Foreign relations of Montenegro explained
In a referendum on 21 May 2006, the people of Montenegro opted to leave the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. This result was confirmed with a declaration of independence by the Montenegrin parliament on 3 June 2006. It simultaneously requested international recognition and outlined foreign policy goals.
As enumerated in the parliamentary declaration of 3 June 2006, Montenegro's near-term primary foreign policy objectives are integration into the European Union, membership in the United Nations, to which it was admitted on 28 June 2006 and in NATO (which it joined as of 2017).
Russia gave official recognition on 11 June 2006, and was the first permanent member of the United Nations Security Council to do so. The European Council of Ministers recognized Montenegrin independence on 12 June, as did the United States.[1] The United Kingdom extended recognition on 13 June. The last two permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, France and the People's Republic of China recognised the government of Montenegro on 14 June.
Membership in international organizations
| Organization | Application date | Admission date |
|---|
| Full Membership | 04 Dec 2009 | 5 June 2017 |
| NATO's Partnership for Peace http://www.makfax.com.mk/look/agencija/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=2&NrArticle=32678&NrIssue=104&NrSection=20 | 30 August 2006 http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?id=n94962 | 14 December 2006 http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2006/12-december/e1214a.htm |
| International Criminal Court (ICCt) | | 23 October 2006 https://web.archive.org/web/20070623020724/http://www.icc-cpi.int/press/pressreleases/195.html |
| Council of Europe (CoE) https://web.archive.org/web/20110722173313/http://www.mip.gov.me/index.php?akcija=vijesti&id=13849 | 6 June 2006 https://web.archive.org/web/20060717074115/http://www.coe.int/T/e/Com/about_coe/member_states/default.asp | 11 May 2007 https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=1130883&BackColorInternet=F5CA75&BackColorIntranet=F5CA75&BackColorLogged=A9BACE |
| Southeast European Cooperation Process (SECP) | | 11 May 2007 http://www.stabilitypact.org/pages/press/detail.asp?y=2007&p=534 |
| Black Sea Economic Co-operation (BSEC) | | not granted because of the Cyprus dispute http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=37983 |
| Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) | | http://www.nato.int/pfp/eapc-cnt.htm |
| United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) | | 1 March 2007 http://portal.unesco.org/geography/en/ev.php-URL_ID=7089&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |
| World Trade Organization (WTO) | 10 December 2004 http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/a1_montenegro_e.htm | 29 April 2012http://wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm |
| (UN) http://english.people.com.cn/200606/06/eng20060606_271295.html | 5 June 2006 | 28 June 2006 http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/montenegro-recommended-as-un-membership/2006/06/23/1150845342970.html https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=19028&Cr=montenegro&Cr1 |
| World Health Organization (WHO) | 29 August 2006 | 14 September 2006 http://www.webwire.com/ViewPressRel.asp?aId=20300 |
| International Telecommunication Union (ITU) | | 21 June 2006 http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/09/06/europe/EU_GEN_Montenegro_International_Code.php http://www.itu.int/cgi-bin/htsh/mm/scripts/mm.list?_search=ITUstates&_languageid=1 |
| | 1 January 2007 http://www.energy-community.org/portal/page/portal/ENC_HOME/MEMBERS/PARTIES/MONTENEGRO |
Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) http://www.osce.org/item/19388.html http://www.vlada.me/vijesti.php?akcija=vijesti&id=13818 | 5 June 2006 https://web.archive.org/web/20060717074115/http://www.coe.int/T/e/Com/about_coe/member_states/default.asp | 22 June 2006 http://www.dtt-net.com/en/index.php?page=view-article&article=1640&CMSSESSID=0f08304bd9eaad8c90d0edacd0dd4f79 |
| International Labour Organization (ILO) | | 18 July 2006 http://www.noticias.info/asp/aspComunicados.asp?nid=202777&src=0 |
| Universal Postal Union (UPU) | | 26 July 2006 http://www.upu.int/members/en/members.html |
| Central European Initiative (CEI) | | 2 August 2006 http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?id=n93326 |
| Stability Pact for Southeastern Europe | 3 August 2006 https://archive.today/20130208204613/http://www.traveldailynews.com/new.asp?newid=31486&subcategory_id=095 | https://web.archive.org/web/20060816050558/http://www.stabilitypact.org/partners/ |
| International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) | 14 June 2006 http://www.iaea.org/About/Policy/MemberStates/ | 18 September 2006 http://www.iaea.org/About/Policy/GC/GC50/GC50Resolutions/English/gc50res-4_en.pdf |
| International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) | 27 July 2006 https://web.archive.org/web/20080117020019/http://www.interpol.int/Public/News/2006/Montenegro20060727.asp | 22 September 2006 https://web.archive.org/web/20071115175658/http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/PressReleases/PR2006/PR200633.asp |
| International Maritime Organization (IMO) http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/features/2006/08/03/feature-02 | | 10 October 2006 https://web.archive.org/web/20020601203852/http://www.imo.org/home.asp |
| Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) http://www.skupstina.me/ | | 16 October 2006 http://www.skupstina.me/ |
| Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) | | 23 October 2006 https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230241/http://www.opcw.org/html/db/members_ratifyer.html |
| World Customs Organization (WCO) | | 24 October 2006 https://web.archive.org/web/20070630150828/http://www.wcoomd.org/ie/en/Press/press.html |
| European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) | | 25 October 2006http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?id=n98843 |
| International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) | | http://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/ITUC_List_Affiliates_Nov._2006_09052007.pdf |
| United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) | | 22 November 2006 http://www.unido.org/doc/3359 |
| International Organization for Migration (IOM) | | 28 November 2006 https://web.archive.org/web/20061212231556/http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/pbnEU/cache/offonce?entryId=12058 |
| World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) | | 4 December 2006 http://www.wipo.int/members/en/ |
| International Monetary Fund (IMF) | 18 July 2006 http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2006/pr06161.htm | 18 January 2007 http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2007/pr077.htm |
| World Bank Group (IBRD, IDA, IFC, MIGA) | 3 August 2006 http://www.worldbank.org.yu/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/SERBIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21014670~menuPK:300909~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:300904,00.html | 18 January 2007 http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:21187416~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html |
| United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) | | https://web.archive.org/web/20070804211530/http://www.unctad.org/Templates/Page.asp?intItemID=1929&lang=1 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-b.html |
| World Meteorological Organization (WMO) | | 25 May 2007 https://web.archive.org/web/20070714064145/http://www.wmo.ch/pages/mediacentre/press_releases/pr_787_e.html |
| World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) | | 30 November 2007 https://archive.today/20130416013323/http://www.unwto.org/media/news/en/press_det.php?id=1551 |
| International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS) | | 21 September 2006 https://web.archive.org/web/20110722171949/http://www.ckcg.co.me/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=14&limitstart=2 |
| International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) | | 16 February 2015 |
| International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) | | |
| International Organization for Standardization (ISO) | | |
| Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) | | 3 June 2006 https://web.archive.org/web/20130521095528/http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1038 |
| Southeast European Cooperative Initiative (SECI) | | June 2008 https://web.archive.org/web/20091110171532/http://www.mip.gov.me/index.php/Regionalne-organizacije/inicijativa-za-saradnju-u-jugoistonoj-evropi-seci.html |
| European Civil Aviation Conference | | June 2008 http://www.ecac-ceac.org/index.php?content=lstsmember#55 |
| EUROCONTROL | | 1 July 2007 https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092448/http://www.eurocontrol.int/corporate/public/standard_page/org_membership.html |
| Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) | | 17 November 2007http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2007/1000705/index.html |
| European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E) | | https://web.archive.org/web/20110720000848/https://www.entsoe.eu/index.php?id=15&no_cache=1&sword_list |
| Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail (OTIF) | | 1 July 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20110418033618/http://www.otif.org/en/about-otif/list-of-member-states.html |
| Council of Bureaux (CoBx) http://www.cobx.org/ | | 2012https://web.archive.org/web/20121022063543/http://www.cobx.org/en/index-module-orki-page-view-id-62.html |
| Union for the Mediterranean | | 13 July 2008 |
| Full European Union Membership | 15 December 2008 | |
| International Sports Organizations |
|---|
| International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) | | 27 July 2006 https://web.archive.org/web/20070928063818/http://www.superathletics.co.za/default.asp?id=186172&des=article&scat=superathletics%2Finternational |
| International Handball Federation (IHF) | | 7 August 2006 https://web.archive.org/web/20080321100819/http://www.ihf.info/front_content.php?idcat=132&idart=383 |
| International Swimming Federation (FINA) | | 21 August 2006 http://www.swimnews.com/News/displayStory.jhtml?id=4709 |
| International Tennis Federation (ITF) | | 24 August 2006 https://web.archive.org/web/20070927215459/http://www.rtcg.org/index.php?akcija=vijesti&id=19282 |
| International Basketball Federation (FIBA) | | 27 August 2006 https://web.archive.org/web/20070927215514/http://www.rtcg.org/index.php?akcija=vijesti&id=19294 |
| International Volleyball Federation (FIVB) | | 23 October 2006 http://www.fivb.org/en/Infomedia/PressReleaseDB.asp?No=11715&Language=0 |
| Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) | 30 June 2006 | 26 January 2007 http://www.uefa.com/uefa/keytopics/kind=64/newsid=501110.html |
| World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) | | 17 May 2007 http://www.wtf.org/site/news/wtf.htm?realnum=161&page=7&keyword=&part=&mode=view |
| International Football Federation (FIFA) | 30 June 2006 | 31 May 2007 http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/09/07/sports/EU_SPT_SOC_FIFA_Montenegro.php |
| International Archery Federation (FITA) | | 5 July 2007 http://www.archery.org/UserFiles/Document/FITA%20website/01%20News/Newsletters/FITA%20INFO/2007/08_Special_Congress-e.pdf |
| (IOC) | | 6 July 2007 http://www.olympic.org/uk/news/olympic_news/full_story_uk.asp?id=2237 |
| International Bowling Federation (FIQ) | | 30 August 2007 http://www.fiq.org/news.php?id_noticia=5 |
| International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) | | | |
Diplomatic relations
List of countries which Montenegro maintains diplomatic relations with:
Montenegro does not maintain diplomatic relations with the following 11 UN member states:
Africa - 7 UN member states:
Oceania - 3 UN member states:
Asia - 1 UN member state
Canada relations
Canadian Foreign Minister Peter MacKay wrote to Foreign Minister Miodrag Vlahović extending diplomatic recognition and agreeing to hold discussions on the establishment of diplomatic relations, which occurred later in 2007.[8]
The Canadian Embassy in Belgrade is accredited to Montenegro.[8]
China relations
See main article: China–Montenegro relations.
The establishment of diplomatic relations between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Montenegro was confirmed on 14 June 2006.
China transformed its consulate into an embassy in Podgorica on July 7, 2006. The Montenegrin embassy in China opened in Beijing on November 13, 2007.
In 2015, total trade between the two countries amounted to 160,385,964 euros.[9]
Russia relations
Initially strong from 2006, relations slipped from 2010 as Montenegro has looked westward, with Montenegro joining international sanctions in 2014 following the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. The failed Russian military coup in October 2016 aiming to stop Montenegro seeking NATO membership was a turning point. Despite Russian investment into Montenegro, joining the EU became a key goal of Montenegro.
Russia continues to spy on Montenegro, GRU officer Igor Zaytsev is known to have travelled to Montenegro on numerous occasions up to 2018, bring in encryption equipment to give to existing or potential agents, including allegedly former Foreign Ministry spokesperson Radomir Sekulović.[10]
Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022 drove relationships down further,[11] with five diplomats expelled in March/April 2022 then six more Russian diplomats being expelled from Montenegro for alleged spying, in September, with Russia then closing its consulate in Podgorica.[12]
In August 2023 Montenegro refused to extradite Dmitry Senin, a former Russian FSB Colonel who had fled Russia in 2017 and had been granted asylum.[13]
United Kingdom relations
See main article: Montenegro–United Kingdom relations.
Montenegro established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 13 June 2006.[14]
- Montenegro maintains an embassy in London.[14]
- The United Kingdom is accredited to Montenegro through its embassy in Podgorica.[15]
Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, NATO, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization.
United States relations
See main article: Montenegro–United States relations.
The United States recognized the Republic of Montenegro on June 12, 2006, being among the first states to do so. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established on August 15, and have since rapidly developed. On August 28, six U.S. Senators, John McCain (R-AZ), Saxby Chambliss (R-GA), Mel Martinez (R-FL), Lindsey Graham (R-SC), Richard Burr (R-NC) and John E. Sununu (R-NH), made an official visit to Montenegro. Their activities included a meeting with President Vujanović and with the speaker of the Montenegrin parliament.[16]
Soon after the congressional visit, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld paid an official visit to Montenegro, seeking support for the War on Terror and overall American geopolitical goals in Europe.[17] Following the Secretary's meeting with Montenegrin Prime Minister Milo Đukanović, it was announced that Montenegro had agreed in principle to aid the US efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan, although no specific pledges of aid were made.[18]
See also
External links
Notes and References
- Web site: JTW News - Kacin: EU will recognize Montenegro on June 12. https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092956/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news.php?id=32995. dead. September 29, 2007.
- Web site: Tabela priznanja i uspostavljanja diplomatskih odnosa . https://web.archive.org/web/20200213235103/https://mvp.gov.me/rubrike/bilateralni-odnosi/Tabela-priznanja-i-uspostavljanja-diplomatskih-odn . 13 February 2020 . 16 April 2021 . Montenegro Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration.
- Diplomatic Relations Between Montenegro and Turkmenistan as of 26 Nov. 2008. 16 April 2021. United Nations Digital Library. 26 November 2008 .
- Web site: 2014-01-17 . Establishment of diplomatic relations between Montenegro and the Republic of Kiribati . dead . https://archive.today/20140120201630/http://www.mvpei.gov.me/en/news/134708/Establishment-of-diplomatic-relations-between-Montenegro-and-the-Republic-of-Kiribati.html . 2014-01-20 . 2014-01-18 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Montenegro.
- Web site: Detalji . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141015215131/http://www.mvpei.gov.me/vijesti/142370/Uspostavljanje-diplomatskih-odnosa-izmedu-Crne-Gore-i-Republike-Sierra-Leone.html . 2014-10-15 . 2014-10-09.
- Web site: Belize*: Diplomatic Missions to Montenegro and visa regimes for citizens of Montenegro . 1 March 2022 . gov.me . . dmy-all.
- 19 February 2020 . Diplomatic Relations Between Barbados and Montenegro as of 19 Feb. 2020 . 11 June 2021 . United Nations Digital Library.
- https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110724013423/http://www.international.gc.ca/world/europe.asp Canada Europe relations
- Web site: 系统维护_中华人民共和国外交部. www.mfa.gov.cn.
- Web site: Montenegro in the GRU activity network . 30 September 2022.
- Web site: Russia’s Reaction to the Integration Process of the Balkans into the EU: The Case of Montenegro . 15 July 2023.
- Web site: Montenegro expels Russian diplomats amid spying suspicions . 30 September 2022.
- Web site: Montenegro Refuses To Extradite Former FSB Colonel To Russia . 30 August 2023.
- Web site: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. https://web.archive.org/web/20230409143013/https://www.gov.me/en/diplomatic-missions/embassies-and-consulates-of-montenegro/united-kingdom-of-great-britain-and-northern-ireland. 9 April 2023. 22 March 2024. Government of Montenegro. live.
- Web site: British Embassy Podgorica. GOV.UK. 22 March 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240530170046/https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-embassy-podgorica. 30 May 2024. live.
- Web site: Six U.S. Senators to Visit Montenegro, August 28, 2006 . 2006-10-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060922205519/http://podgorica.usconsulate.gov/consulate/press/2006/060828.html . 2006-09-22 . dead .
- News: Rumsfeld Arrives in Montenegro to Meet With Leaders. 27 June 2012. U.S. Department of Defence.
- Book: Western Balkans Policy Review 2010. 2010. Center For Strategic & International Studies (CSIS). 27 June 2012. 30. 9780892066025.
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