Foreign relations of Ghana explained

The foreign relations of Ghana are controlled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ghana. Ghana is active in the United Nations and many of its specialised agencies, the World Trade Organization, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the African Union (AU) and the Economic Community of West African States. Ghana generally follows the consensus of the Non-aligned Movement and the OAU on economic and political issues not directly affecting its own interests. Ghana has been extremely active in international peacekeeping activities under UN auspices in Lebanon, Afghanistan, Rwanda, and the Balkans, in addition to an eight-year sub-regional initiative with its ECOWAS partners to develop and then enforce a cease-fire in Liberia. Ghana is also a member of the International Criminal Court.

Guiding principles and objectives

Ghana's foreign policy since independence has been characterised by a commitment to the principles and ideals of non-alignment and Pan-Africanism as first enunciated by Kwame Nkrumah in the early 1960s. For Nkrumah, non-alignment meant complete independence from the policies and alliances of both East and West and support for a worldwide union of so-called non-aligned nations as a counter to both East and West power blocs. Pan-Africanism, by contrast, was a specifically African policy that envisioned the independence of Africa from Western colonialism and the eventual economic and political unity of the African continent.[1]

The PNDC, like most of its predecessors, made serious and consistent attempts at the practical application of these ideals and principles, and its successor, the NDC government, promises to follow in the PNDC's footsteps. Under the NDC, Ghana remains committed to the principle of non-alignment in world politics. Ghana is also opposed to interference in the internal affairs of both small and large countries. This is a departure from Nkrumah's foreign policy approach; Nkrumah was frequently accused of subverting African regimes, such as Togo and Ivory Coast, which he considered ideologically conservative. The NDC government, like the PNDC before it, believes in the principle of self-determination, including the right to political independence and the right of people to pursue their economic and social development free from external interference. Another feature of NDC rule carried over from the PNDC era is faithfulness to what a leading scholar of Africa has called "one of the most successful neoclassical economic reform efforts supported by the IMF and the World Bank."[1]

The broad objectives of Ghana's foreign policy thus include maintaining friendly relations and cooperation with all countries that desire such cooperation, irrespective of ideological considerations, on the basis of mutual respect and non-interference in each other's internal affairs. Africa and its liberation and unity are naturally the cornerstones of Ghana's foreign policy. As a founding member of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), NDC policy is to adhere faithfully to the OAU Charter.[1]

Another important principle of Ghana's foreign policy involves the closest possible cooperation with neighbouring countries with which the people of Ghana share cultural history, ties of blood, and economics. The results have included various bilateral trade and economic agreements and permanent joint commissions involving Ghana and its immediate neighbours, sometimes in the face of latent ideological and political differences and mutual suspicion, as well as numerous reciprocal state visits by high-ranking officials. These measures have contributed significantly to subregional cooperation, development, and the reduction of tension.[1]

As an example of Ghana's interest in regional cooperation, the country enthusiastically endorsed formation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in 1975. This organisation was created specifically to foster inter-regional economic and political cooperation. It has served as a useful vehicle for contacts with neighbouring West African governments and for channelling increased Ghanaian exports to regional markets. Since 1990 ECOWAS has been engaged in a peacekeeping mission in Liberia to which Ghana has contributed a large contingent of troops. Ghana has participated in other international peacekeeping efforts as well, sending soldiers to operations of the United Nations (UN) in Cambodia in 1992-93 and Rwanda in 1993-94.[1]

In August 1994, Rawlings became ECOWAS chairman, a post that had eluded him since the PNDC came to power. He immediately undertook several initiatives to reduce tensions and conflict in West Africa. Notable among them was the Akosombo Accord of September 12, designed to end civil war in Liberia.[1]

Diplomatic relations

List of Countries which Ghana maintains diplomatic relations with:

CountryDate
1[2]
2[3]
3[4]
4[5]
5[6]
6[7]
7[8]
8[9]
9[10]
10[11]
11[12]
12[13]
13[14]
14[15]
15[16] [17]
16[18]
17[19] [20]
18[21]
19[22]
20[23]
21[24]
22[25]
23[26]
24[27]
25[28]
26[29]
27[30]
28[31]
29[32]
30[33]
31[34]
32[35]
33[36]
34[37]
35[38]
36[39]
37[40]
38[41]
39[42]
40[43]
41[44]
42[45]
43[46]
44[47]
45[48]
46[49]
47[50]
48[51]
49[52]
50[53]
51[54]
52[55]
53[56] [57]
54[58]
55[59]
56[60]
57[61]
58[62]
59[63]
60[64]
61[65]
62[66]
63[67]
64[68]
65[69]
66[70]
67[71]
68[72]
69[73]
70[74]
71[75]
72[76]
73[77]
74[78]
75[79]
76[80]
77[81]
78[82]
79[83]
80[84]
81[85]
82[86]
83[87]
84[88]
85[89]
—[90]
86[91]
87[92]
88[93]
89[94]
90[95]
91[96]
92[97]
93[98]
94[99]
95[100]
96[101]
97[102]
98[103]
99[104] [105]
100[106]
101[107]
102[108]
103[109]
104[110]
105
106
—[111]
107[112]
108[113]
109[114]
110
111[115]
112[116]
113[117]
114[118]
115[119]
116[120]
117[121]
118[122]
119[123]
120[124]
121[125]
122[126]
123[127]
124[128]
125[129]
126[130]
127[131]
128[132]
129[133]
130[134]
131[135]
132[136]
133[137]
134[138]
135[139]
136[140]
137[141]
138[142]
139[143]
140[144]
141[145]
142[146]
143[147]
144[148]
145[149]
146[150]
147[151]
148[152]
149[153]
150
— (suspended)[154]
151[155]
152
153[156]
154[157]
155[158]
156
157
158
159
160[159]
161
162
163Before March 2020[160]
164[161]
165[162]
—[163]
166Unknown
167Unknown
168Unknown
169Unknown
170Unknown
171Unknown[164]
172Unknown[165]
173Unknown
174Unknown
175Unknown
176Unknown
177Unknown
178Unknown[166]
179Unknown
—Unknown
180Unknown[167]
181Unknown

Bilateral relations

Africa

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Algeria1962
  • Algeria has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Algiers.
Burkina FasoSee Burkina Faso–Ghana relationsWith the coming to power of Thomas Sankara in Burkina Faso in 1983, relations between Ghana and Burkina became both warm and close. Indeed, Rawlings and Sankara began discussions about uniting Ghana and Burkina in the manner of the defunct Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union, which Nkrumah had sought unsuccessfully to promote as a foundation for his dream of unified continental government. Political and economic ties between Ghana and Burkina, a poorer country, were strengthened through joint commissions of cooperation and through border demarcation committee meetings. Frequent high-level consultations and joint military exercises, meant to discourage potential dissidents and to protect young "revolutions" in each country, were fairly regular features of Ghana-Burkina relations.[168]
  • Burkina Faso has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Ouagadougou.
Egypt7 November 1957
  • Egypt has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Cairo.
Guinea1958
15 March 1961See Ivory Coast–Ghana relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 15 March 1961.[171]

Ghana-Ivory Coast relations suffered from the same ups and downs that characterised Ghana-Togo relations. In early 1984, the PNDC government complained that Ivory Coast was allowing Ghanaian dissidents to use its territory as a base from which to carry out acts of sabotage against Ghana. Ghana also accused Ivory Coast of granting asylum to political agitators wanted for crimes in Ghana. Relations between Ghana and Ivory Coast improved significantly, however, after 1988. In 1989, after fifteen years of no progress, the Ghana-Ivory Coast border re-demarcation commission finally agreed on the definition of the 640-kilometer border between the two countries. The PNDC thereafter worked to improve the transportation and communication links with both Ivory Coast and Togo, despite problems with both countries.[172]

  • Ghana has an embassy in Abidjan.
  • Ivory Coast has an embassy in Accra.
Kenya16 December 1963See Ghana–Kenya relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 16 December 1963.
  • Ghana has a high commission in Nairobi.
  • Kenya has a high commission in Accra.
Namibia21 March 1990
  • Ghana has a high commission in Windhoek.
  • Namibia has a high commission in Accra.
Nigeria1 October 1960See Ghana–Nigeria relationsGhana set up a commission in 1959 when Nigeria was still a dependent territory. This was elevated to High Commission status on the attainment of Nigeria's independence on 1 October 1960[173]

Despite close cultural ties, diplomatic relations between the two countries have in many instances been volatile. After the takeover in November 1993 by General Sani Abacha as the new Nigerian head of state, Ghana and Nigeria continued to consult on economic, political, and security issues affecting the two countries and West Africa as a whole. Between early August 1994 when Rawlings became ECOWAS chairman and the end of the following October, the Ghanaian president visited Nigeria three times to discuss the peace process in Liberia and measures to restore democracy in that country.

  • Ghana has a high commission in Abuja and a consulate-general in Lagos.
  • Nigeria has a high commission in Accra.
SenegalBoth countries established diplomatic relations on .
  • Ghana has an embassy in Dakar.
  • Senegal has an embassy in Accra.
South Africa6 May 1994See Ghana–South Africa relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 6 May 1994[174]
  • Ghana has a high commission in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has a high commission in Accra.
Togo21 January 1963See Ghana–Togo relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 21 January 1963.[175]

The strains in Ghana-Togo relations stretch back to pre-independence days. After 1918, following the defeat of Germany, the League of Nations divided the German colony of Togoland from north to south, a decision that divided the Ewe people among the Gold Coast, British Togoland, and French Togoland. After 1945, the United Nations took over the Togoland mandates. During the 1950s, when the independence of Ghana was in sight, demands grew for a separate Ewe state, an idea that Kwame Nkrumah, leader of the Gold Coast independence movement, opposed. Following a UN plebiscite in May 1956, in which a majority of the Ewe voted for union with Ghana, British Togoland became part of the Gold Coast.[176] After Togolese independence in 1960, relations between Togo and Ghana deteriorated, aggravated by political differences and incidents such as smuggling across their common border. At times, relations have verged on open aggression. The result of the transfer of Togoland to Ghana has meant that many Togolese keep one foot on either side of the border, living in Ghana by night and working in the markets of the capital, Lomé, by day.

  • Ghana has an embassy in Lomé.
  • Togo has an embassy in Accra.

Americas

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Argentina28 March 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 March 1961[177]
  • Argentina is accredited to Ghana from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
  • Ghana is accredited to Argentina from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
Brazil2 January 1961
  • Brazil has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Brasília.
Canada17 May 1957
  • Canada has a High Commission in Accra.
  • Ghana has a High Commission in Ottawa.
Chile6 October 1961Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1961[178]
  • Chile has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana is accredited to Chile from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
Colombia23 June 1988Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1988[179]

Ghana and Colombia's diplomatic relations dated back to 1988 but it remained dormant until July 2013 when Colombia opened its embassy in Accra. Colombia helps Ghana by providing assistance on building capacity of the Ghana Police Service, Immigration Service and the Narcotics Control Board on cybersecurity and drug trafficking.[180]

  • Colombia has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
Cuba23 December 1959Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 December 1959[181]
  • Cuba has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Havana.
Jamaica8 May 1968See Ghana–Jamaica relations
  • Ghana is accredited to Jamaica from its embassy in Havana, Cuba.
  • Jamaica is accredited to Ghana from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria.
Mexico8 August 1961See Ghana–Mexico relations

Ghana and Mexico established diplomatic relations on 8 August 1961.[182] Soon afterwards, both nations opened embassies in each other's capitals, respectively. In 1972, Ghana closed its embassy in Mexico City. Mexico closed its embassy in Accra in 1980.[183] Mexico re-opened its embassy in Ghana in 2013.

Peru23 June 1987

See main article: Ghana–Peru relations. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1987[186]

  • Ghana is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
  • Peru has an embassy in Accra.
Suriname1 April 1977See: Ghana-Suriname relations
  • Accra currently hosts the only Surinamese embassy in Africa.[187]
United States6 March 1957See Ghana–United States relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1957[188]

The United States is among Ghana's trading partners. The Office of the President of Ghana worked closely with the U.S. Embassy in Accra to establish an American Chamber of Commerce to continue to develop closer economic ties in the private sector. Major U.S. companies operating in the country include ACS, CMS Energy, Coca-Cola, S.C. Johnson, Ralston Purina, Star-Kist, A.H. Robins, Sterling, Pfizer, IBM, 3M, Motorola, Stewart & Stevenson, PriceWaterhouseCoopers, and National Cash Register (NCR). Several U.S. firms recently made or are considering investments in Ghana, primarily in gold mining, wood products, and petroleum. U.S. mining giant Newmont entered Ghana's mining sector in 2004 and intends to invest up to $1 billion. In late 1997, Nuevo Petroleum concluded an oil exploration agreement accounting for one of Ghana's offshore mineral rights zones. Several other U.S. oil companies also are engaged in offshore exploration.

  • Ghana has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and a consulate-general in New York City.
  • United States has an embassy in Accra.

Asia

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Bangladesh19 July 1974See Bangladesh–Ghana relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 19 July 1974 when Bangladesh High Commissioner to Ghana presented his credentials to the Head of State Colonel I. K. Acheampong.[189]
  • Bangladesh is accredited to Ghana from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria.
  • Ghana is accredited to Bangladesh from its high commission in New Delhi, India.
China5 July 1960See China–Ghana relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 5 July 1960.[190]

Ghana's relations with the People's Republic of China (PRC) date back to 1960 when President Nkrumah became one of Africa's first leaders to recognise the country. Ghana and the PRC have had close and relatively good relations in that time despite a short period of relatively cold relations after Nkrumah was deposed in 1966.

  • China has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Beijing.
India6 March 1957See Ghana–India relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1957.[191]
  • Ghana has a high commission in New Delhi.
  • India has a high commission in Accra.
Indonesia1959
  • Ghana is accredited to Indonesia from its high commission in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  • Indonesia is accredited to Ghana from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
Israel6 March 1957, severed 28 October 1973, restored 9 August 1994See Ghana–Israel relations
  • Ghana has an embassy in Tel Aviv.
  • Israel has an embassy in Accra.
Japan12 March 1959
  • Ghana has an embassy in Tokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Accra.
Malaysia5 December 1966See Ghana–Malaysia relations
  • Ghana has a high commission in Kuala Lumpur.
  • Malaysia has a high commission in Accra.
Pakistan1958Pakistan and Ghana enjoy amicable and cordial relations. There has been historical support extended by Pakistan to the African states particularly OIC member states in which Ghana has significant importance. Despite this, there has been a low level of bilateral trade between the two countries. The volume of bilateral trade during 2011 was just $19 million.[192]
  • Ghana is accredited to Pakistan from its embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
  • Pakistan has a high commission in Accra.
Saudi Arabia1 April 1960Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1960.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Accra.
TurkeySee Ghana–Turkey relations
  • Ghana has an embassy in Ankara.[193]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Accra.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 353.3 million USD in 2018.

Europe

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Denmark28 September 1961See Denmark–Ghana relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 28 September 1961 when was accredited first Ambassador of Denmark to Ghana Mr. Hans Adolf Biering[194]

Denmark has historic relations with Ghana from once possessing Danish Gold Coast.

  • Denmark has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Copenhagen.
France1957
  • France has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Paris.
Germany24 June 1957See Germany–Ghana relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1957.
  • Germany has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Berlin.
Italy
  • Ghana has an embassy in Rome.
  • Italy has an embassy in Accra.
Malta27 February 1974Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 February 1974[195]
  • Ghana has a high commission in Valletta.
  • Malta has a high commission in Accra.
Poland31 December 1959Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 December 1959[196]
  • Ghana is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Poland is accredited to Ghana from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
14 January 1958See Ghana–Russia relations
Spain10 November 1967See Ghana–Spain relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 1967[197]
  • Ghana has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Accra.
United Kingdom6 March 1957See Ghana–United Kingdom relations
  • Ghana has a high commission in London.[198]
  • United Kingdom has a high commission in Accra.[199]

Oceania

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Australia21 February 1958Both countries established diplomatic relations on [200]
  • Australia has a high commission in Accra.
  • Ghana has a high commission in Canberra.
New Zealand1 March 2001Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 March 2001.[201]
  • Ghana is accredited to New Zealand from its high commission in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Ghana from its embassy in Addis, Ababa, Ethiopia.

Ghana and the Commonwealth of Nations

Ghana has been a member state of the Commonwealth since independence in 1957, firstly as a Dominion, then as a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Owusu, Maxwell. "Guiding Principles and Objectives". A Country Study: Ghana (La Verle Berry, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (November 1994). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/about.html
  2. Book: The Diplomatic Service List. Great Britain. Diplomatic Service Administration Office.. H.M. Stationery Office. 1970 . 136–149.
  3. Web site: Report 1956-57 Government of India Ministry of External Affairs . 9 November 2023 . 30.
  4. Web site: Countries & Regions . 16 July 2023 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.
  5. Web site: 6 March 2017 . Today, we celebrate 60 years of formal diplomatic relations with Ghana! . 31 July 2023.
  6. Web site: A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Ghana . 30 April 2023 . Office of the Historian.
  7. Web site: Ghana: Steckbrief . 10 May 2023 . auswaertiges-amt.de . de.
  8. Book: Liberia Today Volumes 5-7 . Liberian Embassy in Washington . 1956 . 7 . 14 February 2024.
  9. Liste Chronologique des Ambassadeurs, Envoyés Extraordinaires, Ministres Plénipotentiaires et Chargés D'Affaires de France à L'Étranger Depuis 1945 . Diplomatie.gouv.fr . fr . 15 December 2023.
  10. Web site: Linwood . DeLong . January 2020 . A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019 . 26 June 2023.
  11. Levey . Zach . April 2003 . The Rise and Decline of a Special Relationship: Israel and Ghana, 1957-1966 . African Studies Review . 46 . 1 . 158. 10.2307/1514985 . 1514985 . 144903465 .
  12. Web site: 29 January 2018 . Reception on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the establishment of the diplomatic relations between Russia and Ghana . Министерство иностранных дел Российской Федерации . 11 April 2018.
  13. February 1958 . Australian Representation Overseas . Current Notes on International Affairs . Department of External Affairs . 29 . 2 . 128 . 3 November 2022.
  14. Book: Awakening Africa - Volume 1 . Bureau of African Affairs . 1962 . 113.
  15. Book: Giant Stride Forward: Republic of Guinea, First Year of Freedom . The Embassy of Guinea to the United States . 1959 . 18 .
  16. Web site: Ghana – Turkey Relations . 10 April 2024 . Embassy of the Republic of Ghana Ankara, Turkey.
  17. Web site: Relations between Türkiye and Ghana . 10 April 2024 . Repunic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  18. Book: Daily Report: Foreign Radio Broadcasts, 6–10. United States Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1959. 41.
  19. Book: Summary of the Yugoslav Press . The Service . 1959 . 4.
  20. Web site: Lazar Focsaneanu . Chronologie des faits internationaux d'ordre juridique. Annuaire Français de Droit International / Année 1959 / 5 / . 30 November 2023 . persee.fr . 921 . fr.
  21. Book: W. Scott Thompson . Ghana's foreign policy, 1957-1966; diplomacy, ideology, and the new state. . Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press . 1969 . 445.
  22. News: 8 May 1959 . AMSTERDAM van DAG tot DAG Feestelijke opening N.V. Fijnhouthandel . 7 January 2024 . . nl . Z.K.H. Prins Bernhard heeft vanmorgen jn tegenwoordigheid van de Hoge Commissaris van Ghana, Z.E. Asafu Adjay....
  23. Book: Sudan Almanac . Republic of the Sudan . 1960 . 36.
  24. Book: Belgisch staatsblad Issues 275-326 . 1959 . 1959 . 8127 . fr,nl.
  25. Web site: Cuba aboga por consolidar las relaciones diplomáticas con Ghana . 30 April 2023 . granma.cu . es.
  26. Web site: Ghana . 23 April 2023 . gov.pl (in Polish).
  27. Web site: About Indonesia . 8 August 2023.
  28. Book: Daily Report: Foreign Radio Broadcasts - Issues 66-70 - Page 4 . United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service . 1960.
  29. Book: W. Scott Thompson . Ghana's foreign policy, 1957-1966; diplomacy, ideology, and the new state . Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press . 1969 . 445.
  30. Web site: Introduction of China-Ghana Relations . 9 November 2023 . Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Ghana.
  31. Web site: No 1631. Nomination de M. René Keller en qualité d'ambassadeur extraordinaire et plénipotentiaire de la Confédération suisse au Ghana, en Guinée, au Libéria et au Togo, avec résidence à Accra; sa promotion au grade de ministre de II classe . 19 May 2023 . dodis.ch . fr.
  32. Book: Dei-Anang, Michael . The Administration of Ghana's Foreign Relations, 1957-1965 A Personal Memoir . University of London, The Athlone Press published for the Institute of Commonwealth Studies . 1975 . 76.
  33. Web site: Journal officiel de la Republique du Mali de l'annee 1 Novembre 1960 . 13 June 2023 . 855 . fr.
  34. Web site: Todos los países . 16 September 2023 . pt.
  35. Book: Michael Dei-Anang . The Administration of Ghana's Foreign Relations, 1957-1965 . University of London, The Athlone Press published for the Institute of Commonwealth Studies . 1975 . 75 . Libya : Ghana's mission in Tripoli from 1960 and for many years afterwards was occupied by a Chargé d'Affaires ;.
  36. Web site: Ghana . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141129174420/http://www.diplomatie.ma/Politiqueétrangère/Afrique/Relationsbilaterales/tabid/177/vw/1/ItemID/97/language/en-US/Default.aspx . 29 November 2014 . 20 January 2024 . fr.
  37. Book: Petruf, Pavol . Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992 . 99–119 . sk.
  38. Book: 1963 Ferguson's Ceylon Directory . The Ceylon Observer Press . 1963 . 105 . 167.
  39. Web site: 6 May 2017 . Coopération Ghana-Côte d'Ivoire : les enjeux économiques de la première visite du président ghanéen Nana Akufo-Addo en terre ivoirienne . 16 August 2023 . abidjan.net . fr.
  40. Web site: Comunicado Conjunto Estableciendo Relaciones Diplomáticas entre la República Argentina y la República de Ghana . 30 April 2023 . Biblioteca Digital de Tratados . es.
  41. Book: W. Scott Thompson . Ghana's foreign policy, 1957-1966; diplomacy, ideology, and the new state . Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press . 1969 . 447.
  42. Book: Commonwealth Papers . University of London. Institute of Commonwealth Studies . 1974 . 76.
  43. Book: W. Scott Thompson . Ghana's foreign policy, 1957-1966; diplomacy, ideology, and the new state . Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press . 1969 . 447.
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  45. Book: The Middle East Journal Autumn 1961: Vol 15 Iss 4 . Autumn 1961 . Middle East Institute . 418 . 30 December 2023.
  46. Web site: Hoy conmemoramos el 61 aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre México y Ghana . 30 April 2023 . Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores de México . es.
  47. Web site: Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005) . bg.
  48. Web site: Diplomatic Relations of Romania . Ministerul Afacerilor Externe . 28 December 2023.
  49. Book: Bulletin de la Chambre de commerce, d'agriculture, d'industrie et d'artisanat du Niger Issues 64-79 . Chambre de commerce, d'agriculture, d'industrie et d'artisanat du Niger . 1961 . A-8 . fr.
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  54. Book: Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 84-85 . United States. Central Intelligence Agency . 1962 . 7.
  55. Book: Daily report, foreign radio broadcasts 1962 no.120-121 . 1962 . 142.
  56. Book: Daily Graphic Issue 19431 April 10, 2014 . 10 April 2014 . Graphic Communications Group Limited . 29.
  57. Book: Reporter East Africa's Fortnightly Newsmagazine · Volume 2, Issues 37-77 . News Publishing Limited . 1962 . 27.
  58. Book: Africa Diary Volume 3 . M. Chhabra . 1963 . 986.
  59. Web site: CHRONOLOGIE INTERNATIONALE: Etablissement des relations diplomatiques par l'Algérie . 3 October 2023 . 39 . fr.
  60. Book: Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 163-164 . United States. Central Intelligence Agency . 1963 . 3 . 31 May 2023.
  61. Book: Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 244-245 . United States. Central Intelligence Agency . 1953 . 9 . 30 April 2023.
  62. Book: Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts, Issues 29-30 . United States. Central Intelligence Agency . 1964 . 14 . 23 June 2023.
  63. Book: Ghana News Volume 2 . Embassy of Ghana . 1964 . 11 . 7 June 2023.
  64. Book: Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997 . Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999 . 156.
  65. Book: Documents diplomatiques français Volume 1 . France. Commission de publication des documents diplomatiques français . 2006 . 140 . fr . M. K. Ameko, Ambassadeur du Ghana à Bujumbura depuis le 25 août 1964..
  66. Book: Africa Research Bulletin . Blackwell . 1964 . 184.
  67. Web site: 2016 . DPRK Diplomatic Relations . 14 July 2022 . NCNK . 8–9.
  68. Book: Libro amarillo correspondiente al año ...: presentado al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias de ... por el titular despacho . Venezuela. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores . 2003 . 528–529 . es.
  69. Web site: April 2010 . Africa . 29 April 2023.
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