Forced induction in motorcycles explained
Forced induction in motorcycles is the application of forced induction (turbochargers or superchargers) to a motorcycle engine. Special automotive engineering and human factor considerations exist for the application of forced induction with motorcycles compared to other forms of motorized transportation.
Forced induction in production motorcycles
Prior to the late 2010s, forced induction was only used on a handful of production motorcycles, all from Japanese Big Four manufacturers in the early 1980s.
- Honda 1982 CX 500 Turbo / 1983 650 Turbo
- Yamaha 1982-1983 XJ 650 Seca Turbo
- Suzuki 1983 XN 85 Turbo
- Kawasaki 1983-1985 GPZ750 Turbo
Honda CX650 Turbo had a 674 CC, 100 BHP V-twin engine. It is contestably the best forced induction production bike of the 1980s from any Japanese manufacturer. The 1983 model Honda CX650 Turbos had solved the lag problems that earlier models like the CX500 Turbo had encountered. To rectify turbo lags capacity and compression ratio was raised from 7.2:1 to 7.8:1.
Additionally, in 1978 Kawasaki offered the Z1R-TC, a semi-production model built by Turbo Cycle Corporation and sold through Kawasaki dealers. This is generally considered to be the first Japanese turbocharged motorcycle.
The Honda, Kawasaki and Suzuki bikes were all listed on a State Farm insurance "blacklist" published by American Motorcyclist in 1989.
21st century
A scooter with a supercharger, the Peugeot JetForce Compressor, was available in late 2003.
Kawasaki confirmed it would be re-entering the market with the supercharged Kawasaki Ninja H2, announced in October, 2014. This was followed by the H2 SX SE sports tourer, and for 2020 Kawasaki announced a new naked model, designated Z H2.
Engineering and usability challenges
Designers have been able to address packaging issues and fit turbochargers even in fully faired motorcycles.
Turbo lag was noted as a problem with all four Japanese turbos of the 1980s by several critics.[1] Motorcycle engineering expert and journalist Kevin Cameron has said that turbo lag is a critical problem with turbocharger applications on motorcycles: "[U]nless you are a pure drag racer, most of your riding will be off-boost. The lower your compression ratio, the less snap your bike will have...don't expect your turbo bike to be much use in sportbike-type canyon racing." Using a variable-geometry turbocharger can mitigate turbo lag, but has not yet been used in series production (the first mass market application was to late 1980s automobiles; see Variable-geometry turbocharger#History).
Writer Mick Walker has listed turbo lag along with other challenges like a higher center of gravity and heat transfer to rider due to turbocharger and associated exhaust plumbing. Bennett noted excessive weight and complexity in addition to weak bottom-end performance.
The German magazine Motorrad said in 2014, that a turbocharger would probably never be practical on mass market motorcycles due to cost of high-tech materials able to withstand the high temperatures of a variable geometry turbocharger, plus weight and space considerations, though they left the door open for a good supercharged solution.
Emissions
Emissions considerations, driven in particular by carbon dioxide limits in the European emission standards, are leading motorcycle manufacturers in the 2010s to reconsider applications of forced induction.
In racing
In road racing, superchargers were not uncommon in the 1930s, and machines originally built for road racing also set many land speed records (see the list below for examples). Motorcycle racing in Europe went through a hiatus during the 1940s as World War II and its aftermath, and racing only restarted in 1946. That same year, forced induction was banned from road racing by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM), effectively relegating it to specialized forms of racing and speed record runs, discussed further below. Rules from the FIM and other sanctioning bodies cover aspects of motorcycle design as diverse as motorcycle fairing coverage, gasoline direct injection, and the use of dual-clutch transmissions, and may influence street bike design by setting public expectations.
Drag racing
Specialized motorcycles used in drag racing, called dragbikes, are an application for forced induction, including nitrous oxide and multistage turbochargers. The first dragbike to run the quarter-mile in under 7 seconds was using a Roots-type supercharger.
Motorcycle clubs
At least one motorcycle club, Turbo Motorcycle International Owners Association, has been formed to support turbo motorcycle enthusiasts.
Notable prototypes and record setters
- BMW WR 750, supercharged boxer twin, set several Motorcycle land speed records 1930–1935
- BMW Type 255 RS 500, supercharged boxer twin, ridden by Georg Meier to first Isle of Man TT win by non-Briton in 1939; auctioned in 2014 for the second-highest price ever for a motorcycle
- Gilera Rondine, 4-cylinder DOHC, supercharged, Piero Taruffi set land speed record with it in 1937
- Fritz Egli's turbo Kawasaki, covered in August 1988 Cycle as "world's fastest?"
- Bill Warner's 300+ mph turbo Hayabusa, set speed record for non-enclosed bike in 2011. Warner crashed it in 2013, resulting in his death.
- Cabin motorcycles:
- Motorcycle land speed record streamliners:
- Guy Martin's Pikes Peak Hillclimb GSX-R 1100 turbo, more than 300hp
- Neander Motors diesel; 94hp/129lb·ft twin turbo parallel twin turbo-diesel
- Patrik Fürstenhoff's (aka "Ghost Rider") Guinness World Record turbo Suzuki Hayabusa – first documented wheelie over 200mph; c. 500hp inline-four
- Suzuki Recursion concept motorcycle; 100hp turbo intercooled straight-twin
- Kawasaki's Team 38 racing team using a Ninja H2 at Bonneville Speedway recorded a 211.621 mph speed on the first pass on August 14 2018 and a return speed of 207.263 mph on August 15 to score a combined average of 209.442 mph. This was a record for the Southern California Timing Association (SCTA) P-PB 1000 class for stock under-1,000 cc displacement production supercharged motorcycles.
References
Periodicals
- Race watch—Teson/Bernard Top Fuel XS11. Cycle World. September 1979. 85. .
- Cycle World. Jan–Feb 1981. Honda CX500 Turbo. 26. .
- The insurance blacklist: Like a good neighbor, State Farm is there?. American Motorcyclist. January 1989. 24–27. .
- News: Motorcycle stops traffic, starts conversations: Ecomobiles offer bike riders the chance to tool around under glass, with A/C and entertainment center. December 26, 2004. James F.. Quinn. The Chicago Tribune.
- American Motorcyclist. June 1998. Honda CX500TC Turbo. 79 . .
- Paul. Crowe. Turbo Egli Kawasaki. June 2006. The Kneeslider .
- Alan. Cathcart. Neander 1400 Turbo Diesel Motorcycle Test & Review. Motorcycle Cruiser. Bonnier Group. February 24, 2009.
- 1983 Honda CX650 Turbo. Margie. Siegal. May–June 2009 . .
- Guinness Book Wheelie Weekend World's Wildest Events. Clink . Super Streetbike . Bonnier Group. October 19, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150504131337/http://www.superstreetbike.com/features/guinness-book-wheelie-weekend-worlds-wildest-events . 2015-05-04 . dead.
- 1978 Kawasaki Z1R-TC: Turbo Power. Robert . Smith. January 2013 . .
- News: Bill Warner, Who Set Speed Record on Motorcycle, Dies at 44 . Slotnik . Daniel E.. The New York Times. July 17, 2013. July 22, 2013.
- Web site: d'Orléans . Paul . Absolute Speed, Absolute Power [Part 2; 1930–1940] – A Short History of the World Motorcycle Speed Records, Part 2 1930–1940 ]. The Vintagent . January 12, 2014 . 2014-09-04 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140911022438/http://thevintagent.blogspot.com/2014/01/absolute-speed-absolute-power-part-2.html . 2014-09-11. (Originally published in Café Racer magazine 'Speed' special issue)
- Aufladung beim Motorrad: Kommt der Turbo wieder?. Motorcycle induction: Is the turbo coming back?. Motorrad. Motor Presse Stuttgart. January 30, 2014 . German. .
- Web site: Guy Martin aims to break bike speed record at Pikes Peak International Hill Climb . Michael . Mann . May 9, 2014 . .
- Web site: Guy Martin wins class at Pikes Peak on turbocharged GSX-R1100. Visordown. June 30, 2014. .
- Is motorcycle development stymied by FIM rules? . . Kevin . Cameron . Kevin Cameron (journalist) . August 1, 2014a .
- Web site: Honda Rumored to Start Manufacturing Smaller, Supercharged Motorcycle Engines . Florin . Tibu . August 6, 2014 . .
- News: BMW brings together past and present on the Isle of Man. August 22, 2014. . .
- News: Honda "spezza" il motore della VFR1200F e gli mette il turbo. Marco . Gentili. La Gazzetta dello Sport. August 15, 2014. Italian.
- Supercharged Ninja imminent. Richard . Newland. September 1, 2014 . Motorcycle News.
- News: Hindustan Times. 11 Sep 2014. Bikes sold at auction: 1939 BMW RS 255 Kompressor . https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195210/http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/Haryana/bikessoldatauction/Article4-1204135.aspx . 2014-09-10 . dead . .
- Check out Kawasaki's totally illegal sportbike. Kyle. Stock . . October 1, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141002021557/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-10-01/kawasaki-ninja-h2r-a-motorcycle-so-powerful-that-its-illegal. dead. October 2, 2014.
- Change in Pressure. Inman. Gary. Cycle World. October 2014. 53. 10. 68.
- Cameron . Kevin . November 4, 2014b . Kawasaki Ninja H2 Streetbike! AKA "THE DISRUPTOR"—CW EXCLUSIVE . Cycle World . 2018-10-03.
- Kunitsugu . Kent . 28 March 2018 . Kawasaki's 2018 H2 SX SE Is The Most Powerful Sport-Tourer You Can Buy . Cycle World . 2020-07-31.
- Web site: Patil . Sagar . 29 August 2018 . Kawasaki Team 38 Set A New World Record For The Fastest Ninja H2 . Top Speed . 2018-10-03.
- Web site: Kawasaki launch supercharged Z H2 hypernaked . Bike Sport News . 23 October 2019 . 13 January 2020 . .
- Web site: Kawasaki Z H2 Ultimate Test Ride Competition victors revealed, bike pricing confirmed . . 19 December 2019 . 13 January 2020 . .
Further reading
- Web site: none. Abrahams . Dave . 1 October 2014 . Kawasaki's 220kW track-day special . IOL . 2018-10-03 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160306145602/https://www.iol.co.za/motoring/bikes/kawasaki/kawasakis-220kw-track-day-special-1758438 . 2016-03-06.
Notes and References
- quotes an expert's dry summary of these bikes' "difficult power characteristics"