Foreign relations of Liberia explained

Liberian foreign relations were traditionally stable and cordial throughout much of the 19th and 20th centuries, with a significant relationship with the United States, sharing close relations until the 1970s.[1] [2]

During the 1990s, Charles Taylor's presidency and the First and Second Liberian Civil Wars underscored Liberian relations with the Western world, the People's Republic of China, and its neighboring countries in Western Africa.

Stabilization in the 21st century brought a return to cordial relations with neighboring countries and much of the Western world. Liberia holds diplomatic relations with many western nations, including its long time partner the United States, as well as Russia, Cuba, and the People's Republic of China.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Liberia maintains diplomatic relations with:

CountryDate
1
2
3
4
—[3]
5[4]
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14[5]
15[6]
16
17
18[7]
19
20
21[8]
—[9]
22[10]
23[11]
24[12]
25
26[13]
27
28
29
30
31[14]
32
33[15]
34
35[16]
36
37[17]
38[18]
39
40
41
42
43
44[19]
45[20]
46[21]
47
48[22]
49
50[23]
51
52[24]
53[25]
54[26]
55[27]
56[28]
57
58[29]
59
60[30]
61
62[31]
63[32]
64[33]
65[34]
66[35]
67
68[36]
69[37]
70[38]
71[39]
72[40]
73[41]
74[42]
75
76[43]
77[44]
78[45]
79[46]
80
81[47]
82[48]
83[49]
84
85
86
87[50]
88[51]
89
90
91[52]
92[53]
93
94[54]
95
96
97Before 1999
98
99[55]
100
101
102
103[56]
104[57]
105
106
107
108[58]
109[59]
110[60]
111[61]
112
113
114
115[62]
— (suspended)[63] 30 October 2012 or before[64]
116
117
118
119
120[65]
121
122
123[66]
124
125[67]
126[68]
127[69]
128
129[70]
—[71]
130[72]
131
132
133[73]
134Unknown
135Unknown
136Unknown
137Unknown

Bilateral relations

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
31 December 1971Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 December 1971 when Algeria established first Mission and first Algerian Ambassador Mr. Zitouni Messaoudi presented his credentials to President of Liberia.[74]
5 June 1867Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 June 1867 when has been appointed Chargé d'Affaires of Liberia to Belgium (resident in Paris) M. le vicomte de Fleury.[75]
1963Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1963 when M. Pierre Cofi, the Ambassador of the Ivory Coast has presented his Letters of credence to President Tubman, from the Presidents of Republics of the Upper Volta, Niger and Dahomey, accrediting him Ambassador of the free states to the Republic of Liberia.[76]
21 September 2010Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 2010 whe Ambassador of Liberia to Botswana Mr. Lois Lewis Brutus presented his credentials to President Seretse Khama.[77]
23 November 1960Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 November 1960 when open Embassy of Cameroon in Monrovia.[78]
China17 February 1977See China–Liberia relations

Relations between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Liberia have been broken and reestablished several times since February 17, 1977, when diplomatic relations between the PRC and Liberia were first formed.[79] The PRC broke off relations with Liberia on October 10, 1989, in response to Liberia's recognition of the Republic of China (Taiwan).[80]

Taiwan had offered $200 million in aid to Liberia for education and infrastructure in exchange for this recognition. The PRC reestablished relations with Liberia on August 10, 1993, and opened an embassy in Monrovia, making Liberia one of the few nations with established diplomatic ties to both the PRC and ROC.[81] In 1997, Charles Taylor's government proclaimed to recognize "two Chinas" and the PRC subsequently severed diplomatic relations.[82]

Liberia dropped diplomatic relations with the ROC on October 12, 2003, and reestablished ties with the People's Republic of China.[83] This move was seen largely as a result of the PRC's lobbying in the UN and plans to deploy a peacekeeping force in Liberia.[84]

31 July 1961Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 July 1961[85]
  • Ivory Coast has an embassy in Monrovia.
  • Liberia has an embassy in Abidjan.
[86] [87] 25 July 1963Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 July 1963 when was accredited first Ambassador of Denmark to Liberia (resident in Accra) Mr. Hans Adolf Biering[88]
11 June 1958Both countries established diplomatic relations and exchange diplomatic representations at ambassadorial level on 11 June 1958.[89]
1980Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1980 when has been accredited ambassador of Equatorial Guinea to Liberia, residing in Lagos M. Jose Walterio Okori Dougan.[90]
1958Both countries have agreed to exchange diplomatic missions at Embassy level in 1958.[91]
France20 April 1852See France–Liberia relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 20 April 1852[92]
  • France recognized Liberia in 1852.[93]
  • France has an embassy in Monrovia.
  • Liberia has an embassy in Paris.
3 November 1965Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 November 1965 when has been accredited Ambassador of Liberia to Gambia Mr. R. Francis Okai (Jnr.).
23 July 1953Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 July 1953[94] See Germany–Liberia relations
  • Liberia has an embassy in Berlin.
  • Germany has an embassy in Monrovia.[95]
June 1957Both countries established diplomatic relations in June 1957 when M. Abraham Benjamin Bah Kofi, Ghanaian Charge d'Affaires to Liberia presented his credentials to President Tubman.[96]
Guinea6 March 1959Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1959 when Mr. Edward Peal, the Liberian Ambassador to the Republic of Guinea, presented his credentials to President S. Toure.[97]

The First Liberian Civil War, instigated by Charles Taylor and the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) on December 24, 1989, eventually spread to neighboring Sierra Leone in 1991 when dissidents of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), led by Foday Sankoh, began using Liberia as a staging ground for NPFL backed military assaults on border towns in Sierra Leone.[98] [99] [100]

By 1992, 120,000 people had fled from Sierra Leone to Guinea due to the RUF's practice of targeting civilians. In 2001, Liberian forces along with the RUF began attacking and burning refugee camps and Guinean villages along the border. In an inflammatory speech the Guinean president Lansana Conté, blamed the refugees for the border destabilization and alleged that the vast majority of refugees were rebels.

He called for the Guinean population to defend its nation. This call precipitated attacks, beatings, rapes, and abductions of refugees by Guinean police and military forces. This reversal of Guinea's previously open policy towards refugees, further escalated the refugee crisis as refugees attempted to cross back through RUF territory. By 2002, the United Nations estimated that three million people, or one in five people of the Mano River Union countries, were displaced.[101]

  • Guinea has an embassy in Monrovia.
  • Liberia has an embassy in Conakry.
Haiti29 June 1952Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 June 1952.[102]
  • Haiti and Liberia recognized each other in 1864.[103]
  • The two countries established treaties of friendship and commerce the same year.
India7 July 1960See India–Liberia relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1960[104]

Indian-Liberian relations have traditionally been strong and cordial with Liberia's full-fledged support for India's stand on Kashmir and India's aspiration for permanent membership on the United Nations Security Council. In recent years, both nations have developed close and extensive cooperation in trade, military and strategic fields.

Amidst India's growing role in Liberia, the Liberian Minister of Mines and Energy, Dr. Eugene Shannon visited India in October 2005 to participate in the Confederation of Indian Industry-Africa Conclave. In 2008, the President of Liberia Ellen Johnson Sirleaf was invited to visit India.[105] Major items of Indian exports include engineering goods, pharmaceuticals, two wheelers, transportation equipment, steel and plastic products. Major items of imports are gold, diamonds, timber and metal scrap. Following lifting of United Nations sanctions, timber concessions have been awarded to Indian firms. Overall, Indian investments in Liberia have been increased from US$450 million in 2005 to an estimated $2 billion in 2009.

2 June 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 June 1975[108] In 2023, an Iranian drone struck the Liberian flagged chemical tanker Chem Pluto.[109] [110]
1980Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1980 when has been accredited Ambassador of Iraq to Liberia, residing in Lagos M. Saffa Mohammed Ali.
Israel22 August 1957See Israel–Liberia relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 22 August 1957.[111]
  • Liberia and Israel established ties in 1957 with the accreditation of Israeli ambassador Ehud Avriel.[112]
  • Liberia severed ties with Israel over the Yom Kippur War in 1973.[113]
  • Relations are re-established in 1983.[114]
  • On 8 June 2022, Liberia announced its plans to open a trade office in Jerusalem, which is to become an embassy.
5 October 1951Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 October 1951 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Liberia Mr. Umberto Campini.[115]
JapanSeptember 1961
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in September 1961
  • Liberia is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.[116]
21 May 1964Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 May 1964 when Liberia's Ambassador to Kenya, Mr. George Padmore, has presented his credentials to the Governor-General of Kenya.[117]
12 August 2016Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 August 2016
  • Liberia is accredited to Laos through its embassy in Beijing, China.
  • Laos does not have an accreditation to Liberia.[118]
1 January 1951Both countries established diplomatic relations when Liberian and Lebanese Governments to raise their Consulates General to the status of Legations, and a proclamation was issued announcing that the change would take effect from 1 January 1951.[119] In 1957 both countries raise their Legations to status of Embassies[120]
Libya1 April 1974See Liberia–Libya relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1974.[121]

Liberia's relationship with Libya has been characterized by Muammar Gaddafi's attempts at bringing Liberia under greater Libyan influence. Relations under the Doe administration were poor, owing to efforts by the United States to undermine Gaddafi's leverage, and Doe's cynicism of the Libyan leader's intentions. Gaddafi financially and militarily backed rebel leader Charles Taylor, under whose regime Liberia sought closer relations with Libya. After Taylor was ousted in 2003, Liberia continued to maintain diplomatic relations with Libya, only severing them after the onset of the Libyan Civil War, and just recently reestablishing them.

14 October 1960Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1960 when established Embassy of Mali in Liberia and appointed first Chargé d'Affaires Mr. Sango Ibrahima in Monrovia[122]
13 March 1967Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 March 1967 when Ambassador of Mauritania to Liberia M. Bakar Ould Ahmedou, has presented his credentials to President Tubman.[123]
Mexico22 June 1976Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 June 1976[124]
  • Liberia is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[125]
  • Mexico is accredited to Liberia from its embassy in Accra, Ghana.
17 December 2008Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 December 2008 when has been accredited Ambassador of Liberia to Mozambique.[126]
Namibia28 April 1990Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 April 1990[127]

In 1960, Liberia and Ethiopia brought litigation against apartheid South Africa in the International Court of Justice to end its illegal occupation of Namibia.[128] As part of Liberia's support for Namibia's liberation struggle, many Namibian students received Liberian passports which helped them study abroad.

As of July 2008, a total of 5,900 Namibia Defence Force troops had been rotated through Liberia as part of the United Nations Mission in Liberia.[129] Namibia maintained a battalion of about 800 personnel in Grand Cape Mount county for several years, for most of the period part of UNMIL Sector 2, headquartered at Tubmanburg. In May 2005, Namibian troops were accused of sexual exploitation of young girls and women; three Namibian soldiers were sent home from the force after a United Nations investigation found them guilty of "engaging in sexual activity with civilians", which is against United Nations rules for peacekeepers.[130]

  • Liberia is accredited to Namibia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Namibia is accredited to Liberia from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria.
Netherlands3 May 1949Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 May 1949.[131] 27 March 1936 has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Liberia to the Netherlands Baron Otto van den Bogaerde van Terbrugge.[132]
  • The Netherlands recognized Liberia in 1862.
  • The two countries signed a treaty of friendship, commerce, and navigation on 20 December 1862.[133]
Nigeria1 October 1960Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1960 when the Nigerian Government has agreed to Liberia's raising the status its consulate general in Lagos to that of an Embassy on the same date.[134]
  • Liberia has an embassy in Abuja.
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Monrovia.
1969Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1969 when has been accredited Pakistan's first Ambassador to Liberia M. Ali Arshad.[135]
7 June 1972Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 June 1972.[136]

Liberia and Russia resumed bilateral relations in March 2010 and cited a recent exploration of mine by a Russian company as a sign of future trade relations.[137]

  • Liberia began recognizing the SADR on 31 July 1985.[138]
  • Liberia revoked its recognition in September 1997.
  • By 2012, Liberia had re-established relations with the SADR.[139]
1962Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1962 when has been accredited Ambassador of Senegal to Liberia M. Amadou Lamine Sall.[140]
Sierra Leone8 June 1962See Liberia-Sierra Leone relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 June 1962 when has been appointed first ambassador of Liberia to Sierra Leone Mr. Henry B. Fahnbulleh.[141]

The First Liberian Civil War, instigated by Charles Taylor and the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) on December 24, 1989, eventually spread to neighboring Sierra Leone in 1991 when dissidents of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), led by Foday Sankoh, began using Liberia as a staging ground for NPFL backed military assaults on border towns in Sierra Leone. Guinea and Sierra Leone have accused Liberia of backing rebels who have devastated their countries.

  • Liberia has an embassy in Freetown.
  • Sierra Leone has an embassy in Monrovia.
1980Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1980 when has been accredited Ambassador of Somalia to Liberia, residing in Dakar, M. Jaallee-Abdinur Yusuf Mohamed.
South Africa10 January 1997Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1997[142]
  • Liberia has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy in Monrovia.
18 March 1964Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 March 1964[143]

In 2001 Bilateral Trade were Exports $7,350,000,000 (Ships, Automobile) Imports $1,270,000 (Used Ships, Mineral Fuel).[144]

Spain15 May 1950See Liberia–Spain relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 15 May 1950[145]
  • Liberia is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Spain is accredited to Liberia from its embassy in Abidjan, Ivory Coast.
27 May 1966Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 May 1966 when first Ambassador of Liberia to Tanzania Henry Bima Fahnbulleh presented his credentials to President Nyerere[146]
29 July 1960Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 July 1960 when accredited first Ambassador of Liberia to Togo Mr. John Cox.[147]
6 December 1965Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 December 1965 when was accredited first ambassador of Liberia to Trinidad and Tobago (resident in Haiti) Mr. William B. Fernandez[148]
Turkey1 August 1958See Liberia–Turkey relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 1 August 1958[149]
  • Embassy of Liberia in Brussels is accredited to Turkey.[150]
  • Turkish Embassy in Accra is accredited to Liberia.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$191.9 million in 2019.
United Kingdom1 August 1849See Liberia–United Kingdom relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 1 August 1849[151]

The UK was amongst the first countries to recognise the new republic. After the visit to the UK in 1848 of President Roberts, Queen Victoria put the Royal Navy ship HMS Amazon at the disposal of him and his family, for his return journey to Liberia.[152]

In 1961, Queen Elizabeth II made a state visit to Liberia, arriving at Monrovia on the HMY Britannia.[153] President Tubman made a gift of two Pygmy hippopotamus, which arrived by cargo ship in 1962 and were sent to Whipsnade Zoo.[154]

In 1962, President Tubman and his wife visited the UK.[155]

  • Liberia has an embassy in London.
  • United Kingdom has an embassy in Monrovia.
United States23 February 1864Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 February 1864[156] See Liberia–United States relations

U.S. relations with Liberia date back to 1819 when the US Congress appropriated $100,000 for the establishment of Liberia.[157] After official US recognition of Liberia in 1862, the two nations shared very close ties until strains in the 1970s due to Liberia's establishment of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc countries.[158]

During the 1980s, the United States forged especially close ties with Liberia as part of a Cold War effort to suppress socialist and Marxist movements in Africa. Liberia received between $500 million and $1.3 billion during the 1980s from the United States government.[159]

The rise of Charles Taylor's government, the Liberian Civil War, regional instability and human rights abuses interrupted the previously close relations between Liberia and the United States. The United States cut direct financial and military aid to the Liberian government, withdrew Peace Corps operations, imposed a travel ban on senior Liberian Government officials, and frequently criticized Charles Taylor's government.[160] Due to intense pressure from the international community and the United States, Charles Taylor resigned his office on August 11, 2003.

The resignation and exile of Charles Taylor in 2003 brought changes in diplomatic ties between the United States and Liberia. The United States proposed a United Nations Security Council draft resolution to authorize the deployment of a multi-national stabilization force,[161] [162] and 200 marines as well as warships were sent to Monrovia's airport to support the peace-keeping effort.[163] The United States committed $1.16 billion to Liberia between 2004 and 2006.[164] In 2009, A 17.5 million dollar contract to support elections was offered to Liberia with International Foundation for Electoral Systems as the conduit.[165] This money is meant to support the presidential election of 2011 and the general election of 2014.

  • Liberia has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and consulate-generals in New York City, Atlanta and Minneapolis.
  • United States has an embassy in Monrovia.
16 March 1965Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 March 1965
28 June 2016Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 June 2016[166]
  • During the Cold War, Liberia maintained diplomatic relations with South Vietnam only.
  • Vietnam is accredited to Liberia through its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
  • Liberia is accredited to Vietnam through its embassy in Beijing, China.[167]
3 April 1972Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1972 when first Zambian Ambassador to Liberia Mr. Siteke G. Mwale presented his credentials[168]

Diplomatic Agreements

Liberia is a founding member of the United Nations (see Permanent Representative of Liberia to the United Nations) and its specialized agencies and is a member of the African Union (AU), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), African Development Bank (ADB), Mano River Union (MRU) and the Non-Aligned Movement. Liberia is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered under Article 98).[157] [169]

See also

Notes and References

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