In mathematical logic, focused proofs are a family of analytic proofs that arise through goal-directed proof-search, and are a topic of study in structural proof theory and reductive logic. They form the most general definition of goal-directed proof-search—in which someone chooses a formula and performs hereditary reductions until the result meets some condition. The extremal case where reduction only terminates when axioms are reached forms the sub-family of uniform proofs.[1]
A sequent calculus is said to have the focusing property when focused proofs are complete for some terminating condition. For System LK, System LJ, and System LL, uniform proofs are focused proofs where all the atoms are assigned negative polarity.[2] Many other sequent calculi has been shown to have the focusing property, notably the nested sequent calculi of both the classical and intuitionistic variants of the modal logics in the S5 cube.[3]
In the sequent calculus for an intuitionistic logic, the uniform proofs can be characterised as those in which the upward reading performs all right rules before the left rules. Typically, uniform proofs are not complete for the logic i.e., not all provable sequents or formulas admit a uniform proof, so one considers fragments where they are complete e.g., the hereditary Harrop fragment of intuitionistic logic. Due to the deterministic behaviour, uniform proof-search has been used as the control mechanism defining the programming language paradigm of logic programming.[1] Occasionally, uniform proof-search is implemented in a variant of the sequent calculus for the given logic where context management is automatic, thereby increasing the fragment for which one can define a logic programming language.
The focusing principle was originally classified through the disambiguation between synchronous and asynchronous connectives in linear logic i.e., connectives that interact with the context and those that do not, as a consequence of research on logic programming. They are now an increasingly important example of control in reductive logic, and can drastically improve proof-search procedures in industry. The essential idea of focusing is to identify and coalesce the non-deterministic choices in a proof, so that a proof can be seen as an alternation of negative phases (where invertible rules are applied eagerly) and positive phases (where applications of the other rules are confined and controlled).
According to the rules of the sequent calculus, formulas are canonically put into one of two classes called positive and negative e.g., in LK and LJ the formula
\phi\lor\psi
In the case of a right rule applied to a positive formula, or a left rule applied to a negative formula, one may result in invalid sequents e.g., in LK and LJ there is no proof of the sequent
B\lorA\vdashA\lorB
A sequent calculus is often shown to have the focusing property by working in a related calculus where polarity explicitly controls which rules apply. Proofs in such systems are in focused, unfocused, or neutral phases, where the first two are characterised by hereditary decomposition; and the latter by forcing a choice of focus. One of the most important operational behaviours a procedure can undergo is backtracking i.e., returning to an earlier stage in the computation where a choice was made. In focused systems for classical and intuitionistic logic, the use of backtracking can be simulated by pseudo-contraction.
Let
\uparrow
\downarrow
\lor
{\downarrow\uparrow\phi\lor\psi}\vdash{\uparrow\phi\lor\psi}
\phi\lor\psi\vdash\phi\lor\psi
\langle\rangle
\lor
\downarrow\uparrow\phi\lor\psi\vdash\langle\phi\lor\psi\rangle,\uparrow\phi\lor\psi
\phi\lor\psi\vdash\phi\lor\psi
\downarrow\uparrowB\lorA\vdash\langleA\rangle,\uparrowA\lorB
\downarrow\uparrowB\lorA\vdash{\uparrowA\lorB}