Foreign relations of Hungary explained

Hungary wields considerable influence in Central and Eastern Europe and is a middle power in international affairs.[1] [2] The foreign policy of Hungary includes commitments to international development, international law, European integration, Atlantic co-operation and increased co-operation within the Global East. The Hungarian economy is fairly open and relies strongly on international trade.

Hungary has been a member of the United Nations since December 1955 and holds current membership with the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, the WTO, the World Bank, the AIIB and the IMF. Hungary took on the presidency of the Council of the European Union for half a year in 2011 and the next will be in 2024. In 2015, Hungary was the fifth largest OECD Non-DAC donor of development aid in the world, which represents 0.13% of its Gross National Income. In this regard, Hungary stands before Spain, Israel or Russia.

Hungary's capital city, Budapest is home to more than 100 embassies and foreign representative bodies.[3] Hungary hosts the main and regional headquarters of many international organizations as well, including European Institute of Innovation and Technology, European Police College, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, International Centre for Democratic Transition, Institute of International Education, International Labour Organization, International Organization for Migration, International Red Cross, Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe, Danube Commission and even others.[4]

From 1989, Hungary's top foreign policy goal was achieving integration into Western economic and security organizations. It joined the Partnership for Peace program in 1994 and has actively supported the IFOR and SFOR missions in Bosnia. It also improved its often frosty neighborly relations by signing basic treaties with Ukraine, Slovakia, and Romania. These renounce all outstanding territorial claims and lay the foundation for constructive relations. However, the issue of ethnic Hungarian minority rights in Romania, Slovakia and Ukraine periodically causes bilateral tensions to flare up. Hungary since 1989 has signed all of the OSCE documents, and served as the OSCE's Chairman-in-Office in 1997. Hungary's record of implementing CSCE Helsinki Final Act provisions, including those on the reunification of divided families, remains among the best in Central and Eastern Europe.

Except for the short-lived neutrality declared by the anti-Soviet leader Imre Nagy in November 1956, Hungary's foreign policy generally followed the Soviet lead from 1947 to 1989. During the Communist period, Hungary maintained treaties of friendship, cooperation, and mutual assistance with the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Romania, and Bulgaria. It was one of the founding members of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact and Comecon, and it was the first country to withdraw from those organizations. After 1989, it began to orient more towards the West, joining NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. In 2010, Hungary initiated its Eastern Opening Policy, marking a commitment to enhancing its relations with other nations within the Global East.[5]

Overview

As with any country, Hungarian security attitudes are shaped largely by history and geography. For Hungary, this is a history of more than 400 years of domination by great powers—the Ottomans, the Habsburg dynasty, the Germans during World War II, and the Soviets during the Cold War—and a geography of regional instability and separation from Hungarian minorities living in neighboring countries. Hungary's foreign policy priorities, largely consistent since 1990, represent a direct response to these factors. From 1990, Hungary's top foreign policy goal was achieving integration into Western economic and security organizations. Hungary joined the Partnership for Peace program in 1994 and has actively supported the IFOR and SFOR missions in Bosnia. The Horn government achieved Hungary's most important foreign policy successes of the post-communist era by securing invitations to join both NATO and the European Union in 1997. Hungary became a member of NATO in 1999,[6] and a member of the EU in 2004.[7]

Hungary also has improved its often frosty neighborly relations by signing basic treaties with Romania, Slovakia, and Ukraine. These renounce all outstanding territorial claims and lay the foundation for constructive relations. However, the issue of ethnic Hungarian minority rights in Slovakia and Romania periodically causes bilateral tensions to flare up. Hungary was a signatory to the Helsinki Final Act in 1975, has signed all of the CSCE/OSCE follow-on documents since 1989, and served as the OSCE's Chairman-in-Office in 1997. Hungary's record of implementing CSCE Helsinki Final Act provisions, including those on the reunification of divided families, remains among the best in eastern Europe. Hungary has been a member of the United Nations since December 1955.

The Gabčíkovo - Nagymaros Dams projectThis involves Hungary and Czechoslovakia, and was agreed on September 16, 1977 ("Budapest Treaty"). The treaty envisioned a cross-border barrage system between the towns Gabčíkovo, Czechoslovakia and Nagymaros, Hungary. After an intensive campaign, the project became widely hated as a symbol of the old communist regime. In 1989 the Hungarian government decided to suspend it. In its sentence from September 1997, the International Court of Justice stated that both sides breached their obligation and that the 1977 Budapest Treaty is still valid. In 1998 the Slovak government turned to the International Court, demanding the Nagymaros part to be built. The international dispute was partially solved in 2017.

On March 19, 2008, Hungary recognized Kosovo as an independent country.[8]

Relations between Hungary and its Western partners have strained, because Orban's government has maintained relations with Russia despite sanctions against Russia after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[9]

Illicit drugs:Major trans-shipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis and transit point for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamines and methamphetamines

Refugee protection:The Hungarian border barrier was built in 2015, and Hungary was criticized by other European countries for using tear gas and water cannons on refugees of the Syrian Civil War as they were trying to pass the country.[10] [11]

Since 2017, Hungary–Ukraine relations have rapidly deteriorated over the issue of the Hungarian minority in Ukraine.[12] [13]

Hungary and Central Asia

A number of Hungarian anthropologists and linguists have long had an interest in the Turkic peoples, fueled by the eastern origin of the Hungarians' ancestors.[14] The Hungarian ethnomusicologist Bence Szabolcsi explained this motivation as follows: "Hungarians are the outermost branch leaning this way from age-old tree of the great Asian musical culture rooted in the souls of a variety of peoples living from China through Central Asia to the Black Sea".[15]

Since the political transformation in 1990, Hungary has prioritized its diplomatic engagements with the Turkic world.[16] in 2018, Hungary became an observer within the Organisation of Turkic States, underscoring a deepened engagement in regional cooperation.[17]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Hungary maintains diplomatic relations with (all UN member states except and):

CountryDate
1 Austria[18]
2 Switzerland
3 Norway[19]
4 Bulgaria[20]
[21] [22]
5 Romania[23]
6 Sweden[24]
7 France[25]
8 United Kingdom[26]
9 United States[27]
10 Poland[28]
11 Netherlands[29]
12 Serbia[30]
13 Belgium[31]
14 Finland[32]
15 Albania[33]
16 Czech Republic[34]
17 Luxembourg[35]
18 Argentina
19 Mexico[36]
20 Italy[37]
21 Chile
22[38]
23 Spain[39]
24 Ecuador[40]
25 Turkey[41]
26 Denmark[42]
27[43]
28 India[44]
29 Israel
30 China[45]
31[46]
32 Mongolia[47]
33
34[48]
35 Egypt[49]
36
37 Indonesia[50]
38 Iceland[51]
39 Myanmar[52]
40 Sudan[53]
41 Afghanistan[54]
42 Uruguay[55]
43 Greece[56]
44 Tunisia
45 Iraq[57]
46 Sri Lanka[58]
47 Guinea26 February [59]
48 Yemen[60]
49 Japan[61]
50 Morocco[62]
51 Ethiopia[63]
52 Cuba[64]
53 Somalia[65]
54 Cyprus[66]
55 Nepal[67]
56 Mali[68]
57 Brazil[69]
58 Ghana[70]
59 Algeria[71]
60 Benin[72]
61[73]
62[74]
63 Cambodia[75]
64 Kenya21 March 1964[76]
65 Nigeria4 April 1964[77]
66 Kuwait[78]
67 Jordan[79]
68 Canada[80]
69 Pakistan[81]
70 Uganda
71 Lebanon
72 Mauritania[82]
73 Zambia13 August 1966[83]
74 Libya2 [84]
75 Senegal24 January
7622 February 1968[85]
77 Burundi29 May 1968[86]
78 Burkina Faso8 June 1968[87]
79 New Zealand30 March [88]
80 Peru16 April 1969[89]
81[90]
82 Sierra Leone[91]
83 Malaysia[92]
84 Central African Republic10 February 1970[93]
85[94]
86 Equatorial Guinea[95]
87 Costa Rica
88 Togo[96]
89 Singapore[97]
90 Malta[98]
91 Bangladesh[99]
92 Australia[100]
93 Gambia[101]
94 Rwanda[102]
95 Chad[103]
96 Niger[104]
97 Colombia[105]
98 Guinea-Bissau[106]
99[107]
100 Honduras
101 Philippines[108]
102 Thailand[109]
103 Germany[110]
104 Portugal[111]
105 Jamaica8 February 1975[112]
106 Maldives[113]
107 Trinidad and Tobago[114]
108 Mozambique26 June [115]
109 Guyana9 July 1975[116]
110 Cape Verde16 July 1975[117]
111 Panama4 September 1975[118]
112 Madagascar1 December 1975[119]
113 Angola23 December 1975[120]
114 Liberia[121]
115 Fiji[122]
116 Ireland[123]
117[124]
118 Papua New Guinea[125]
119 Djibouti28 June [126]
120 Suriname[127]
121 Grenada[128]
122 Seychelles[129]
123 Comoros[130]
124 Barbados[131]
125 Nicaragua[132]
126 Botswana[133]
127 Zimbabwe[134]
128 Lesotho29 March 1983[135]
129 Cameroon[136]
130 Gabon
131[137]
[138]
132 United Arab Emirates[139]
133 Bahrain[140]
134 Namibia[141]
135 Mauritius
136
[142]
137 Oman[143]
138 Guatemala
139 Qatar[144]
140 Malawi
141 Paraguay
142 San Marino[145]
143 South Africa[146]
144 Estonia[147]
145 Latvia[148]
146 Lithuania[149]
147 El Salvador
148 Ukraine[150]
149[151]
150 Slovenia[152]
151 Croatia[153]
152
153 Belarus[154]
154 Armenia[155]
155 Uzbekistan[156]
156 Kazakhstan[157]
157 Bosnia and Herzegovina[158]
158 Kyrgyzstan[159]
159 Azerbaijan[160]
160 Turkmenistan[161]
161 Georgia[162]
162 Tajikistan[163]
163 Slovakia[164]
164 Eritrea[165]
165 Liechtenstein[166]
166[167]
167 Andorra[168]
168 Saudi Arabia[169]
169 Dominican Republic[170]
17024 January [171]
171 Bahamas
172 Antigua and Barbuda
173 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[172]
174 Belize
175 Haiti
176 Saint Lucia
177 Montenegro[173]
178 Dominica
[174]
179 Saint Kitts and Nevis
180 Solomon Islands[175]
181 Tuvalu[176]
182 Nauru
183 Samoa
184
185 Tonga
186
187 Monaco[177]
188 Kiribati
189 Palau[178]
Cook Islands[179]
190 Marshall Islands

Relations by region and country

Multilateral

OrganizationFormal Relations BeganNotes
(See Hungary in the European Union)
  • Hungary joined the European Union as a full member on 1 May 2004.
(See Hungary in NATO)
  • Hungary joined NATO as a full member on 12 March 1999.

Africa

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Cape Verde
  • Cape Verde is accredited to Hungary from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
  • Hungary is accredited to Cape Verde from its embassy in Lisbon, Portugal[180] [181] and maintains an honorary consulate in Praia.[182]
Ethiopia
  • Ethiopia is accredited to Hungary from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
Ghana(See Ghana–Hungary relations)
  • Ghana is accredited to Hungary from its embassy in Prague, Czech Republic.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Accra.
Guinea-Bissau
  • Guinea-Bissau is accredited to Hungary from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
  • Hungary is accredited to Guinea-Bissau from its embassy in Lisbon, Portugal.
Mauritania
  • Hungary is accredited to Mauritania from its embassy in Rabat, Morocco.[183] [184]
Morocco
  • Hungary has an embassy in Rabat.
  • Morocco has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Latifa Akharbach, Morocco's under-secretary of Minister of Foreign Affairs visited Hungary in 2007.
Uganda
  • Hungary is represented in Uganda by its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya and an honorary consulate in Kampala.
  • Hungary is realizing the largest foreign development program in its history in Uganda.[185]

Americas

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Argentina(See Argentina–Hungary relations)
  • Argentina has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Buenos Aires.
Belize
  • Belize does not have an accreditation to Hungary.
  • Hungary does not have an accreditation to Belize.
Brazil1927(See Brazil–Hungary relations)
  • Brazil has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general in São Paulo.
Canada1964(See Canada–Hungary relations)
Colombia28 March 1973(See Colombia–Hungary relations)
  • Colombia has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Bogotá.
Dominica
  • Hungary is accredited to Dominica from its embassy in Havana, Cuba.[188]
Mexico1925(See Hungary–Mexico relations)Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1864, during the time of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Diplomatic relations were established between Hungary and Mexico in 1925 and were suspended in 1941. They were re-established on 14 May 1974.
United States1922(See Hungary–United States relations)

Normal bilateral relations between Hungary and the U.S. were resumed in December 1945 when a U.S. ambassador was appointed and the embassy was re-opened.

  • Hungary has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and consulates-general in Los Angeles, Chicago and New York.[191]
  • United States has an embassy in Budapest.[192]
Uruguay(See Hungary–Uruguay relations)
  • Hungary is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina and has an embassy office in Montevideo.
  • Uruguay is accredited to Hungary from its embassy in Vienna, Austria.

Asia

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Armenia2022-12-02(See Armenia–Hungary relations)

On 31 August 2012, Armenia severed relations with Hungary following the extradition of Ramil Safarov.[193] On 2 December 2022, Armenia and Hungary restored diplomatic relations.[194]

Azerbaijan(See Azerbaijan–Hungary relations)
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Baku.
China1949-10-04(See Hungary-China relations)
  • China has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Hong Kong and Shanghai.
  • Officials from Hungary regularly visit China on trade missions, a factor that helped enable the buyout of distressed Hungarian chemical maker Borsodchem by the Chinese company Wanhua Industrial Group.[195]
India(See Hungary–India relations)
  • Hungary has an embassy in New Delhi.
  • India has an embassy in Budapest.
Indonesia 1955(See Hungary–Indonesia relations)
1939
  • Since 1951, Hungary has an embassy in Tehran.[198]
  • Iran has an embassy in Budapest.[199]
  • Hungary is committed to expand cooperation with the Islamic Republic of Iran.[200]
Iraq(See Hungary–Kurdistan Region relations)
  • Hungary has an embassy in Baghdad.
  • Iraq has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Between August 2003 and March 2005, Hungary had contributed to more than 300 soldiers to the Multinational force in Iraq.
Israel(See Hungary–Israel relations)
Japan(See Hungary–Japan relations)
Malaysia1969(See Hungary–Malaysia relations)
Mongolia 1959-05-29
(See Hungary–North Korea relations)
  • Relations between the two countries existed since the Korean War, but however have evolved into conflicts.
Pakistan1965-11-26(See Hungary–Pakistan relations)
  • Since 1970, Hungary has an embassy in Islamabad and an honorary consulate in Karachi.[205]
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Budapest[206]
1988-11-23(See Hungary–Palestine relations)
  • Hungary has a representative office in Ramallah.
  • Palestine has an embassy in Budapest.
18 October 1990
1 February 1989[212] (See Hungary–South Korea relations)The establishment of diplomatic relations between Hungary and the Republic of Korea began on 1 February 1989.
Sri Lanka(See Hungary–Sri Lanka relations)Sri Lanka has an embassy in Vienna, Austria that is accredited to Hungary[215] and has an honorary consulate in Budapest[216] Hungary maintains an honorary consulate in Colombo, Sri Lanka.[217] Hungary contributed to relief after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, and has since stepped up aid to Sri Lanka.[218]
Thailand1973-10-24
Turkey(See Hungary–Turkey relations)
United Arab Emirates
  • Hungary has an embassy in Abu Dhabi.
  • United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Budapest.
1950-02-03(See Hungary–Vietnam relations)

Europe

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Albania(See Albania–Hungary relations)Austria-Hungary supported Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912.
  • Albania has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Tirana.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.
  • Albania is an candidate and Hungary is an EU member.
Austria(See Austria–Hungary relations)

Austrian-Hungarian relations are the neighborly relations between Austria and Hungary, two member states of the European Union. Both countries have a long common history since the ruling dynasty of Austria, the Habsburgs, inherited the Hungarian throne in the 16th century. Both have been part of the now-defunct Austro-Hungarian Monarchy from 1867 to 1918. The two countries established diplomatic relations in 1921, after their separation.

  • Austria has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Vienna and a consulate-general in Innsbruck.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina1992-04-10
  • Hungary recognized Bosnia and Herzegovina's independence on April 9, 1992.
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Sarajevo.[228]
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina is an candidate and Hungary is an EU member.
Bulgaria1920(See Bulgaria–Hungary relations)
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Budapest.[229]
  • Hungary has an embassy in Sofia and an honorary consulate in Varna.[230]
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Croatia(See Croatia–Hungary relations)
  • Croatia has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Zagreb.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Cyprus
  • Cyprus has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Nicosia.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
Czech Republic(See Czech Republic–Hungary relations)
  • Czech Republic has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Prague.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Denmark(See Denmark–Hungary relations)
  • Denmark has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Copenhagen.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Estonia1924-02-24
  • Estonia has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Tallinn and two honorary consulates (in Tallinn and Tartu).[231]
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Finland(See Finland–Hungary relations)
  • Hungary recognised Finland on August 23, 1920. Finland recognised Hungary on September 10, 1920.
  • Finland broke off diplomatic relations on September 20, 1944.
  • Diplomatic relations were re-established on May 20, 1947.
  • Both national languages, Finnish and Hungarian, are Uralic languages, which has led to cultural exchange albeit at a much smaller scale compared to the third major Uralic-speaking country, Estonia.
  • Finland has an embassy in Budapest and an honorary consulate in Pécs.[232]
  • Hungary has an embassy in Helsinki and four honorary consulates (in Turku, Mariehamn, Tampere and Joensuu).[233]
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
France(See France–Hungary relations)
  • France has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Paris.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Germany(See Germany–Hungary relations)
  • Germany has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Berlin.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Greece(See Greece–Hungary relations)
  • Greece has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Athens.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Ireland1976
  • Since 1991, Hungary has an embassy in Dublin and 2 honorary consulates (in Athlone and Cork).[234]
  • Since 1996, Ireland has an embassy in Budapest.[235]
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and the Council of Europe.
  • There are approximately 8,034 Hungarians living in Ireland.[236]
Italy
(See Hungary–Kosovo relations)Hungary recognized Kosovo on 19 March 2008.[240]
  • Hungary has an embassy in Pristina.[241]
  • Kosovo has an embassy in Budapest.
Latvia1921-07-21
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta1964
MontenegroHungary recognized Montenegro shortly after their declaration of independence.
Netherlands(See Hungary–Netherlands relations)
Norway1920
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1920, but diplomatic representations were set up only in 1947–1948.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Oslo and 2 honorary consulates (in Stavanger and Sarpsborg).[248]
  • Norway has an embassy in Budapest.[249]
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.
Poland(See Hungary-Poland relations)
  • Hungary has an embassy in Warsaw, a consulate-general in Kraków and a vice-consulate in Wrocław.
  • Poland has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Portugal1974-07-01
  • Hungary has an embassy in Lisbon and 3 honorary consulates (in Funchal, Porto and Tavira).[250] [251]
  • Portugal has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Romania1920(See Hungary–Romania relations)
(See Hungary–Russia relations)
Serbia1882-11-21(See Hungary–Serbia relations)
  • Hungary has an embassy in Belgrade and a general consulate in Subotica.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Budapest and an honorary consulate in Szeged.
  • Hungary is an EU member and Serbia is an candidate.
Slovakia1993(See Hungary–Slovakia relations)
    • Before 1920, the territory which called Slovakia today was an integral part of the Kingdom of Hungary Hungary has an embassy in Bratislava.
  • Slovakia has an embassy Budapest and a general consulate in Békéscsaba.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Slovenia(See Hungary–Slovenia relations)
Spain1938-01-13(See Hungary–Spain relations)
Sweden1945-12-28(See Hungary–Sweden relations)
  • Hungary has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Switzerland
  • Hungary has an embassy in Bern and consulate in Geneva.
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Ukraine(See Hungary–Ukraine relations)
United Kingdom1920(See Hungary–United Kingdom relations)

Oceania

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Australia 1972
New Zealand
  • Hungary has an embassy in Wellington.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Hungary from its embassy in Rome, Italy and maintains an honorary consulate in Budapest.

Foreign criticism

In December 2010, the Fidesz government adopted a press and media law which threatens fines on media that engage in "unbalanced coverage". The law aroused criticism in the European Union as possibly "a direct threat to democracy".[261]

In 2013, the government adopted a new constitution that modified several aspects of the institutional and legal framework in Hungary. These changes have been criticized by the Council of Europe, the European Union and Human Rights Watch as possibly undermining the rule of law and human rights protection.[262]

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Solomon S (1997) South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership, ISS
  2. Higgott. Richard A.. Cooper. Andrew Fenton. Middle power leadership and coalition building: Canada, the Cairns Group, and the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations. International Organization. 1990. 44. 4. 589–632. 10.1017/S0020818300035414. 2706854. 153563278 .
  3. Web site: Embassies in Budapest. 2014. 123embassy.com. 20 November 2016.
  4. Web site: International organizations in Hungary . Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 20 November 2016 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160313115736/http://www.mfa.gov.hu/kum2005/Templates/alapsablon.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2Fkum%2Fen%2Fbal%2Fforeign_policy%2Fun_sc%2Finternational_organisations.htm&NRNODEGUID=%7B45550E06-66FE-4183-A899-EDF5BD040EB5%7D&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest&printable=true . 13 March 2016 .
  5. Web site: Péter . Dániel . 2015 . The Eastern Opening - An Element of Hungary's Trade Policy . 20 December 2023.
  6. Web site: THE ACCESSION OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC, HUNGARY AND POLAND . nato.int.
  7. Web site: Hungary . europa.eu.
  8. Web site: Croatia and Hungary recognize Kosovo. The Associated Press. International Herald Tribune. 2008-03-19. 2008-09-21.
  9. Web site: Hungary's loyalties tested as Russia's war in Ukraine grinds on . aljazeera.com . 14 Apr 2023.
  10. https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2015/sep/16/first-refugees-head-for-croatia-after-hungarys-border-crackdown-live-updates Hungary border crackdown
  11. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/hungarian-police-spray-tear-gas-water-cannons-at-migrants/ Hungarian police spray tear gas water cannons at migrants
  12. News: Ukraine defends education reform as Hungary promises 'pain' . The Irish Times . 27 September 2017.
  13. "Hungary-Ukraine relations hit new low over troop deployment ". New Europe. 26 March 2018.
  14. Book: Róna-Tas , András . Central European University Press . 1999. 978-963-9116-48-1. Hungarians and Europe in the early Middle Ages: an introduction to early Hungarian history. 409–410.
  15. ipos, János Kazakh Folksongs from the Two Ends of the Steppe
  16. Web site: Hóvári . János . 2022 . Hungary and the Turkic World: A Twenty-first Century Challenge Hungarian Conservative . 2023-12-20 . Hungarian Conservative . en-US.
  17. Web site: 2021 . Hungary to initiate joint summit of Turkic Council and V4 . 2023-12-20 . Miniszterelnöke.
  18. Book: Magyar Külpolitikai Évkönyv 1968-2010 Magyar Külpolitikai Évkönyv 1990 . 1990 . 85 (164) . hu.
  19. Web site: 27 April 1999 . Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater . 18 October 2021 . regjeringen.no . no.
  20. Web site: Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005) . bg.
  21. Book: Jedin . Hubert . History of the Church . Dolan . John Patrick . Seabury Press . 1980 . 10 . 521.
  22. Book: Rapports: Chronologie . Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România . 1980 . 537.
  23. Web site: Diplomatic Relations of Romania . 2 July 2022.
  24. Web site: 100 YEAR ANNIVERSARY OF THE HUNGARIAN-SWEDISH DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS . 13 July 2022.
  25. Web site: A magyar-francia kétoldalú politikai kapcsolatok . 13 July 2022 . fr.
  26. News: 13 September 2021 . Facebook-videóval tisztelegnek a brit–magyar kapcsolatok előtt . hu . 15 July 2022.
  27. Web site: All Countries . 12 November 2021 . Office of the Historian.
  28. Biliński . Wojciech . 2018 . Uznanie międzynarodowe polski a ustanowienie przez nią stosunków dyplomatycznych w 1919 r. . pl . 33.
  29. Web site: Dutch-Hungarian relations date back centuries . 13 July 2022.
  30. Web site: Bilateral cooperation . 24 December 2021 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia.
  31. News: 20 February 2022 . Belgium celebrates 100 years of diplomatic relations with Hungary . 13 July 2022.
  32. Web site: Countries and regions A–Z . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180330044440/http://formin.finland.fi/Public/default.aspx?nodeid=17195&contentlan=2&culture=en-US . March 30, 2018 . April 1, 2018.
  33. Web site: Bilateral relations between Albania and Hungary . 23 October 2023.
  34. Book: Report on the Foreign Policy of the Czech Republic 2010 . Ministerstvo zahraničních věcí České republiky . 2011 . 388.
  35. Web site: Mémorial A n° 36/1923 04/08/1923 . 27 October 2023 . strada lex Luxembourg . fr.
  36. Kovács . Attila Miklós . 2022 . Mexico and Hungary: Political, Diplomatic, Economic, and Cultural Relations . 32 . 10.29105/pgc8.15-2. 244276271 . free .
  37. Web site: Politikai és gazdasági kapcsolatok . 14 July 2022 . hu.
  38. Book: Kolontári, Atilla . Hungarian-Soviet Relations, 1920-1941 . Social Science Monographs . 2010 . 156.
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