Foreign relations of Haiti explained

Haiti was one of the original members of the League of Nations, and was one of the original members of the United Nations and several of its specialized and related agencies. It is also a founding member of the Organization of American States. Haiti also has diplomatic relations with the Republic of China, commonly known as Taiwan, instead of the People's Republic of China. Taiwan is one of Haiti's major trading partners and the two countries maintain very friendly relations. Haiti has also re-established very warm relations with Cuba in which a major act of bilateral cooperation has resulted in Cuba's large contribution of doctors to the country. The Haitian government has publicly shown admiration to Fidel Castro and his administration.

The international community rallied to Haiti's defense during the 1991 to 1994 period of illegal military rule. Thirty-one countries participated in the U.S.-led Multinational Force (MNF) which, acting under UN auspices, intervened in September 1994 to help restore the legitimate government and create a secure and stable environment in Haiti. At its peak, the MNF included roughly 21,000 troops, mostly Americans, and more than 1,000 international police monitors. Within six months, the troop level was gradually reduced as the MNF transitioned to a 6,000 strong peacekeeping force, the UN Mission in Haiti (UNMIH). UNMIH was charged with maintaining the secure environment, which the MNF had helped establish, as well as nurturing Haiti's new police force through the presence of 900 police advisors. A total of 38 countries participated in UNMIH.

In order to spur Haiti's social and economic recovery from three years of de facto military rule and decades of misrule before that, international development banks and donor agencies pledged in 1994 to provide over US$2 billion in assistance by 1999. Disbursements were largely conditioned on progress in economic reform. Parliamentary inaction, principally as a result of the political struggles and gridlock that plagued Haiti since 1996, resulted in the blockage of much of this assistance as disbursement conditions were not met. The electoral crisis that has brewed in the aftermath of the 21 May 21, 2000 local and parliamentary elections has resulted in the blockage of most multilateral and bilateral assistance. Major donors are led by the United States, with the largest bilateral assistance program, and also include Canada, People's Republic of China, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Peru, the Philippines, Russia, South Korea, Republic of China (Taiwan) and the United Kingdom. Multilateral aid is coordinated through an informal grouping of major donors under the auspices of the World Bank which, in addition to the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the European Union, is also a major source of Haitian development assistance.

Visas are required for citizens of Colombia and Panama due to the actions of nationals of those two countries in using Haiti as a drop-off point for narcotic drugs bound for the United States. Panama's proximity to Colombia and their thriving off-shore banking industry has lured many traffickers to use that nation and Haiti as bases for their activities. Citizens of the Dominican Republic also require visas to visit Haiti, not only due to the hostile, sometimes volatile relations between both nations, but also because since the late 1990s, the Dominican Republic has become another base for illicit drugs bound for the United States, which usually enter illegally via Puerto Rico. Once in Puerto Rico, drugs can easily reach the United States due to the absence of both immigration and customs between that island and the mainland.[1]

Disputes – international:claims US-administered Navassa Island

Illicit drugs:major Caribbean transshipment point for cocaine en route to the US and Europe (see Illegal drug trade in Haiti)

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Haiti maintains diplomatic relations with:

CountryDate
1[2]
2[3]
3[4]
4[5]
5[6]
—
6[7]
7[8]
8[9]
9[10]
10 Brazil[11]
11[12]
12[13]
13[14]
14[15]
15[16]
16[17]
17[18]
18[19]
19[20]
20[21]
21[22]
22[23]
23[24]
—[25]
24 Guatemala[26]
25[27]
26[28]
27[29]
28[30]
29[31]
30[32]
31[33]
32[34]
—[35]
33[36]
34[37]
35[38]
36[39]
37[40]
38[41]
39[42]
40[43]
41[44]
42[45]
43[46]
44[47]
45[48]
46[49]
47[50]
48[51]
49[52]
50[53]
51[54]
52[55]
53[56]
54
55[57]
56[58]
57[59]
58[60]
59[61]
60[62]
61[63]
62[64]
63[65]
64[66]
65[67]
66[68]
67
68
69[69]
70
71[70]
72[71]
73
74
75[72]
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84[73]
85
86
87[74]
88
89
90
91
92
93
94[75]
95
96[76]
97[77]
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107[78]
108
109[79]
110
111
112[80]
113
114[81]
—
115[82]
116
117[83]
118[84]
119
120
121
122[85]
123Unknown
124Unknown
125Unknown
126Unknown
127Unknown
128Unknown
129Unknown
131Unknown
132Unknown

Bilateral relations

Africa

CountryFormal relations began onNotes
BeninDecember 1960See Benin–Haiti relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations in December 1960 with opened Embassy of Haiti in Dahomey. It was closed in 1963 and reopened in Cotonou in February 2004. Embassy Haiti in Benin was finally closed on 11 December 2018.

Haiti and Benin maintain diplomatic relations with a Haitian office in Cotonou, although Benin does not currently maintain an official diplomatic presence in the country due to the 2010 earthquake. Benin contributed a contingency of 32 police/civilian personnel to MINUSTAH.

The two countries share an extensive cultural history by a way of the Atlantic slave trade and the resulting importing of Haitian Vodou as a religious force in Haitian society. The devastating earthquake was followed, among many reactions, by an outburst of solidarity prayers in Benin with the victims.[86] Traditional ceremonies were organized to appease the spirits and seek the blessing of ancestors for the Haitians.[87]

In December 2018, Haiti closed its embassy in Cotonou.[88]

  • Benin does not have an accreditation for Haiti.
  • Haiti is accredited to Benin from its embassy in Paris, France.
25 January 2007Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 January 2007 when first Ambassador of Burkina Faso to Haiti Salif Nebié, has presented his credentials to President René Préval.
11 January 1981Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 January 1981 when Ambassador of Haiti (with residence in Nigeria) M. Antoine Victor Pierre-Louis has presented his credentials to President of Cameroon M. Ahmadou Ahidjo.
  • Haiti has an honorary consulate in Abidjan.
  • Ivory Coast has a liaison office in Port-au-Prince.
24 June 2008Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 2008 when Ambassador of Equatorial Guinea Teresa Efua Asangono presented his credentials to President of Haiti, René Préval.
Gabon14 October 1981Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1981 when first ambassador of Haiti to Gabon with residence in Dakar Mr Victor Pierre Louis presented his credentials to President Bongo
  • Gabon is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Haiti has an honorary consulate in Libreville.[89]
10 January 1983Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1983 when first Ambassador of Guinea to Haiti (resident in New York) Mr. Alpha Ibrahima Diallo presented his credentials to President Jean Claude Duvalier.
Kenya20 September 2023Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 September 2023.[90]

Kenya offered to lead the Multinational Security Support Mission to Haiti with a force of 1,000 police officers, and this offer was accepted by the UN Security Council in October 2023.[91]

Haitian prime minister Ariel Henry visited Kenya in March 2024 to sign the agreement to deploy the police officers to Haiti.[92]

Haiti is accredited to Kenya from its embassy in Pretoria.Kenya is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Havana.

Liberia1864
  • Haiti and Liberia recognized each other in 1864.[93]
  • The two countries established treaties of friendship and commerce the same year.
23 October 2014Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 October 2014 when first Ambassador of Namibia to Haiti Mr. Jerobeam Shaanika presented his credentials to President Michel Martelly[94]
Senegal
  • Haiti has an honorary consulate in Dakar.
  • Senegal is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
6 March 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1975 when first Ambassador of Zambia to Haiti (resident in New York) Mr. Rupiah Bwezani Banda presented his credentials to Président Duvalier.[95]

Americas

CountryFormal relations began onNotes
Argentina1 February 1939Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 February 1939 when first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Argentina to Haiti (Resident in Havana) Mr. Victor Lascado presented his credentials.[96]
  • Haiti has an embassy in Buenos Aires.
  • Argentina has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
Bahamas26 August 1977Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 August 1977[97] See Bahamas-Haiti relations
  • Haiti has an embassy Nassau.
  • The Bahamas has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
  • There are over 80,000 Haitians living in the Bahamas.
Brazil1928See Brazil–Haiti relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations in 1928.[98]
  • Haiti has an embassy in Brasília.
  • Brazil has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
Canada12 May 1954Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 May 1954[99] See Canada–Haiti relations

During the unsettled period from 1957 to 1990, Canada received many Haitian refugees, who now form a significant minority in Quebec. Canada participated in various international interventions in Haiti between 1994 and 2004, and continues to provide substantial aid to Haiti,[100] the second poorest country in the western hemisphere.[101]

ChileSee Chile–Haiti relations

Chile sent 650 peacekeeping troops to the island as part of the United Nations peace keeping mission.[104] Praising the work of the Chilean policemen in Haiti, National Police official Javiera Blanco said, "Even though today there is a need for the key presence of this mission, which is in mid term, the exit should be prepared for, considering that the country (Haiti) must take those responsibilities and build their capacities to do what is done by our mission." The police are planned to withdraw from Haiti in 2011.[105]

  • Haiti has an embassy in Santiago.
  • Chile has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
Colombia7 August 1936Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 August 1936 when Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Colombia Ricardo Gutiérrez Lee has presented his credentials to Haiti.[106]
  • Haiti has an embassy in Bogotá.
  • Colombia is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
Cuba3 February 1904Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1904, which were interrupted on September 28, 1959, and later resumed on February 6, 1996.[107] See Cuba-Haiti relations
  • Haiti has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
Dominican Republic9 November 1874Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 November 1874[108] See Dominican Republic–Haiti relations

Relations between Haiti and the Dominican Republic vacillated between barely tolerable and potentially combustible throughout the history of both countries' existences, reaching their lowest points in the Haitian invasion of the Dominican Republic, the aftermath of the Parsley Massacre, related Haitian-targeted ethnic cleansing campaigns by the Rafael Trujillo dictatorship and the 2010 earthquake in Port-au-Prince. The periodic influxes of Haitian economic (and, in times past, political) migrants across the border have also strained relations between the two countries at various recent times.

Ecuador14 November 1949Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1949 when has been appointed Mr. Jorge Concha Enriquez as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Ecuador to Haiti with residence in Costa Rica.
  • Haiti has an embassy in Quito.
  • Ecuador is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
Guyana6 October 1970
Jamaica26 August 1981Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 August 1981[110] See Haiti–Jamaica relations
  • Haiti has an embassy in Kingston, but later closed in 2012.[111]
  • Jamaica has an honorary consulate in Port-au-Prince.
Mexico11 July 1929Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 July 1929See Haiti–Mexico relations
Panama11 October 1945Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 October 1945[113]
  • Haiti has an embassy in Panama City.
  • Panama has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
2 October 1956Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 October 1956 when has been appointed first non-resident Minister Plenipotentiary of Paraguay to Haiti Manuel Montanaro.[114]
31 January 1974Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 1974 when first Ambassador of Trinidad and Tobago to Haiti Mr. Charles H. Archibald presented his credentials[115]
United States1 October 1862Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1862[116] See Haiti–United States relations
  • Haiti has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and a consulates-general in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Miami, New York City and Orlando.[117]
  • United States has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.[118]
Uruguay
  • Haiti is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Uruguay is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
10 June 1864See Haiti–Venezuela relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1864.[119]
  • Haiti has an embassy in Caracas.
  • Venezuela has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.

Asia

CountryFormal relations began onNotes
BangladeshSee Bangladesh–Haiti relations

The relations between the two countries have been largely influenced by the role of Bangladeshi peace keepers in Haiti.

ChinaSee China–Haiti relations

Haiti does not recognize China.

  • Haiti has a trade office in Beijing.
  • China has a trade office in Port-au-Prince.
India27 September 1996Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1996[120] See Haiti–India relations
Israel11 September 1958Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 September 1958[125] See Haiti–Israel relations

Haiti recognized Israel's independence on 17 March 1949.

  • Israel is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Panama City.
10 January 2014Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 2014 when Ambassador of Pakistan M. Qazi M. Khalilullah has presented his credentials to President of Haiti Michel Martelly.
3 April 1984Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1984 when first Ambassador of Haiti to Philippines Mr. Raymond Perodin presented his credentials[126]
  • Haiti is accredited to the Philippines from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.
  • Philippines is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
25 April 1956Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 April 1956See Haiti-Taiwan relations
  • Haiti maintains an embassy in Taipei.
  • Taiwan maintains an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
  • Haitian President Jovenel Moise met with Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-Wen in Taipei since 2018.
  • Taiwan has offered US$150 million to Haiti for building up its rural power grid following its destruction in the 2010 earthquake.
TurkeyMarch 23, 1943[127] See Haiti–Turkey relations
  • Turkish Embassy in Santo Domingo is accredited to Haiti.[128]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$129.7 million in 2019 (Haitian exports/imports: 0.8/128.9 million USD).
  • After the earthquake, Turkey provided financial aid and equipment worth US$124 million.[129]
  • Since 2004, Turkey has provided personnel to MINUSTAH.[130]

Europe

CountryFormal relations began onNotes
Belgium15 January 1902Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 January 1902 when has been appointed C. Renoz as Consul General and Chargé d'Affaires of Belgium to Haiti.
  • Belgium is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Havana, Cuba.
  • Haiti has an embassy in Brussels.
France12 February 1838See France–Haiti relations
GermanySee Germany–Haiti relations
  • Haiti has an embassy in Berlin.
  • Germany has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
  • Haiti has an embassy in Rome to the Holy See.
  • Holy See has an Apostolic Nunciature in Port-au-Prince.
Italy24 February 1898Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 1898 when has been accredited Minister Resident of Italy to Haiti Chicco Enrico.[133]
  • Haiti has an embassy in Rome.
  • Italy is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Panama City.
Netherlands21 November 1912Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 November 1912 when has been accredited first Chargé d'Affaires of Haiti to the Netherlands Mr. Stenio Vincent.
  • Haiti has consulates-general in Oranjestad in Aruba and Willemstad in Curaçao.
  • Netherlands is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
Poland
  • Haiti is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Panama City, Panama.
  • Poland is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Haiti is accredited to Russia from its embassy in Caracas, Venezuela.
  • Russia is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
Spain20 December 1939See Haiti–Spain relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 20 December 1939 when first Chargé d'Affaires ad interim of Spain to Haiti (Resident in Ciudad Trujillo) Mr. Rafael de los Casares Moya presented his credentials.[134]
  • Haiti has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.[135]
31 March 1941Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 March 1941 when first Chargé d'Affaires ad interim of Sweden to Haiti (Resident in Havana) Mr. Erik Wisen presented his credentials.[136]
29 September 1941Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 September 1941 when accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Haiti to Switzerland Mr. Constantin Fouchard
United Kingdom13 May 1859Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 May 1859 when has been appointed first British Chargé d'Affaires and Consul General to Haiti Thomas Neville Ussher.[137]

Oceania

CountryFormal relations began onNotes
Australia2000
  • Australia and Haiti established diplomatic relations in 2000.[138]
  • Australia is accredited to Haiti from its High Commission in Trinidad and Tobago.
  • Haiti has an honorary consulate in Melbourne.
  • After the 2010 Haitian earthquake, the Australian Government provided A$26.7 million in humanitarian assistance to Haiti which was matched by A$26 million from the Australian public. Australia has since provided further humanitarian aid to Haiti after subsequent natural disasters, including Hurricane Matthew in 2016.
New Zealand4 September 2014Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 September 2014 when first Ambassador of New Zealand to Haiti Mrs Caroline Beresford presented his credentials to President Michel Martelly
  • Haiti is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Haiti from its high commission in Bridgetown, Barbados.

Multilateral membership

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. http://www.haiti.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=86&catid=61&Itemid=77#Visas%20de%20Visiteur Embassy of the Republic of Haiti in Washington: Visas
  2. Book: von Martens, Karl . Recueil manuel et pratique de traités, conventions et autres actes diplomatiques: sur lesquels sont établis les relations et les rapports existant aujourd'hui entre les divers états souverains du globe . F. A. Brockhaus . 1846 . 649 . fr.
  3. Book: The Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book . Harrison . 1912 . 452–453.
  4. Web site: All Countries . 12 November 2021 . Office of the Historian.
  5. Book: Libro amarillo correspondiente al año ...: presentado al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias de ... por el titular despacho . Venezuela. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores . 2003 . 528–529 . es.
  6. Book: Archives diplomatiques. Recueil de diplomatie et d'histoire, 31 . Amyot . 1868 . 453 . fr.
  7. Web site: I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Terza Serie: 1896-1907 Volume II (1 maggio 1897 - 23 giugno 1898) . 14 October 2023 . farnesina.ipzs.it . 369 . it.
  8. Book: Recueil Consulaire Contenant les Rapports Commerciaux des Agents Belges a L'Etranger Volume 120 . Belgium. Ministère des affaires étrangères . 1903 . 12 . fr.
  9. News: 15 May 2013 . Primer ministro de Haití inicia hoy visita oficial a Cuba . es . 3 September 2023.
  10. Book: Almanach de Gotha . Gotha, Germany : Justus Perthes . 1914 . 1055 . fr . 31 October 2023.
  11. Web site: Todos los países . 16 September 2023 . pt.
  12. Web site: Hoy conmemoramos el 92 aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre Mexico y Haiti . 16 April 2023 . Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores de México (in Spanish).
  13. Web site: SERIA WYDAWNICZA: POLSKA SŁUŻBA ZAGRANICZNA 1918–1945 – materiały źródłowe . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20211222121648/https://www.archiwa.gov.pl/files/Urzednicy_sluzby_zagranicznej_PDF_small.pdf . 2021-12-22 . 2022-01-14 . 271 . pl.
  14. Ardila . Daniel Gutiérrez . November 2014 . Colombia y Haití: historia de un desencuentro (1819-1831) . Secuencia . es . 81.
  15. Book: British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print From 1940 through 1945. Latin America. Part III. Series D . Great Britain. Foreign Office, James Dunkerley, Michael Partridge, Paul Preston . 1998 . 115.
  16. Book: British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: South and Central America, July 1942-December 1942 . Great Britain. Foreign Office, James Dunkerley, Michael Partridge, Paul Preston . 1998 . 169.
  17. Book: Boletin del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores . Peru. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores . 1940 . 137–138 . 306 . es.
  18. Book: British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: South and Central America, July 1942-December 1942 . Great Britain. Foreign Office, James Dunkerley, Michael Partridge, Paul Preston . 1998 . 169.
  19. Web site: Ordre de préséance de MM. les chefs de Mission . Département politique 1942 . 79 . fr.
  20. Book: Memoria . Impr. Nacional . 1943 . 1016 . es.
  21. Web site: 27 April 1999 . Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater . 18 October 2021 . regjeringen.no . no.
  22. Web site: Martino Contu . 2020 . Las relaciones consulares y diplomáticas entre Uruguay y Haití en los siglos xix y xx a través de las fuentes del archivo histórico-diplomático de Montevideo . 31 October 2023 . 47 . es.
  23. Web site: RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806131148/https://mire.gob.pa/sites/default/files/documentos/Trasnsparencia/gestion-anual-2011-2012.pdf . 6 August 2020 . 30 November 2021 . 195.
  24. Web site: 6 July 2023 . The Republic of the Philippines and the Republic of Haiti celebrate 77 years of formal diplomatic relations today, July 06! . 31 July 2023.
  25. Book: de Béthencourt, Marcos Fernández . La orden de Malta: Estatuto Jurídico internacional . Editorial Sanz Y Torres . 2019 . 296 . es.
  26. Web site: Relaciones Diplomáticas de Guatemala . 24 July 2021 . es.
  27. Book: Informe a la nación que presenta el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores . Ecuador. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores . 1949 . 12 . es.
  28. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Haiti . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  29. Web site: June 29, 1952 . George Brewer, Jr., the new Liberian Minister to Haiti arrived in the Capital last Sunday and will present his credentials to the President in July. . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20231101090327/https://original-ufdc.uflib.ufl.edu/AA00015023/00140/4j . 1 November 2023 . 1 November 2023 . Haiti Sun . 4.
  30. Web site: La Gaceta - Diario Oficial de Nicaragua - No. 182 del 11 de agosto 1952 . 4 October 2023 . 1679 . es.
  31. Web site: Länder . 23 July 2023 . de.
  32. Book: Udenrigsministeriets Tidsskrift . 1953 . 835 . da.
  33. Web site: Linwood . DeLong . January 2020 . A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019 . 26 June 2023.
  34. Web site: Jorge Francisco, Saenz Carbonell . 2013 . LAS RELACIONES CON ISRAEL . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20161020181156/http://www.ri.una.ac.cr/ArchivosPDF/HISTORIA%20DIPLOMATICA%20DE%20CR.pdf . 20 October 2016 . 3 September 2023 . Historia Diplomatica de Costa Rica(1948-1970) . 122 . es.
  35. Web site: Taiwan, Haiti celebrate 65 years of diplomatic relations . 16 April 2023 . Taiwan Today.
  36. Web site: Countries & Regions . 16 July 2023 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.
  37. Book: Yegros, Ricardo Scavone . Representantes Diplomáticos Paraguayos : nómina de los jefes de Misiones Diplomáticas de la República del Paraguay . 2011 . es . 15 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121009170232/http://www.mre.gov.py/v1/Adjuntos/Libros/RepresentantesdelParaguayII.pdf . 9 October 2012 . dead.
  38. Web site: Haiti Sun Sunday, November 24th, 1957 . 13 November 2023.
  39. News: 12 September 1958 . Israel and Haiti Establish Diplomatic Relations on Embassy Level .
  40. Web site: April 5, 1959 . Ethiopia Establishes Embassy Here Ambassador Arrives . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20231101084745/https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/AA/00/01/50/23/00228/AA00015023_00228.pdf . 1 November 2023 . 1 November 2023 . Haiti Sun . 1, 13.
  41. Web site: May 24, 1959 . Lebanese Envoy Cause For Celebrating . 2 November 2023 . Haiti Sun . 1, 16.
  42. Web site: December 4, 1960 . Peruvian and UAR Envoys Present Letters of Credance . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20231101083842/https://original-ufdc.uflib.ufl.edu/AA00015023/00289/18j . 1 November 2023 . 1 November 2023 . Haiti Sun . 18.
  43. Web site: 16 December 2018 . Diplomatie: l'Ambassade d'Haïti au Bénin définitivement fermée . 4 July 2023 . Benin Web TV . fr.
  44. News: 4 February 1962 . First Ambassador of Senegal presents "Lettres de Creance" to President Duvalier . 16 . Haiti Sun .
  45. News: 26 August 1962 . Mali and Guatemala envoys present credentials . 16 . Haiti Sun . 1 November 2023.
  46. Web site: Countries & Regions . 24 May 2023.
  47. Web site: Países . 2 July 2022 . pt.
  48. Web site: Countries and regions A–Z . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180330044440/http://formin.finland.fi/Public/default.aspx?nodeid=17195&contentlan=2&culture=en-US . March 30, 2018 . April 1, 2018.
  49. Web site: Countries with which Guyana has Establishment Diplomatic Relations . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160307101008/http://www.minfor.gov.gy/docs/other/diplomatic_relations_list.pdf . 7 March 2016 . 16 July 2016.
  50. Web site: LIST OF COUNTRIES WITH WHICH BARBADOS HAS DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BY REGIONS . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170813184054/https://www.foreign.gov.bb/documents/foreign-policy/22-countries-with-diplomaic-relations-with-barbados/file . 13 August 2017 . 25 March 2021 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade (Barbados).
  51. Book: Jean-Claude Duvalier . Discours et messages: 21 avril 1973-avril 1975 . Impr. H. Deschamps . 1978 . 121 . fr.
  52. Book: Iran Almanac and Book of Facts . Echo of Iran . 1974 . 190.
  53. Book: Jean-Claude Duvalier . Discours et messages: 21 avril 1973-avril 1975 . Impr. H. Deschamps . 1978 . 245 . fr.
  54. Web site: Diplomatic relations between Haiti and ... . 27 October 2023.
  55. Book: Africa Research Bulletin . Blackwell . 1978 . 4766.
  56. Web site: Lijst van Diplomatieke Betrekkingen en Visum-afschaffingsovereenkomsten . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20190416134520/http://www.gov.sr/media/12102008/lijst-van-diplomatieke-betrekkingen-en-visum-afschaffingsovereenkomsten.pdf . 16 April 2019 . 22 December 2021 . gov.sr . nl.
  57. Web site: List of countries with which Saint Lucia has established Diplomatic Relations . 16 July 2023 . 16 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230716120234/https://www.stlucia.gov.lc/diplomatic-relations . dead .
  58. Web site: Diplomatic Relations of Romania . 2 July 2022.
  59. Book: Le mois en Afrique Issues 182-187 . 1981 . 157 . fr.
  60. Web site: 16 April 2021 . Countries with which Jamaica has Established Diplomatic Relations . https://web.archive.org/web/20160308040029/http://mfaft.gov.jm/jm/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations . 8 March 2016 . 16 April 2021.
  61. Book: Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens Volume 37 . 1981 . 2702 . fr.
  62. Book: Le mois en Afrique - Issues 182-187 - Page 153 . 1981.
  63. Book: Latin America Report . Executive Office of the President], Federal Broadcast Information Service, Joint Publications Research Service . 1985 . 59/85 . 69.
  64. Book: L'Information, Issues 3-8; Issues 10-21 . 1983 . 18 . fr.
  65. Book: Außenpolitischer Bericht 1984 . 1984 . 604 . de.
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    • Haiti Country Brief * Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 April 2022.

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