Foreign relations of Nicaragua explained

Nicaragua pursues an independent foreign policy. A participant of the Central American Security Commission, Nicaragua also has taken a leading role in pressing for regional demilitarization and peaceful settlement of disputes within states in the region.

Nicaragua has submitted three territorial disputes, one with Honduras, another with Colombia, and the third with Costa Rica to the International Court of Justice for resolution.

International membership

At the 1994 Summit of the Americas, Nicaragua joined six Central American neighbors in signing the Alliance for Sustainable Development, known as the Conjunta Centroamerica-USA or CONCAUSA, to promote sustainable economic development in the region.

Nicaragua belongs to the United Nations and several specialized and related agencies, including:

International disputes

See main article: Territorial disputes of Nicaragua.

International relations with intergovernmental organizations and countries

Nicaragua signed a 3-year Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in October 2007. As part of the IMF program, the Government of Nicaragua agreed to implement free market policies linked to targets on fiscal discipline, poverty spending, and energy regulation. The lack of transparency surrounding Venezuelan bilateral assistance, channeled through state-run enterprises rather than the official budget, has become a serious issue for the IMF and international donors. On September 10, 2008, with misgivings about fiscal transparency, the IMF released an additional $30 million to Nicaragua, the second tranche of its $110 million PRGF.[1]

The flawed municipal elections of November 2008 prompted a number of European donors to suspend direct budget support to Nicaragua, a move that created a severe budget shortfall for the government. This shortfall, in turn, caused the Government of Nicaragua to fall out of compliance with its PRGF obligations and led to a suspension of PRGF disbursements. The IMF is currently in negotiations with the Government of Nicaragua to reinstate disbursements.[1]

Under current president Daniel Ortega, Nicaragua has stayed current with the Central American-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement, which entered into force for Nicaragua on April 1, 2006. Nicaragua exports to the United States, which account for 59% of Nicaragua's total exports, were $1.7 billion in 2008, up 45% from 2005. Textiles and apparel account for 55% of exports to the United States, while automobile wiring harnesses add another 11%.[1]

Other leading export products are coffee, meat, cigars, sugar, ethanol, and fresh fruit and vegetables, all of which have seen remarkable growth since CAFTA-DR went into effect. Leading Nicaraguan exports also demonstrated increased diversity, with 274 new products shipped to the United States in the first year. U.S. exports to Nicaragua, meanwhile, were $1.1 billion in 2008, up 23% from 2005. Other important trading partners for Nicaragua are its Central American neighbors, Mexico, and the European Union. Nicaragua is negotiating a trade agreement with the European Union as part of a Central American bloc.[1]

Despite important protections for investment included in CAFTA-DR, the investment climate has become relatively insecure since Ortega took office. According to the United States State Department, President Ortega's decision to support "radical regimes" such as Iran and Cuba, his harsh rhetoric against the United States and capitalism, and his use of government institutions to persecute political enemies and their businesses, has had a negative effect on perceptions of country risk, which by some accounts has quadrupled since he assumed office. The government reports foreign investment inflows totaled $506 million in 2008, including $123 million in telecommunications infrastructure and $120 million in energy generation.[1]

There are over 100 companies operating in Nicaragua with some relation to a U.S. company, either as wholly or partly owned subsidiaries, franchisees, or exclusive distributors of U.S. products. The largest are in energy, financial services, textiles/apparel, manufacturing, and fisheries. However, many companies in the textile/apparel sector, including a $100 million U.S.-owned denim mill, had shuttered by 2017.[1]

Poor enforcement of property rights deters both foreign and domestic investment, especially in real estate development and tourism. Conflicting claims and weak enforcement of property rights has invited property disputes and litigation. Establishing verifiable title history is often entangled in legalities relating to the expropriation of 28,000 properties by the revolutionary government that Ortega led in the 1980s. The situation is not helped by a court system that is widely believed to be corrupt and subject to political influence.[1]

Illegal property seizures by private parties, occasionally in collaboration with corrupt municipal officials, often go unchallenged by the authorities, especially in the Atlantic regions and interior regions of the north, where property rights are poorly defined and rule of law is weak. Foreign investor interest along the Pacific Coast has motivated some unscrupulous people to challenge ownership rights in the Departments of Rivas and Chinandega, with the hope of achieving some sort of cash settlement.[1]

In October 2022, the European Union declared the Nicaraguan representative Zoila Müller non grata.[2]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Nicaragua maintains diplomatic relations with:[3]

CountryDate
1 United States[4]
2 Colombia[5]
— Ecuador (suspended)1836[6] [7]
3 Mexico[8]
4 El Salvador[9]
5 Guatemala[10]
6 Spain[11]
7 Chile[12]
8 Peru[13]
9 Belgium[14]
10 United Kingdom[15]
11 France[16]
12 Honduras
13 Costa Rica[17]
14[18]
15 Serbia[19]
16 Cuba[20]
17 Brazil[21]
18 Italy[22]
— (suspended)[23] [24]
19 Argentina[25]
20 Czech Republic[26]
21 Poland[27]
22 Japan[28]
23[29] [30]
24 Panama[31]
25 Norway[32]
26 Israel[33]
27 Dominican Republic[34]
28 Turkey[35]
29 Germany[36]
30[37]
31[38]
— Netherlands (suspended)[39]
32 Paraguay[40]
33 Switzerland[41]
34 Portugal[42]
35 Canada[43]
36[44]
37 Uruguay[45]
38 Greece[46]
39 Denmark[47]
40 Philippines[48]
41 Jamaica[49]
42 Barbados[50]
43 Thailand[51]
44 Finland[52]
45[53]
46 Suriname[54]
47 Luxembourg[55]
48 Pakistan[56]
49 Hungary[57]
50 Egypt[58]
51 Romania[59]
52 Zambia[60]
53[61]
54[62]
55[63]
56[64]
57[65]
58 Grenada
59 Mongolia[66]
60 Albania[67]
61 Bulgaria[68]
62 Austria[69]
63 Zimbabwe[70]
64
65
66 Mozambique
67[71]
68[72]
69 Belize[73]
70 Guyana[74]
71 Cyprus
72 Lebanon[75]
73 Iceland[76]
74 Bangladesh[77]
75 Yemen[78]
76 Afghanistan[79]
77 India[80]
78 Lesotho[81]
79 Guinea[82]
80 Liberia
81[83]
82 Burkina Faso[84]
83 Australia[85]
84 Ethiopia
85 Seychelles
86 Benin
87 Equatorial Guinea
88 Madagascar
89 China[86]
90 Vanuatu
91 Nepal
92
93[87]
94 Indonesia[88]
95 New Zealand[89]
96 Angola[90]
—[91]
—[92]
97 Iraq[93]
98 Jordan[94]
99 Kuwait
100 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
101 United Arab Emirates
102 Bahrain
103 Qatar
104 Oman
105 Bahamas[95]
106 Antigua and Barbuda[96]
107 Slovenia[97]
108 Saint Kitts and Nevis[98]
109 Ukraine[99]
110 Saint Lucia[100]
111 Slovakia[101]
112 Singapore[102]
113 Malaysia
114[103]
115
116 Cambodia
117 Lithuania
118 Belarus[104]
119 Latvia
120 Kazakhstan[105]
121 Armenia[106]
122 South Africa
123 Azerbaijan
124 Andorra
125
126 Croatia
127 Turkmenistan
128[107]
129
130 Morocco[108]
131 Nigeria
132 Ireland
133 Estonia
134 Saudi Arabia
135 Uzbekistan
136 Botswana
137
138 Dominica
—[109]
141 Montenegro
140 San Marino
141 Bosnia and Herzegovina
142 Solomon Islands
143 Maldives
144 Tuvalu
145 Fiji[110]
146 Liechtenstein
147 Sudan
148 Tajikistan
149 Kyrgyzstan
150 Sri Lanka
151 Eritrea
152 Uganda
153 Central African Republic
154 Marshall Islands
155 Palau
156 Burundi
157 Tunisia
158 Gambia
159
160 Kenya
161 Niger
162 Monaco
163 Djibouti
164
165 Comoros
166 Mauritania[111]
167 Namibia[112]
168 Nauru
169 Togo
170 Cameroon
171 Rwanda[113]
172
173 Myanmar
174 Sierra Leone
175 Kiribati
176 Gabon
177 Chad[114]
178 Malawi[115]
179 Papua New Guinea
180[116]
181Unknown[117]
182Unknown
183 SenegalUnknown
184 Trinidad and TobagoUnknown

Bilateral relations

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
AlgeriaSee Algeria–Nicaragua relations
  • Algeria is accredited to Nicaragua through its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico.
  • Nicaragua has an embassy in Algiers.
Armenia
  • Armenia is accredited to Nicaragua from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico.
  • Nicaragua is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
1985 (With the People's Republic of China)[118] See China–Nicaragua relations

Nicaragua established diplomatic relations of the nationalist government of Republican China in 1930 but maintained relations after the central government of the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan after declaring the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. After the Sandinista National Liberation Front took power in 1979, Nicaragua recognized the PRC on 7 December 1985 until 9 November 1990 when FSLN was defeated and resumed relations with the ROC, which continued under Daniel Ortega's presidency since 2007. On 9 December 2021, Nicaragua resumed relations with the PRC.[119]

ColombiaSee Colombia–Nicaragua relations

The relationship between the two Latin American countries has evolved amid conflicts over the San Andrés y Providencia Islands located in the Caribbean close to the Nicaraguan shoreline and the maritime boundaries covering 150,000 km2 that included the islands of San Andres, Providencia and Santa Catalina and the banks of Roncador, Serrana, Serranilla and Quitasueño as well as the arbitrarily designed 82nd meridian west which Colombia claims as a border but which the International Court has sided with Nicaragua in disavowing.[120] The archipelago has been under Colombian control since 1931 when a treaty was signed during US occupation of Nicaragua, giving Colombia control over the islands.

  • Colombia has an embassy in Managua.
  • Nicaragua has an embassy in Bogotá.
Cuba3 September 1905See Cuba–Nicaragua relationsRelations between the two countries were particularly positive during Nicaragua's initial Sandinista period and have been strong since the 2007 election of Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua.
DenmarkSee Denmark–Nicaragua relations
FinlandSee Finland–Nicaragua relations

Finland is a significant donor of aid to Nicaragua. In 2007, total aid amounted to around EUR 14.5 million. The cooperation focused on rural development, health care and supporting local government.[121] In 1992, the Finnish government announced an aid program of US$27.4 million.[122]

In 2006, the Finnish government pledged 4.9 million euros to help the Nicaraguan government integrate the ICT systems of 20 town councils.[123] In 2008, the Finnish government revoked a 1.95 million euro aid package meant for Nicaragua in protest of what it alleged was a lack of transparency in Nicaragua's national budget and its municipal elections.[124]

In 2004, Finnish President Tarja Halonen visited Nicaragua[125] where she stated "The Finnish government and Parliament have decided that Nicaragua is one of the main targets of Finnish development aid. However, the visit has shown that Finland is not only giving money – it is also interested in what is happening here".[126] The Finnish President also made a speech to the National Assembly of Nicaragua on 31 May 2004.[127] In 2003, the two countries signed the Agreement for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments.

In February 2012, Finland made decision to stop development aid to Nicaragua. The main reason was concern over the state of the democracy in Nicaragua.[128]

  • Finland is accredited to Nicaragua from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico.
  • Nicaragua has an honorary consulate in Helsinki.[129]
France
  • France has an embassy in Managua.
  • Nicaragua has an embassy in Paris.
GeorgiaDiplomatic relations severed in November 2008
  • Nicaraguan-Georgian diplomatic relations established on 19 September 1994[130] and ended on 29 November 2008. The Georgian Foreign Ministry said that it had cut diplomatic ties with Nicaragua in a response to the latter's recognition of independence of breakaway South Ossetia and Abkhazia.[131]
See Germany–Nicaragua relations
  • Germany has an embassy in Managua.
  • In April 2024, Nicaragua closed its embassy in Berlin. In future, official duties will be assumed by the Nicaraguan diplomatic mission in Austria.[132]
GreeceSee Greece–Nicaragua relations
  • Greece is accredited to Nicaragua through its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico.
  • Nicaragua is accredited to Greece through its embassy in Rome, Italy.
See Holy See–Nicaragua relations
  • Holy See had an Apostolic Nunciature in Managua until 2023.
  • Nicaragua had an embassy in Rome to the Holy See until 2023.
IndiaSee India-Nicaragua relations
IsraelIsrael was the last country that still shipped weapons to the embattled Anastacio Somoza regime in 1978–1979 (the dictator's father had supported Israel in 1948, establishing a "special relationship" between Nicaragua and Israel), becoming the regime's main supplier of arms, after the Carter administration had cut off supplies amid the public outcry over Somozista troops' atrocities.[136] This soured the relations with the -Sandinista government; the relations were then gradually normalized. In March 2017, Nicaragua and Israel reestablished diplomatic relations after they were suspended in 2010.[137]
Mexico1838See Mexico–Nicaragua relations
  • Mexico has an embassy in Managua.[138]
  • Nicaragua has an embassy in Mexico City.
-October 1979See Nicaragua–Russia relationsBoth countries signed diplomatic missions on October 18, 1979, a few months after the Sandinista revolution.[139] President Vladimir Putin visited Nicaragua on July 12, 2014.
  • Nicaragua has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Managua.
January 1962[140] The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and the Republic of Nicaragua began in January 1962.
  • Nicaragua has an embassy in Seoul.
  • South Korea has an embassy in Managua.[141]
NetherlandsDiplomatic Relations severed in October 2022The direct cause for severing relations was the Netherlands' decision to definitively terminate its financial contribution to the Nicaraguan authorities for the construction of a hospital in Nicaragua, which has been on hold for several years.[142]
Spain20 March 1851See Nicaragua–Spain relations
Switzerland1956Relations with Nicaragua and Switzerland focus on development cooperation, humanitarian aid and trade.
  • Nicaragua is accredited to Switzerland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Switzerland is accredited to Nicaragua from its embassy in San José, Costa Rica and maintains a Swiss cooperation office in Managua.[144]
TurkeyNov. 11, 1926[145] See Nicaragua–Turkey relations
  • Turkish embassy in San José, Costa Rica is accredited to Nicaragua.
  • Nicaraguan embassy in Berlin is accredited to Turkey.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$11.6 million in 2019 (Nicaraguan exports/imports: 0.5/11.1 million USD).
United KingdomSee Foreign relations of the United KingdomThe UK established diplomatic relations with Nicaragua on 18 January 1859.
  • Nicaragua maintains an embassy in London.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Nicaragua from its embassy in San Jose, Costa Rica; there is no British embassy in Nicaragua.[146]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization, as well as the Central America–UK Continuity Trade Agreement.[147]

United States1824; 1849See Nicaragua–United States relations
  • Nicaragua has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and consulates-general in Miami and New York.
  • United States has an embassy in Managua.[148]
Uruguay 1849See Nicaragua–Uruguay relations
  • Nicaragua has an embassy in Montevideo.
  • Uruguay is accredited to Nicaragua from its embassy in Guatemala City, Guatemala.
1979Venezuela and Nicaragua have had diplomatic relations since January 1979. During the Venezuelan government of Carlos Andrés Pérez, they helped FSLN to overthrow regime of longtime Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle. Relations between Nicaragua and Venezuela have significantly improved during the presidency of Hugo Chávez. In 2007 Nicaragua became a formal member of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA) international cooperation organization and the Caribbean oil alliance Petrocaribe. In the recent years Nicaragua has received discounted oil from Venezuela with low payments. The presidents of Venezuela and Nicaragua, President Hugo Chávez and President Daniel Ortega, have both described themselves as good friends and visited one another's nations.
  • Nicaragua has an embassy in Caracas.
  • Venezuela has an embassy in Managua.

States with limited recognition

The following table includes Republic of China, Georgia, and some of the states with limited recognition:

NameRecognized by NicaraguaNotes
See Abkhazia–Nicaragua relations

Nicaragua recognized Abkhazia[149] and South Ossetia[150] on September 5, 2008.

At a press conference in November 2008, Nicaraguan Foreign Minister Samuel Santos López said, "Certainly, we think that the decision [to recognize independent Abkhazia and South Ossetia] was fair and appropriate. They [the republics] must be given time for inner formalities. We will coordinate the possibility and terms of direct diplomatic relations at a convenient moment. Obviously and logically, we will be acting via our friends, probably Russia, to establish closer contacts and diplomatic relations [with the republics]."[151]

Yes
  • Palestine has an embassy in Managua.[152]
  • Nicaraguan foreign minister, Denis Moncada, has publicly expressed solidarity with Palestinian statehood and called for "an end to the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories," and the "liberation of Palestinian prisoners."[153]
YesRecognized by 34 UN states, claimed by Morocco.
YesSee Nicaragua–South Ossetia relationsNicaragua extended diplomatic recognition to South Ossetia and Abkhazia on 5 September 2008. After the recognition was announced, the Nicaraguan Foreign Ministry stated that they would immediately establish ties with Tskhinval and would eventually appoint an ambassador to the republic. At a press conference in November 2008, Nicaraguan Foreign Minister Samuel Santos López said, "Certainly, we think that the decision [to recognize independent Abkhazia and South Ossetia] was fair and appropriate. They [the republics] must be given time for inner formalities. We will coordinate the possibility and terms of direct diplomatic relations at a convenient moment. Obviously and logically, we will be acting via our friends, probably Russia, to establish closer contacts and diplomatic relations [with the republics]."

The recognition of South Ossetia by Nicaragua triggered immediate reactions from other countries involved in the dispute over the status of South Ossetia. Georgia responded to Nicaragua's concurrent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by cutting diplomatic relations with the Central American state at the end of November 2008.[154] Russia offered to strengthen ties with Nicaragua and to provide aid to Nicaragua to help rebuild areas damaged by hurricanes.[155] The U.S. Secretary of Commerce canceled a planned trip to Nicaragua, with the U.S. Ambassador in Managua saying, "It isn't the appropriate moment for the visit."[156]

Yes[157] A sovereign entity without territory, established diplomatic relations with 104 states.
Diplomatic relations severed in 2021Nicaragua used to maintain official diplomatic relations with Taiwan instead of the People's Republic of China. In 2007, President Daniel Ortega stated that Nicaragua will maintain its diplomatic ties with Taiwan. Ortega defended Nicaragua's right of having diplomatic relations with Taiwan and China at the same time and insisted that Nicaragua will not break its diplomatic relations with Taiwan and Vice-president Jaime Morales Carazo (during Ortega's first tenure) criticized the People's Republic of China for conditioning Nicaragua's diplomatic relations. Nicaragua maintained its diplomatic relations with Taiwan until 2021.[158] On December 9, 2021, Nicaragua broke off diplomatic relations with the Republic of China and recognised the PRC as the legitimate Chinese government.[159]

See also

External links

Notes and References

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  2. Web site: La Unión Europea expulsa a la embajadora de la dictadura de Daniel Ortega . 10 October 2022 . 10 October 2022 . 10 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221010200234/https://www.eldebate.com/internacional/20221010/ue-expulsa-embajadora-daniel-ortega-reaccion-reciproca_65387.html . live .
  3. Web site: Diplomatic relations between Nicaragua and ... . 28 September 2022 . United Nations Digital Library.
  4. Web site: A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Nicaragua . 20 March 2023 . 26 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231026004727/https://history.state.gov/countries/nicaragua . live .
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  7. News: 5 April 2024 . Nicaragua denuncia a Ecuador y respalda plenamente a México exigiendo el cumplimiento del Derecho Internacional . 6 April 2024 . es . 6 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240406204020/https://www.el19digital.com/articulos/ver/titulo:150696-nicaragua-rechaza-y-condena-la-barbarie-politica-neofascista-del-gobierno-de-ecuador . live .
  8. Web site: Acerca de la Representación . 25 June 2023 . es . 18 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230718175832/https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/nicaragua/index.php/embajada/bienvenidos . live .
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  12. Web site: RELACIONES ENTRE CHILE Y NICARAGUA. PRIMEROS CONTACTOS Y DIPLOMATICOS CHILENOS EN NICARAGUA. . 27 March 2023 . es . doc . 5 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220705202502/https://minrel.gob.cl/biblioarchivo/site/artic/20100524/asocfile/20100524112158/r_chile_nicaragua.doc . live .
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  14. Web site: De amistad, comercio y navegación entre Nicaragua y la Bélgica firmado en Managua por los Señores Ministros Juárez y Kint el 18 de mayo de 1858 . 23 March 2023 . es . 11 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230411153815/http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/normaweb.nsf/($All)/BF1AC61253AC3C04062580DB0073AA24?OpenDocument . live .
  15. Web site: Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation between Her Majesty and the Republic of Nicaragua. UK Parliament. 21 May 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240520231359/https://api.parliament.uk/uk-treaties/treaties/11939. 20 May 2024. live.
  16. Book: Nouveau recueil général de traités: conventions et autres transactions remarquables, servant à la connaissance des relations étrangères des puissances et états dans leurs rapports mutnels. Rédigé sur des copies authentiques, 16 . 1858 . 66 . fr.
  17. Book: Lévy, Pablo . Notas geográficas y económicas sobre la República de Nicaragua ...: y una exposicion completa de la cuestion del canal interoceánico y de la de inmigracion, con una lista bibliográfica, las mas completa hasta el dia, de todos los libros y mapas relativos á la América central y general y á Nicarrgua [!] en particular . 1873 . 339 . es.
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  24. News: 13 March 2023 . Nicaragua asks the Holy See to close respective diplomatic missions . 26 May 2024 . 26 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240526194811/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2023-03/nicaragua-asks-the-holy-see-to-close-its-diplomatic-missions.html . live .
  25. Web site: Tratado de amistad, comercio y navegación entre la rep. argentina y la rep. de nicaragua . 27 March 2023 . es . 11 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230411153818/https://tratados.cancilleria.gob.ar/tratado_ficha.php?id=k6Gkng. live .
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  27. Web site: SERIA WYDAWNICZA: POLSKA SŁUŻBA ZAGRANICZNA 1918–1945 – materiały źródłowe Page 271 (in Polish) . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20211222121648/https://www.archiwa.gov.pl/files/Urzednicy_sluzby_zagranicznej_PDF_small.pdf . 2021-12-22 . 2022-01-14 .
  28. Web site: Japan-Nicaragua Relations . 20 March 2023 . 11 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230411155317/https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/nicaragua/data.html . live .
  29. Web site: Vem är det : Svensk biografisk handbok / 1943 / Anderberg, Carl Gotthard Gylfe, envoye . 13 March 2024 . 28 . sv . 13 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240313143307/https://runeberg.org/vemardet/1943/0028.html . live .
  30. Book: Vem var det? Biografier över bortgångna svenska män och kvinnor, samt kronologisk förteckning över skilda ämbetens och tjänsters innehavare . Norstedt . 1944 . 257 . sv . Nicaragua. Anderberg, Gylfe ........ 1936-37.
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