Football player explained

A football player or footballer is a sportsperson who plays one of the different types of football. The main types of football are association football, American football, Canadian football, Australian rules football, Gaelic football, rugby league, and rugby union.

It has been estimated that there are 250 million association football players in the world, and many play other forms of football.

Career

Jean-Pierre Papin has described football as a "universal language".[1] Footballers across the world and at almost any level may regularly attract large crowds of spectators, and players are the focal points of widespread social phenomena such as association football culture.

Footballers generally begin as amateurs and the best players progress to become professional players. Normally they start at a youth team (any local team) and from there, based on skill and talent, scouts offer contracts. Once signed, some learn to play better football and a few advance to the senior or professional teams.

Pay

Pay in some top men's leagues is significantly higher than in other jobs. Players in the Premier League earn an average of $3 million per year.[2] In the wealthiest clubs in European football leagues, men earn an average $7.19 million per year.[3] The best players of those clubs can earn up to $260 million per year.[4]

However, only a fraction of men's professional football players are paid at this level. Wages may be somewhat more moderate in other divisions and leagues. For example, the average annual salary for footballers in Major League Soccer (MLS) is $530,262 as of May 2023.[5]

Average salaries in women's leagues are far lower. For example, players in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), which started in 2012, earn an average of $54,000 per year as of May 2022.[6] For the first time in 2022, the NWSL guaranteed players a living wage. The minimum salary in 2023 is $36,400 to ensure players do not need second or third jobs to survive.[7]

Post-retirement

A minority of retired footballers continue working full-time in football, for instance as football managers. A 1979 study reported that former first-team ballplayers were over-represented as top-ranking executives in their companies and had greater income mobility than second-teamers and reserves.[8] However, some experience chronic health issues, see below.

Skills and specialties

Association football specialties (positions)

See main article: article, Association football positions, Association football formations and Association football tactics and skills. In association football, there are four traditional types of specialties (positions): goalkeepers (goalies), defenders (full-backs), midfielders (half-backs), and forwards (attackers). Special purpose positions include such performers as sweepers, stoppers, second forwards (under-attackers), wingers, insiders, etc.

American football

See main article: article and American football positions. The American football teams' positions are categorized by a form of play where each of them has its spectrum of positions. Those are offensive, defensive, and special teams.

Australian football

See main article: article and Australian football tactics and skills.

Psychological aspects of performance

Research shows that association football players who take less than 200 milliseconds after the referee blows their whistle to make a penalty kick are significantly less likely to score than those who take over a second.[15] [16]

Health issues

An Irish 2002 study of association and Gaelic football players characterized players as "lean and muscular with a reasonably high level of capacity in all areas of physical performance".[17] The opposite is the case for American football, where obesity could be the cause of grave health problems.[18]

A 2000 study documented injuries sustained by Czech [association] football players at all levels:[19]

[20] Patellar tendinitis (knee pain) is considered an injury that comes from overexertion, which also happens to other athletes of virtually every sport. It is a common problem that football players develop and can usually be treated by a quadriceps strengthening program. Jumping activities place particularly high strains on the tendon and with repetitive jumping, tearing and injury of the tendon can occur. The chronic injury and healing response results in inflammation and localized pain.[21]

Although levels of depression and pain in retired football players are on par with the societal average,[22] some players suffer from post-retirement chronic injuries. Head injuries are a particular concern.

Life expectancy

Studies have long shown former American football NFL players have a longer life expectancy than the general public or males with a similar age and race distribution, but a higher rate of cardiovascular issues.[23] A study comparing the deaths of former Major League Baseball players found baseball players lived longer still, perhaps suggesting a "healthy worker" bias where NFL athletes lived less long than they would otherwise have, despite their longer than average life expectancy.[24] A 2009 review of the evidence in the American Journal of Medicine concluded the existing evidence "did not suggest an increased mortality" but does "suggest increased cardiovascular risk..., particularly the heavier linemen."[25]

In association football, a 2011 German study found that German national team players lived 1.9 years less than the general male population.[26]

A 1983 study of rugby players found that the life expectancy of All Blacks was the same as for the general population.[27]

Australian rules footballers have lower death rates than the general population.[28]

Head

American football players are prone to head injuries such as concussions. In later life, this increases the risk of dementia[29] and Alzheimer's.[30] Professional American football players self-reporting concussions are at greater risk for having depressive episodes later in life compared with those retired players self-reporting no concussions.[31] [32]

Probably due to the repeated trauma associated with heading balls, professional association football has been suggested to increase the incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.[33] In a 1987 study of former Norwegian association football national team players, one third of the players were found to have central cerebral atrophy, i.e. brain damage.[34] A 1999 study connected soccer to chronic traumatic head injury (CTHI):[35]

Knee

Anterior cruciate ligaments are particularly vulnerable in most types of football due to injuries that can be sustained during tackles.

Hip

An increased incidence of osteoarthritis in the hip joint has been found in retired football players.[36]

Muscles

A 2012 study of association football injuries found that 19% of all injuries were muscle injuries, of which 54% affected the thigh muscles.[37]

Sleep and psychological functioning

In a 2009 study, association football was found to be associated with favourable sleep patterns and psychological functioning in adolescent male football players.[38]

The rate of suicide among NFL vets has been found to be 59% lower than in the general population.[39]

FIFA response

In 2012, FIFA released a paper intended to identify key risk factors for association football players.[40]

Longevity and factors of mortality

In 2015, a systematic review of a sample of fifty-four peer-reviewed publications and three articles on elite athletes’ mortality and longevity, resulted in major longevity outcomes for the elite athletes (baseball, football, soccer, basketball, and cycling) "compared to age and sex-matched controls from the general population and other athletes." The span longevities were influenced by factors like the type of sport, the playing position, the race, and the energy system.[41]

International level

An observational study held from professional footballers -active (during their career) and recently retired (post-career, aged more than 45 years)- in 70 countries between 2007 and 2013, elaborated on data from the World Footballers' Union (FIFPro), recorded 214 deaths of which 25% was caused by accidents, 11% by suicides and 33% by a suspected cardiac pathology (on an overall 55% of deaths caused by some sort of disease).[42]

Clinical evaluation, ECG, and echocardiography are required for the athletes as pre-participation tools in order to prevent sudden cardiac deaths in people aged less than 35. To evaluate the risk of myocardial fibrosis, may use and recommend the additional use of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) with pre- and post-contrast and extracellular volume fraction (ECV) images.[43] Even encouraged, it wasn't yet made mandatory.

North America

In 2015, 205 deaths among North American professional athletes who were registered as active at the time of their decease were analysed. Data were collected for the four major sports: National Basketball Association (NBA), National Football League (NFL), National Hockey League (NHL), and Major League Baseball (MLB). The NFL and NBA active players had "a higher likelihood of dying in a car accident" and a significantly higher likelihood of dying from a cardiac-related illness compared to the NHL and MLB active populations.[44]

In 2013, a study on 3,439 retired athletes of the National Football Leagues with at least five credited playing seasons between 1959 and 1988 did not show a statistical correlation between suicide mortality and professional activity, particularly football-related compared with the general control sample. No stratification was reported between speed and non-speed position players.[45]

Italy

Until the 2000s a very limited number of formal studies has been published on mortality from all causes in soccer players, despite the high interest of the public to the matter.An extended study held in Italy between 1975 and 2003 on a total of 5.389 players, aged 14–35 years, highlighted that, while the mortality for cancer and cardiovascular diseases among the football players cohort was significantly lower than the general Italian population, the "mortality rates for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and car accidents were significantly higher than expected, and for ALS the risk is 18 times than expected."[46]

Lists of players

See also

Notes and References

  1. News: jarassé . anne-cécile . yulia . k . Andrew Burgess (translator) . Jean-Pierre Papin: 'Football is a universal language' . https://archive.today/20130616012247/http://www.cafebabel.co.uk/article/20539/jean-pierre-papin-football-is-a-universal-language.html . dead . 16 June 2013 . . 30 March 2007 .
  2. Web site: Premier League Salary - How Much Do Premier League Footballers Make? . 2023-11-19 . 888 Sport Online . en.
  3. Web site: EPL footballer wages England 2022 . 2023-11-19 . Statista . en.
  4. Web site: Birnbaum . Justin . The World's Highest-Paid Soccer Players 2023 . 2023-11-19 . Forbes . en.
  5. Web site: Rueter . Paul Tenorio, Tom Bogert and Jeff . MLS releases annual list of player salaries . 2023-11-19 . The Athletic . en.
  6. Web site: 2023-07-22 . How much players make on USWNT: Salaries for top NWSL players with World Cup prize money Sporting News . 2023-11-19 . www.sportingnews.com . en-us.
  7. Web site: How Much Do NWSL Players Really Make? An In-Depth Look At NWSL Salaries . 2023-11-19 . The18.
  8. Sack . Allen L. . Thiel . Robert . College football and social mobility: a case study of Notre Dame football players . . 52 . 1 . 60–66 . 2112594 . January 1979 . 10.2307/2112594.
  9. News: Claridge . Steve . Scouting report: Colin Doyle, Birmingham City . 2008-12-13. The Guardian. London. 2007-05-08. Scouting report on the Birmingham City goalkeeper evaluates based on these attributes.
  10. News: Claridge . Steve . Scouting report: Mark Beevers, Sheffield Wednesday . 2008-12-13. The Guardian. London. 2008-04-22. Scouting report on the Sheffield Wednesday centre back evaluates based on these attributes.
  11. News: Claridge . Steve . Scouting report: Kyle Naughton, Sheffield United . 2008-12-13. The Guardian. London. 2008-10-28. Scouting report on the Sheffield United full back based on these attributes.
  12. News: Claridge . Steve . Scouting report: Ben Watson, Crystal Palace . 2008-12-13. The Guardian. London. 2008-10-07. Scouting report on the Crystal Palace central midfielder based on these attributes.
  13. News: Claridge . Steve . Michael Kightly, Wolverhampton Wanderers . 2008-12-13. The Guardian. London. 2007-10-30. Scouting report on the Wolverhampton Wanderers winger based on these attributes.
  14. News: Claridge . Steve . Sam Vokes, Wolves . 2008-12-13. The Guardian. London. 2007-10-30. Scouting report on the Wolverhampton Wanderers forward based on these attributes.
  15. Jordet . Geir . Hartman . Esther . Sigmundstad . Einar . Einar Sigmundstad . Temporal links to performing under pressure in international soccer penalty shootouts . Psychology of Sport and Exercise . 10 . 6 . 621–627 . 10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.03.004 . November 2009 . 11250/170599 . free .
  16. Web site: Football players who rush penalty kicks are less likely to score, 10 September 2009.. 10 September 2009.
  17. Strudwick . A. . Reilly . T. . Doran . D. . Anthropometric and fitness profiles of elite players in two football codes . The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness . 42 . 2 . 239–242 . 12032422 . June 2002 .
  18. News: Korth. Joanne. 29 January 2006. Sports: A huge problem: Strength isn't enough: NFL linemen have to be so big, their health may be at risk. Tampa Bay Times. Times Publishing Company. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080203200027/http://www.sptimes.com/2006/01/29/Sports/A_huge_problem.shtml. February 3, 2008.
  19. Chomiak. Jiri . Junge . Astrid . Peterson . Lars . Dvorak . Jiri . Severe injuries in football players: influencing factors . . 28 . s5 . s58–s68 . 10.1177/28.suppl_5.S-58 . 11032109 . September 2000 . 20055504 .
  20. Web site: Preventing Football Injuries. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161117070040/http://www.stopsportsinjuries.org/STOP/Prevent_Injuries/Football_Skating_Injury_Prevention.aspx. 17 November 2016. 16 November 2016. www.sportsmd.com.
  21. Web site: Patellar Tendonitis – SportsMD. www.sportsmd.com. January 2015. 16 November 2016.
  22. Schwenk . T.L. . Gorenflo . D.W. . Dopp . R.R. . Hipple . E. . Depression and pain in retired professional football players . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise . 39 . 4 . 599–605 . 17414796 . April 2007 . 10.1249/mss.0b013e31802fa679. free .
  23. Baron . Sherry . Rinsky . Robert . Health hazard evaluation report: HETA-88-085, National Football League players mortality study. . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . 1994-01-10 . 10 July 2022.
  24. Web site: Meredith . Wadman . Former football pros die at a faster rate than baseball veterans . Science. 10 July 2022.
  25. Early Cardiovascular Mortality in Professional Football Players: Fact or Fiction? . American Journal of Medicine . 1 September 2009 . 122 . 9 . 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.03.027 . 10 July 2022. Selden . Michael A. . Helzberg . John H. . Waeckerle . Joseph F. . 811–814 . 19699372 .
  26. Kuss . Oliver . Kluttig . Alexander . Greiser . Karin H. . Longevity of soccer players: an investigation of all German internationals from 1908 to 2006 . Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports . 21 . 6 . e260–e265 . 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01269.x . 21435018 . December 2011 . 30783906 . Pdf.
  27. 6578423 . 1983 . Beaglehole . R. . Stewart . A. . The longevity of international rugby players . The New Zealand Medical Journal . 96 . 735 . 513–515 . 24 September 2015 . 26 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190326083117/https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/read-the-journal/all-issues/2010-2019/2012/vol-125-no-1361/cc-hayes . dead .
  28. Orchard . JW . John Orchard (doctor) . Orchard . JJ . Semsarian . C . La Gerche . A . Driscoll . T . 2022 . Reduced death rates of elite Australian rules footballers compared to age-matched general population . Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 25 . 9 . 710–714 . 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.08.003 . 35999145 . 251479792 .
  29. Guskiewicz . Kevin M. . Association between recurrent concussion and late-life cognitive impairment in retired professional football players . . 57 . 4 . 719–726 . 16239884 . 10.1227/01.NEU.0000175725.75780.DD . October 2005 . 2473241 . etal.
  30. Web site: Ritter . Jim . Research: Football players may be more vulnerable to Alzheimer's . Loyola University Health System . 18 July 2011 . 5 November 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111208154129/http://loyolahealth.org/about-us/newswire/research-football-players-may-be-more-vulnerable-alzheimers . 8 December 2011 . dmy-all .
  31. Kerr . Zachary Y. . Marshall . Stephen W. . Harding . Herndon P. Jr. . Guskiewicz . Kevin M. . Nine-year risk of depression diagnosis increases with increasing self-reported concussions in retired professional football players . . 40 . 10 . 2206–2212 . 22922518 . 10.1177/0363546512456193 . October 2012 . 25752165 .
  32. News: Dynasty to death: CBC's Fifth Estate examines head injuries in football. 19 November 2008. cbc.ca.
  33. Chiò . Adriano . Benzi . Gianmartino . Dossena . Maurizia . Mutani . Roberto . Mora . Gabriele . Severely increased risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis among Italian professional football players . . 128 . 3 . 472–476 . 15634730 . 10.1093/brain/awh373 . January 2005 . free .
  34. Sortland . O. . Tysvaer . A.T. . Brain damage in former association football players: an evaluation by cerebral computed tomography . Neuroradiology . 31 . 1 . 44–48 . 2717003 . 10.1007/BF00342029 . March 1989. 21039119 .
  35. Matser . Erik J.T. . Kessels . Alphons G. . Lezak . Muriel D. . Jordan . Barry D. . Troost . Jaap . Neuropsychological impairment in amateur soccer players . . 282 . 10 . 971–973 . 10485683 . 10.1001/jama.282.10.971 . September 1999 . 22772205 . (free access)
  36. Klünder . Kurt B. . Ruda . Bjarne . Hansen . Jørgen . Osteoarthritis of the hip and knee joint in retired football players . Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica . 51 . 1–6 . 925–927 . 7211298 . 10.3109/17453678008990896 . December 1980 . free .
  37. Book: 10.1007/978-3-642-15630-4_111. Thigh Muscle Injuries in Professional Football Players: A Seven Year Follow-Up of the UEFA Injury Study. Sports Injuries Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation . 871–875. 2012. Ekstrand. Jan. Sports Injuries. 978-3-642-15629-8.
  38. Brand . Serge . Beck . Johannes . Gerber . Markus . Hatzinger . Martin . Holsboer-Trachsler . Edith . 'Football is good for your sleep': favorable sleep patterns and psychological functioning of adolescent male intense football players compared to controls . . 14 . 8 . 1144–1155 . 19858334 . 10.1177/1359105309342602 . November 2009 . 10312855 .
  39. Epstein . David . Dead wrong: two studies refute reports in the media about former NFL players' life expectancy . . . 21 May 2012 .
  40. Fuller . Colin W. . Junge . Astrid . Dvorak . Jiri . Risk management: FIFA's approach for protecting the health of football players . . 46 . 1 . 11–17 . 10.1136/bjsports-2011-090634 . 22143999 . January 2012 . 3254133 .
  41. Srdjan . Lemez . Joseph . Baker . Do Elite Athletes Live Longer? A Systematic Review of Mortality and Longevity in Elite Athletes . Sports Medicine - Open . December 1, 2015 . 1 . 1 . 16 . 10.1186/s40798-015-0024-x . 26301178 . 7659615440 . 2199-1170 . . 4534511 . free .
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  43. Sudden cardiac death in football players: Towards a new pre-participation algorithm . Sophie I. Mavrogeni . Konstantinos Tsarouhas . Demetrios A. Spandidos . Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein . Flora Bacopoulou . 30679986 . 10.3892/etm.2018.7041 . Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine . February 1, 2019 . 17 . 2 . 1792–0981. 1792-1015 . . 6327574 . 7991416583.
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  45. Everett J. Lehman . Misty J. Hein . Christine M. Gersic . Suicide Mortality Among Retired National Football League Players Who Played 5 or More Seasons . PDF . 10.1177/0363546516645093 . Am J Sports Med . October 1, 2016 . 44 . 10 . 2486–2491 . 27159317 . 5048489 . 8147151940 . 0363-5465.
  46. Book: Taioli, Emanuela . All causes mortality in male professional soccer player . . 17 . 6 . December 2007 . 600–604 . 10.1093/eurpub/ckm035 . Oxford University Press. 17434875 .

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