the Russian Embassy to Ukrainian Independence Street.[170] Prime Minister of Latvia Krišjānis Kariņš expressed that the Latvian economy and exports should continue to transition away from Russia, and the dependence on Russian energy imports should be reduced as soon as possible.[171]
Liechtenstein condemned the invasion in a statement published on the government's official website.[172]
The government of Liechtenstein promised CHF 500,000 from its existing International Humanitarian Cooperation and Development Budget to humanitarian projects for those affected by the war.[173]
See also: Lithuania and the Russian invasion of Ukraine and Government and intergovernmental reactions to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Following the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Lithuania has strongly condemned the invasion and called for military, economic and humanitarian aid for Ukraine.[174] President of Lithuania Gitanas Nausėda declared a state of emergency on 24 February 2022. On the same day, Lithuania also requested NATO to activate the Article 4 on joint consultations.
Together with the other EU member states, Lithuania banned Russian language media channels and imposed sanctions on Russia, and Russia, in turn, added all EU countries to the list of "unfriendly nations".[175] Soon after Lithuania expelled four Russian diplomats.[176] On 4 April, in response to the Bucha massacre, Lithuania expelled the Russian ambassador and closed the consulate in Klaipėda.[177] In April 2022, the Russian government decided to withdraw its consent to the functioning of the Consulate-General of Lithuania in Saint Petersburg.[178]
On May 10, Lithuania's Seimas voted unanimously to describe Russia's actions in Ukraine as constituting terrorism and genocide. The motion described Russia's war crimes in Ukraine as including "deliberate killing of civilians, mass rape, forcible relocation of Ukrainian citizens to Russia and the destruction of economic infrastructure and cultural sites". The motion claimed that Russian forces were targeting Ukrainian civilian sites for bombing and described Russia as a state which "supports and perpetrates terrorism". In response to the resolution, Leonid Slutsky stated that the resolution was part of an "anti-Russia project", accused Lithuania of Russophobia and said that "the level of relations with Lithuania has already been lowered significantly".
On 8 June 2022 Russian parliamentarian Yevgeny Alexeyevich Fyodorov submitted a bill to the Duma to repeal the recognition by the Russian state of Lithuania's independence.[179] He thought that in this way the other two Baltic states might have their independence reversed too. An academic from the Institute of Commonwealth of Independent States brought up several expansionist devices and suggested that the Baltic States were "making the same mistake as Ukraine, which believed that the Russian Federation would never send troops because the United States was behind it."[180] Towards the end of June, Lithuania announced that it would be blocking the transport of Russian goods through their territory from mainland Russia to Kaliningrad. Russia criticised Lithuania for this.[181]
In September 2022, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia have decided to close entry for the Russian citizens with Schengen visas, including those issued by third countries.[115] In 2022, around 4,000 Russian citizens applied for a residence permit in Lithuania, while 38 had their permanent residence permit revoked over security concerns.[182]
In December 2022, diplomatic relations between Lithuania and Russia were downgraded to the level of acting chargé d'affaires after the Russian ambassador was expelled and the Lithuanian ambassador recalled.[183]
In August 2023, following a survey, Lithuania announced that 254 Russian and 910 Belarusian citizens living in Lithuania posed a threat to national security and that their residence permits will be revoked.[184] [185]
Prime Minister Xavier Bettel condemned the invasion on Twitter.[186]
Foreign minister Jean Asselborn, in an interview with local radio, said the "physical elimination" of Putin was potentially the only way out of the war. He later described his remarks as a "slip of the tongue" and an emotional reaction to having just heard of Russia's indiscriminate attacks on Kharkiv.[187]
Prime Minister Robert Abela said that during the meeting of European leaders Malta had "spoken in favour of peace in Ukraine", adding that doing so "did not compromise Malta's position of neutrality", as Malta's constitution affirms the island as a neutral state adhering to a policy of non-alignment.[188]
President Maia Sandu condemned the act of war, calling it "a blatant breach of international law and of Ukrainian sovereignty and territorial integrity."[189] She added that Moldova was ready to accept tens of thousands of people fleeing Ukraine after the Russian attack and vowed to keep the borders open to help.[190]
Prince Albert II affirmed his support for Ukraine in a statement: "The Principality reaffirms its support of international laws, and to the sovereignty, the integrity and the independence of states." and "Monaco is at the side of the Ukrainian population and human rights."[191]
Minister of State Pierre Dartout announced his concern and said that Monaco was on the side of the Ukrainian people. He urged the Russians to cease their military operation immediately and for dialogue to resume.[192]
The Monaco Royal Palace said "The Principality has adopted and implemented, without delay, procedures for freezing funds and economic sanctions identical to those taken by most European States."[193]
President Milo Đukanović condemned the Russian invasion, saying it "violates all fundamental principles of international law, undermines European security, and endangers its stability." Deputy Prime Minister Dritan Abazović also tweeted that Montenegro stands with NATO and EU partners.
Prime Minister Mark Rutte condemned Russia's actions in the "strongest possible terms", saying that "one country and one man are responsible", while calling for "maximum sanctions" against Russia.[194] King Willem-Alexander and Queen Máxima stated that their "hearts go out to the people of Ukraine and everyone affected by the violence."[195] The Dutch royal family announced it would host six to eight families of refugees from Ukraine from mid-April at Het Oude Loo.[196]
President Stevo Pendarovski condemned the Russian invasion as "an attack on the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine, blatant violation of the basic principles of international law, attack on the democratic order and a threat to the stability of Europe."[197]
Prime Minister Dimitar Kovačevski announced his government's readiness to receive refugees from Ukraine if the situation there deteriorated further.[198]
Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Støre assured that Norway "condemns Russia's military attack on Ukraine in the strongest possible terms".[199]
In the lead-up to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki warned that Russian President Vladimir Putin sought to rebuild the Russian Empire and urged Europe to unite and prevent Putin from making his dreams reality.[200] On 22 February, after Putin recognized the independence of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions of Ukraine, Prime Minister Morawiecki called the action "an act of aggression against Ukraine,"[201] and Polish leaders urged European powers to adopt strong financial sanctions against Russia. Morawiecki singled out Germany's Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline from Russia as "harmful and dangerous."[202]
After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine started, Poland, as one of the EU countries, imposed sanctions on Russia, and Russia added all EU countries to the list of "unfriendly countries".[203]
After the Russian invasion began on 24 February, Morawiecki tweeted, "We must immediately respond to Russia's criminal aggression on Ukraine Europe and the free world has to stop Putin."[204]
On 26 February, the Polish Football Association announced that it would not participate in a planned 24 March World Cup qualifying match against the Russian squad in Moscow.[205] Poland joined other countries in spring 2022 in declaring a number of Russian diplomats persona non grata.
On 9 May, during VE Day, Russian Ambassador to Poland Sergey Andreev was splashed with red liquid by protestors of the invasion, as he arrived at a Soviet military cemetery in Warsaw for wreath-laying ceremony. The protestors prevented the Russian delegation from laying the wreath and shouted "murderers" and "fascists" at them, before the police escorted Andreev and his delegation away from the Soviet military cemetery. Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova denounced the attack and called the protestors "young neo-Nazis", and demanded Poland to organize without delay the wreath-laying ceremony while providing complete security. Polish Minister of Interior and Administration Mariusz Kaminski defended the protestors saying that their gathering was legal and claimed that the protestors' actions were understandable due to emotions of Ukrainian women present in the protests "whose husbands are fighting bravely in defense of their homeland".[206] [207]
A survey from June 22 noted that only 2% of Poles hold a favourable view of Russia, while 97% have an unfavourable opinion, which was the most negative views of Russia among all countries included in that international survey. The 2% view was a stark decrease from previous polls, which for the past two decades had about 20–40% of Poles expressing a favourable view of Russia.[208]
In September 2022, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia decided to close entry for Russian citizens with Schengen visas, including those issued by third countries.[115]
In October 2022, the Senate of Poland recognized Russia as a terrorist state.[209]
On November 2, 2022, Poland's Minister of National Defence Mariusz Błaszczak announced the construction of a barrier along the border with the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad, as Poland believes that Russia will use the border to illegally transport African and Asian immigrants to Europe.[210] [211] [212] [213]
Prime Minister António Costa "vehemently condemns the military action triggered by Russia today on Ukrainian soil" in a press statement following a meeting with the minister of state and foreign affairs, the minister of defence, and the chief of the general staff.[214]
President Klaus Iohannis condemned Russia's military aggression against Ukraine via Twitter. He said that "Romania, together with the entire international democratic community, strongly rejects this irresponsible behaviour that undermines the foundations of international relations and the current order of international law", and that "the Russian Federation has once again shown that it is not is interested in the constructive and responsible dialogue offered by the European and Euro-Atlantic community" and that Romanian citizens should leave Ukraine as soon as possible.[215]
On 13 March 2022, while the Russian invasion of Ukraine was taking place, an unarmed Russian Orlan-10 reconnaissance drone crashed in the Romanian village of Tărpiu. This followed a similar incident in Zagreb, Croatia, which happened a few days before.[216] [217] [218]
After the Russian invasion of Ukraine started, Romania, as one of the EU countries, imposed sanctions on Russia, and Russia added all EU countries to its list of "unfriendly nations".[90] Romania joined other countries in spring 2022 in declaring a number of Russian diplomats persona non grata.
Starting in late April 2022, the Russian hacking group Killnet launched a series of cyberattacks against Romanian government and other official websites.[219] This happened after a visit from Romanian authorities to Kyiv where more support for Ukraine was promised while the Russian invasion of the country was still occurring.[220]
Disapproval of the Russian leadership shown in a poll in Romania rose from 37% in 2021 to 79% in 2022.[221]
On 22 June 2023, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Ukraine destroyed a bridge at Chonhar connecting Crimea with Russian-occupied parts of southern mainland Ukraine. Following this, Vladimir Saldo, the Russian-appointed governor of occupied Kherson Oblast, threatened that Russia would destroy bridges in Odesa in Ukraine but also a bridge connecting Giurgiulești in Moldova with Galați in Romania.[222] The Prime Minister of Romania Marcel Ciolacu strongly condemned Saldo's threats to both Moldova and Romania. He also hinted that Romania is a member of NATO, described Kherson Oblast as illegally occupied by Russia and stated that striking civilian infrastructure is a war crime.[223] A spokesman for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Moldova, Igor Zaharov, also condemned Saldo's declarations.
Prime Minister Janez Janša condemned Russia's "unprecedented military aggression against Ukraine" and demanded that Russia immediately withdraw its military and fully respect Ukraine's territorial integrity, reaffirming Slovenia's support of Ukraine.[224] Janša is due to visit Ukraine on 25 February 2022 for talks with his Ukrainian counterparts.[225] [226] The national flag of Ukraine was also hung from the Slovenian Parliament in Ljubljana as a symbol of solidarity and brotherhood between the two countries.[227]
Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez condemned the "intolerable military actions of the Russian government in Ukrainian soil" on Twitter after holding a meeting of the Spanish National Security Council presided over by King Felipe VI.[228]
Minister of Foreign Affairs José Manuel Albares called the attack "unjustifiable" and a "blatant violation of international law", and announced that Spain was coordinating with EU partners and NATO allies.[229] Minister of Defence Margarita Robles asked for "really severe" sanctions and called Russian actions "of an extraordinary gravity" but noted that there would be no NATO troops on Ukrainian soil as the country "is not a NATO member".[230]
On 27 February, Spanish Defence Minister Margarita Robles announced the shipment of 20 tons of defense military equipment to Ukraine[231] and advanced the request to send the frigate Blas de Lezo in conjunction with a NATO mission.[232]
Prime Minister Magdalena Andersson stated that "Sweden condemns in the strongest terms Russia's ongoing invasion of Ukraine. Russia's acts are also an attack on the European security order. It will be met by a united and robust response in solidarity with Ukraine. Russia alone is responsible for human suffering.".[233]
After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine started, Sweden, as one of the EU countries, imposed sanctions on Russia, and Russia added all EU countries to the list of "unfriendly nations".[90] Sweden joined other countries in spring 2022 in declaring a number of Russian diplomats persona non grata. In 2023, it summoned Russia's ambassador to complain about a statement on the embassy's web site according to which joining NATO made the Nordic countries "a legitimate target for Russian retaliatory measures, including those of a military nature".[234] A YouGov poll showed that in February 2023, 63% of respondents in Sweden wanted to support Ukraine in a war with Russia until Russian troops leave all occupied territories.[235]
The Swiss foreign ministry called Russia's actions an "invasion" and a "gross violation of international law", while Swiss President Ignazio Cassis announced that the country would support EU sanctions on travel and finance but would still not impose sanctions of its own.[236] However, the Swiss Federal Council reversed course on 28 February, announcing that Switzerland was imposing the same sanctions on Russian assets as the European Union. Exempt from these sanctions were payments for energy raw materials. According to Cassis, the decision was unprecedented but consistent with Swiss neutrality.[237] The Ukraine Recovery International Conference took place in Lugano, Switzerland on 5 July 2022, to finance the rebuilding of the war-torn nation.[238]
Queen Elizabeth II made a "generous" donation to the Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) Ukraine Humanitarian Appeal.[239]
Prime Minister Boris Johnson said that he was "appalled by the horrific events in Ukraine" and "President Putin has chosen a path of bloodshed and destruction by launching this unprovoked attack".[240]
During a visit to Southend-on-Sea, Charles, the then-Prince of Wales, condemned the Russian invasion, stating: "What we saw in the terrible tragedy in Southend was an attack on democracy, on an open society, on freedom itself. We are seeing those same values under attack today in Ukraine in the most unconscionable way. In the stand we take here, we are in solidarity with all those who are resisting brutal aggression."[241] His wife, Camilla, made a "substantial" donation to the Daily Mails refugee campaign.
The royal household of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge stated on Twitter: "In October 2020 we had the privilege to meet President Zelenskyy and the First Lady to learn of their hope and optimism for Ukraine's future. Today we stand with the President and all of Ukraine's people as they bravely fight for that future."[242] The couple also made a private donation and were thanked by President Zelenskyy for their message of support.
Secretary of State for Defence Ben Wallace described Russia's actions as "naked aggression against a democratic country".[243]
– "Today's actions by Russia, launching a full-scale invasion of a sovereign, democratic nation without any provocation or reasonable excuse, is nothing short of appalling. None of us expected to witness such unforgivable aggression in Europe in our lifetimes. Gibraltar therefore joins with the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, leaders of other nations and people around the world in condemning this action in the most strident terms", said Chief Minister Fabian Picardo.[244] Picardo called for a ban of the Russian state-controlled television network RT on 25 February; television providers in Gibraltar agreed to suspend broadcasts of RT.[245]
– "Guernsey follows the UK's sanctions regime and UK foreign policy and will continue to do so. Some of the announced measures will apply automatically and this has already been communicated to the industry. Some of the other sanctions announced yesterday may require new legislation in the UK and if so, the States will move in step with the UK to ensure that all new sanctions will apply and be enforced uniformly."[246]
– The Isle of Man government is in close contact with the UK government and will remain so regarding the unfolding situation in Ukraine. "We will take action in line with the UK government."[247] It since closed its airspace and ports to Russian airplanes and ships, and extended the UK's sanctions to automatically apply on the Isle of Man. The chief minister Alfred Cannan condemned the actions of the Russian President.[248]
– The Deputy (Acting) Chief Minister, Senator Lyndon Farnham, issued the following statement: "We are fully alongside the United Kingdom in its condemnation of this aggressive action, and we will act promptly in line with the UK's response. The UK is ultimately responsible for our foreign relations as a matter of international law, and we implement both U.K. and UN sanctions.[249]
In response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 the UK government applied economic sanctions on Russian banks and individual citizens and banned Aeroflot aeroplanes from entering British airspace, in retaliation the Russian government banned British aeroplanes from entering Russian airspace.[250]
Britain also supplied the Ukrainians with military equipment; most notably sending NLAW missiles to Ukraine, commencing in January 2022 in anticipation of the Russian invasion.[251] As of 16 March 2022, the UK confirmed that it had delivered more than 4,000 NLAWs to Ukraine.[252] In addition the UK commenced supplying Ukraine with Starstreak missiles (HVM) to help prevent Russian air supremacy. British soldiers were sent via Poland to help train Ukrainian forces.[253] [254] These were sent as an interim measure until the arrival of the Sky Sabre missile defence system.[255]
On 26 February 2022, Britain and its partners took "decisive action" to block Russia's banks' access to the SWIFT international payment system, according to British Prime Minister Boris Johnson.[256]
On 5 March 2022, Britain warned that Russia's suggested ceasefire in Mariupol, Ukraine, was most likely a ploy to distract international attention while reorganizing its forces in preparation for a fresh onslaught.[257] "By accusing Ukraine of breaking the agreement, Russia is likely seeking to shift responsibility for current and future civilian casualties in the city," stated the British defence ministry in an intelligence briefing. Britain also urged its citizens to consider fleeing the country. "If your presence in Russia is not essential, we strongly advise that you consider leaving by remaining commercial routes," announced the British government in a statement.[258]
On 11 March 2022, the United Kingdom imposed sanctions on 386 members of Russia's lower house of parliament and announced that it will attempt to prohibit the export of luxury products to Russia to raise diplomatic pressure on Russian President Vladimir Putin over the invasion of Ukraine.[259]
On 12 March 2022, France, the United Kingdom, and Germany cautioned Russia that its demands for economic guarantees with Iran could jeopardize an almost-completed nuclear deal.[260]
On 17 March 2022, the United Kingdom said it had "very, very strong evidence" of war crimes in Ukraine, and that Russian President Vladimir Putin was orchestrating them.[261] On 24 March 2022, the Kremlin declared Prime Minister Boris Johnson as the most active anti-Russian leader. Downing Street rejected these claims and stated that the Prime Minister was "anti-Putin" and had no issue with the Russian people.[262]
On 3 May 2022, Russia aired a segment titled The Sinkable Island. During the segment, hosted by Dmitry Kiselyov, a simulation showing a hypothetical nuclear attack on Great Britain was shown.[263]
On 8 May 2022, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson's office stated that G7 leaders agreed that the world should increase economic pressure on Russian President Vladimir Putin in whatever manner feasible.[264]
Besides supplying lethal aid to Ukraine, the UK has stated intent to mobilise for the possible event of direct involvement in a broader conflict with Russia as announced by General Sir Patrick Sanders on 28 June 2022 in the form of Operation Mobilise (2022).
On 29 September 2022, a Russian Su-27 fighter "released" a missile in the vicinity of a Royal Air Force Boeing RC-135 Rivet Joint which was carrying out a routine patrol over the Black Sea. Both the UK and Russia agreed that it was due to a technical malfunction, rather than a deliberate escalation. Patrols were temporarily suspended by the RAF following the incident but later resumed with fighter escorts.[265]
On 29 October 2022, Russia accused the UK of involvement in the 2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage, which it claimed were carried out by the Royal Navy, in addition to involvement in the drone strikes on the Sevastopol Naval Base. The UK Ministry of Defence released a statement denouncing the claims and stated that Russia was "peddling lies on an epic scale".[266] Earlier in the month, Russia had also accused the UK of involvement in the Crimean Bridge explosion.
The Cuban government ascribed the Ukrainian crisis to the US and supported Russia's right to "self-defense," but argued that the conflict should be settled diplomatically.[267]
President Ortega defended Putin's deployment of troops to Ukraine after recognizing separatist regions.[268]
Russian state television reported in June 2022 that Daniel Ortega, the president of Nicaragua, had extended an invitation to Russian forces to enter his country in the second half of 2022. State TV host Olga Skabeeva said "It's time for Russia to launch something potent closer to the American city on a hill."[269]
The Nayib Bukele administration's position on the Russia-Ukraine conflict is neutral.
Honduras condemned the Russian invasion.[270]
In December 2023, Honduras voted against condemning Russia at the United Nations.[271]
Minister of Foreign Affairs Paul Chet Greene condemned the Russian invasion and urged diplomatic talks.[272]
The Bahamas denounced the invasion and Foreign Minister Fred Mitchell stated "The invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation and led by its President Vladimir Putin is wrong, unlawful and should end and be reversed."[273]
Prime Minister Mia Mottley urged Russia to withdraw and described the invasion as a violation of Ukrainian territorial integrity.[274]
The Government of Belize condemned the 'illegal Russian invasion' and expressed its solidarity with Ukraine.[275]
Canada has imposed economic sanctions on Russia that will prevent Canada from exporting services related to Russia's oil, gas, and chemical industries as of June 2022 as a result of Russia invading Ukraine on the 24th. of February 2022. These sanctions will exert pressure on Russian forces to withdraw from territory that Canada recognizes as Ukrainian but is actually being held by Russia.[276]
President Carlos Alvarado released a statement on Twitter rejecting and condemning the "use of force and the violation of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine", saying that peace is the "only way".[277]
Dominica condemned the invasion and called for an end to the 'aggression'.[278]
Dominican President Luis Abinader released a statement urging Russia to withdraw from Ukraine and furthermore stated that Russia was violating the political, cultural and territorial identity of Ukrainians.[279]
Russia–United States relations
On February 24, 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine. They opened fire with explosive ordinance, hitting a number of residential buildings. By February 25, they had seized the entire Chernobyl exclusion zone and were advancing on the Ukrainian capital, but they were met with fierce resistance from both the Ukrainian military and a makeshift militia. On February 26, President Joe Biden gave the US State Department permission to send Ukraine up to $350 million worth of arms from US stockpiles.[280]
The country's government blamed NATO and the United States for the crisis in Ukraine, stating that they had violated the Minsk agreements. Nicolás Maduro said before the invasion was launched that Venezuela was with Putin, but also urged a diplomatic dialogue to avoid an increase in the conflict.[281] [282]
President Maduro officially sent "a hug of solidarity" to President Putin, a "brother of Venezuela."[283]
President Jair Bolsonaro declined to condemn Russian President Vladimir Putin's invasion of Ukraine, while departing from his government's official stance at the United Nations to say Brazil would remain neutral.[284] Brazil supported a resolution condemning Russia's invasion of Ukraine at a United Nations Security Council meeting on 25 February.[285] Vice-president Hamilton Mourão suggested use of force against Russia in the context of military crisis.[286] However, on 27 February, President Jair Bolsonaro said that he would not condemn the invasion and that Brazil would remain neutral.[287] In 2023, Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva condemned the invasion, but suggested Ukraine could "give up Crimea" in exchange for peace and Russia's withdrawal from the Ukrainian territory it occupied after February 2022, resulting in international criticism.[288] [289]
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that, as "a pacifist state", the Bolivian government urged Russia and Ukraine to avoid the use of force and seek diplomatic de-escalation "within the framework of International Law and the Charter of the United Nations". It did not explicitly condemn the Russian invasion, instead citing a "lack of dialogue and understanding" as causing further escalation in the conflict.[290] Two days later, on 28 February, before the UN General Assembly, Bolivia rejected the "invasion and unilateral actions" of Russia.[291] Nonetheless, Bolivia has consistently abstained from UN and OAS motions condemning Russia or demanding a cessation of hostilities and voted against expelling Russia from the United Nations Human Rights Council.[292] [293] [294]
On 24 February, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Argentina called on Russia to respect the charter of the United Nations and international law.[295] President Alberto Fernández asked "the Russian Federation to put an end to the military action, respect Ukraine's sovereignty and return to dialogue."[296] On 24 February, Argentina, along with Brazil and three other Latin American states, abstained from a vote at the Organization of American States condemning the Russian invasion of Ukraine, saying the organization was not a "pertinent forum."[297] On 2 March, Argentina voted in favor of the United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1 condemning Russia's invasion of Ukraine and demanding a full withdrawal of Russian forces.[298] Before the UN, Foreign Minister Santiago Cafiero said that the invasion of Ukraine was "illegitimate" and condemned "military operations on Ukrainian soil," arguing further that the world "does not tolerate more deaths or wars."[299] Argentina has also supported Ukraine at the UN Human Rights Council.[300] On 1 July 2022, Fernández had a phone conversation with President Zelenskyy, where Fernández condemned the invasion again and promised more aid to Ukraine.[301]
President Iván Duque stated that Colombia "categorically rejects the attacks against Ukraine by Russia" and considers the invasion a violation of international law and the United Nations charter.[302]
President Guillermo Lasso said that Ecuador would support the position of the United Nations and the Organization of American States in condemning the invasion. "The aggression is a violent intrusion and a violation of our principles for worldwide peace," he said. He added, however, that Ecuador has no plans to suspend diplomatic relations with Russia.[303]
Guyana condemned the invasion and urged Russia to respect Ukrainian sovereignty.[304] [305]
Paraguay condemned the invasion.[306]
Foreign Affairs Minister César Landa said: "Faced with the violation of [the] sovereignty, territory, and integrity of Ukraine, Peru rejects the use of force and states its opinion through the Foreign Affairs Ministry, invoking respect for international law."[307]
Suriname condemned the invasion.[308]
President Luis Lacalle Pou condemned Russia's "actions contrary to international law", and declared that Uruguay "is a country that is always committed to peace", for which he encouraged the return of negotiations for a "civilised resolution" of the conflict.[309] In an official statement from the Ministry of Foreign Relations, the government stated that the principles of the Charter of the United Nations were "notoriously violated" after the Russian military attacks; and announced that four Uruguayan citizens were evacuated from Ukraine to Cyprus, and that it was monitoring the situation, attending to the situation of its "compatriots" to provide them with the proper assistance.[310] [311]
Venezuelan opposition and interim President Juan Guaido condemned the Russian invasion.[312]
Due to the circumstances, Algeria found itself in an awkward position between Western countries, who oppose Russia's action while supporting Ukraine, and Russia, which had just launched a military attack on that country. Algeria has strong ties with both Russia and Europe. However, it is more connected to Russia.
Algeria made an effort to take a cautious stance on the Ukraine crisis. Despite not publicly endorsing Moscow, Algeria has a policy that is essentially supportive of the Russian capital. An explanation for this is provided below:
1. Maintaining relations with Russia: By avoiding taking a clear political position on the conflict between Russia and Europe, Algeria refrained from supporting or condemning Russia's military involvement in Ukraine. The situation of Algerians in Ukraine and how to help them find a way to either stay safe during the military unrest or return home were the main topics of all the comments made by the Algerian foreign ministry.
2. If Russia's supplies were cut off, Algerian officials denied that they would be willing to increase gas exports to that nation. In response to the CEO of Sonatrach's assertion that Algeria was ready to increase gas supply to Europe in an interview with the French newspaper Liberte, Sonatrach swiftly denied the claim, accused the media of fabricating information, and even filed a lawsuit against it.
3. Algeria vehemently disagreed with Ukraine's plan to hire mercenaries, according to a statement from the Ukrainian Embassy in Algeria, which said the country wanted to "jointly resist the Russian occupation and defend global security."[313]
Algeria also wants to join BRICS which Russia supports its candidacy. Algeria's relations with Russia have remained positive and cooperation continues to grow even with the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[314]
President Ibrahim Traoré stated "There is a desire to change politics which leads us to turn our backs on our traditional partners and turn towards our true friends like Russia."[315]
Burkina Faso is one of six African countries to be part of the Russia-Africa grain deal in which the African countries that are members of the organization receive up to 50,000 tonnes of grain each free of charge.[316]
In 2023, Burundi and Russia signed an agreement on nuclear cooperation.[317]
In 2024, Russian President Vladimir Putin is expected to visit Burundi.[318]
Burundi's foreign minister insisted that his country would not take sides in Russia's war against Ukraine.[319] However, in December 2023, Burundi reversed this position and voted against condemning Russia at the United Nations.[320]
The Angolan government urged a ceasefire and warned that the conflict, in addition to causing human and material damage, caused "a climate of tension between the two countries, with international proportions". The Angolan Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that "the parties must strive for the peaceful resolution of the conflict."[321]
Somalia is one of six African countries to be part of the Russia-Africa grain deal in which the African countries that are members of the organization receive up to 50,000 tonnes of grain each free of charge.[316]
However, Somalia has condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[322]
William Ruto, president of Kenya, refused to attend the 2023 Russia–Africa Summit and opted for the African Union (AU) to represent Kenya instead, with a spokesperson saying that he wanted to convey the message for the AU "to try and tie down relations with Africa as it gets shunned by the West over its war in Ukraine".[323]
Kenya took part in the joint statement led by Albanian-Americans after the UN Security Council voted on a resolution concerning Russian aggression against Ukraine.
The Liberian government condemned the unprovoked attack and "[urged] Russia to ease hostilities," according to their statement.[324]
(Islamic Emirate)
On 25 February 2022 the Taliban called for "resolving the crisis through dialogue and peaceful means."[325]
In September 2022, the Taliban signed a provisional deal with Russia for oil, gas, and wheat.[326]
Battsetseg Batmunkh, Mongolia's foreign minister, said the government was observing events with concern. She noted that "if the situation continued to escalate it may contribute negatively to world peace and stability", and called on the parties to quickly negotiate a ceasefire.[327]
The United Nations envoy of the deposed Islamic Republic of Afghanistan condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Kazakhstan, a neighbour and ally of Russia, reportedly denied a request for its troops to join Russian forces in the invasion. The former Soviet republic also said it would not be recognizing the Russia-created breakaway republics, the Luhansk People's Republic and the Donetsk People's Republic, NBC News reported.[328] The Kazakh defense ministry insisted the matter had not even come up. A statement issued on its Telegram channel on 27 February said: "A request to send Kazakh military to Ukraine or any other country hasn't been received and, correspondingly, hasn't been considered."[329] Kazakhstan avoided criticising Russia's move to invade a fellow ex-Soviet republic however.[330] President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev stated that his country would not recognize Luhansk and Donetsk Republics, which he considers to be quasi-states, because if the right of nations to self-determination was realized on the entire globe, over 500 or 600 states would emerge in the world instead of present 193, and it would result in chaos.[331]
Kazakhstan–Russia relations deteriorated greatly upon the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Kazakh leadership including Kazakh Foreign Minister Mukhtar Tleuberdi did not condemn the Russian invasion and abstained on the UN vote to condemn it, but at the same time they refused to recognize the Russian states of Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic.[332]
In addition to sending humanitarian aid to Ukraine, the Kazakh military increased spending and training.[333] Although Russia never showed any particular interest for Northern Kazakhstan, a region with a sizeable Russian minority, there is still the fear the same arguments used in Ukraine can be used to bolster Russian irredentism in the North.
Russia suspended shipments of Kazakh oil after Tokayev’s statements at the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum, where he stated that Kazakhstan considered the DPR and LPR as "quasi-state entities" and would not recognize them.[334] On the other hand, in spite of some tensions, Kazakhstan's relations with Russia remain strong and mostly friendly, as shown by Tokayev's visit to Moscow in November 2022.[335]
Following the 2022 Russian mobilization, Kazakhstan received a large influx of Russians leaving to avoid being conscripted to fight in Ukraine. President Tokayev promised that his government would help Russians who were leaving "because of the current hopeless situation", and that it was "a political and a humanitarian issue."[336] In 2022, Kazakhstan agreed to share the personal data of exiled anti-war Russians with the Russian government. In September 2022, Kazakh authorities detained a Russian journalist who was wanted on charges of "discrediting" the Russian military.[337] In December 2022, Kazakhstan deported a Russian citizen who fled mobilization.[338] In January 2023, Kazakhstan announced they were tightening visa rules, a move that is expected to make it more difficult for Russians to remain in the country.
In September 2023, Kazakhstani President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev stated that Kazakhstan would follow the sanctions regime against Russia.[339]
In January 2024, the head of the Kazakh diaspora in Moscow, Polat Dzhamalov, was charged by Russian authorities with spreading "false information" about the Russian armed forces after he shared a senior Russian official's alleged estimate of Russian military deaths in a Facebook post.[340]
See also: Government and intergovernmental reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Antigua and Barbuda
Barbados
Belize
Algeria
Angola
Somalia
Kenya
Liberia