Focal lung pneumatosis explained
A focal lung pneumatosis is an enclosed pocket of air or gas in the lung and includes blebs, bullae, pulmonary cysts, and lung cavities. Blebs and bullae can be classified by their wall thickness.[1]
- A bleb has a wall thickness of less than 1 mm.[2] By radiology definition, it is up to 1 cm in total size.[3] By pathology definition, it originates in the pleurae (rather than in the lung parenchyma).[4]
- A bulla has a wall thickness of less than 1 mm.[2] By radiology definition, it has a total size of greater than 1 cm.[3] By pathology definition, it originates in the lung parenchyma (rather than in the pleurae).[4]
- A lung cyst has a wall thickness of up to 4 mm.[2] A minimum wall thickness of 1 mm has been suggested,[2] but thin-walled pockets may be included in the definition as well.[5]
- A cavity has a wall thickness of more than 4 mm.[2]
The terms above, when referring to sites other than the lungs, often imply fluid content.
Lung cysts are seen in about 8% of the general population, with an increased prevalence in older people, and are not associated with emphysema.[5] They may be part of the aging changes of the lungs, and cause a slight decrease in their diffusing capacity.[5] The presence of multiple pulmonary cysts may indicate a need to evaluate the possibility of bullous or cystic lung diseases.[5] Cavitation indicates workup for serious infection or lung cancer.
Bleb or bulla
The most common disease causing blebs or bullae is paraseptal emphysema though centrilobular emphysema may sometimes be involved.[1]
Other conditions associated with lung bullae are:
Cyst
A pulmonary cyst is not necessarily the same type of cyst seen in many cystic lung diseases. The cyst for example in pneumocystis pneumonia is not the same as the pulmonary cyst.Cystic lung diseases include:
Incidental blebs and cysts
A focal lung pneumatosis that is an incidental imaging finding such as on a CT scan, without suspicious findings (such as findings indicating any of the diseases listed above), generally does not indicate further follow-up.[8]
Cavity
See main article: Lung cavity. Two infectious diseases that are commonly associated with cavities of lung tissue are Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The formation of cavities is due to tissue necrosis and creates an environment that allows the pathogen to expand in numbers and spread further.[9]
In the absence of infectious symptoms, a lung nodule with cavitation is a suspected lung cancer.[10]
Notes and References
- Web site: Gaillard . Frank . Pulmonary bullae Radiology Reference Article Radiopaedia.org . Radiopaedia . 16 June 2019.
- Web site: Pulmonary cyst. Dr Daniel J Bell and Dr Yuranga Weerakkody. Radiopaedia. 2019-05-01.
- Hansell . DM. . Bankier . AA. . MacMahon . H. . McLoud . TC. . Müller . NL. . Remy . J. . Fleischner Society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. . Radiology . 246 . 3 . 697–722 . March 2008 . 10.1148/radiol.2462070712 . 18195376 .
- Book: Katzenstein . Diagnostic atlas of non-neoplastic lung disease : a practical guide for surgical pathologists . Demos Medical Publishing, LLC/Springer Publishing Company . New York, NY . 2016 . 978-1-61705-229-3 . 951217791.
- Araki. Tetsuro. Nishino. Mizuki. Gao. Wei. Dupuis. Josée. Putman. Rachel K. Washko. George R. Hunninghake. Gary M. O'Connor. George T. Hatabu. Hiroto. Pulmonary cysts identified on chest CT: are they part of aging change or of clinical significance?. Thorax. 70. 12. 2015. 1156–1162. 0040-6376. 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207653. 26514407. 4848007.
- Bullectomy. Medscape. Neerja Gulati. 2019-03-11. Updated: Feb 21, 2019
- Ferreira Francisco. Flavia Angélica. Soares Souza. Arthur. Zanetti. Gláucia. Marchiori. Edson. Multiple cystic lung disease. European Respiratory Review. 24. 138. 2015. 552–564. 0905-9180. 10.1183/16000617.0046-2015. 26621970. free. 9487620.
- Beddy. Peter. Babar. Judith. Devaraj. Anand. A practical approach to cystic lung disease on HRCT. Insights into Imaging. 2. 1. 2010. 1–7. 1869-4101. 10.1007/s13244-010-0050-7. 22347931. 3259352.
- Gadkowski . L. Beth . Stout . Jason E. . Cavitary pulmonary disease . Clinical Microbiology Reviews . 9 April 2008 . 21 . 2 . 305–333 . 10.1128/CMR.00060-07 . 18400799 . 2292573.
- Snoeckx. Annemie. Reyntiens. Pieter. Desbuquoit. Damien. Spinhoven. Maarten J.. Van Schil. Paul E.. van Meerbeeck. Jan P.. Parizel. Paul M.. Evaluation of the solitary pulmonary nodule: size matters, but do not ignore the power of morphology. Insights into Imaging. 9. 1. 2017. 73–86. 1869-4101. 10.1007/s13244-017-0581-2. 29143191. 5825309.
