Florence Cushman Explained

Florence Cushman
Birth Date:	January 30, 1860
Birth Place:	Boston, Massachusetts, US
Death Date:	January 30, 1940 (Aged 80)
Death Place:	Belmont, Massachusetts, U.S.
Burial Place:	Mount Auburn Cemetery
Education:	Charlestown High School, 1877
Employer:	Harvard College Observatory
Known For:	Cushman was one of the "Harvard Computers"

Florence Cushman (1860-1940) was an American astronomer specializing in stellar classification at the Harvard College Observatory who worked on the Henry Draper Catalogue.

Life

Florence was born in Boston, Massachusetts on January 3rd, 1860 and received her early education at Charlestown High School, where she graduated in 1877. In 1888, she began work at the Harvard College Observatory as an employee of Edward Pickering, observing and classifying stars. Florence was one of the “Harvard Computers”^[1] who worked under Pickering and, following his death in 1919, Annie Jump Cannon.^[2] Her classifications of stellar spectra contributed to Henry Draper Catalogue between 1918 and 1934.^[3] She stayed as an astronomer at the Observatory until 1937 and died January 30, 1940, at the age of 80.^[4]

Career at the Harvard College Observatory

Florence Cushman worked and was a member of the Harvard College Observatory from 1888 to 1937.^[5] Over the course of her forty-nine years at Harvard, she employed the objective prism method to analyze, classify, and catalog the optical spectra of hundreds of thousands of stars. In the 19th century, the photographic revolution enabled more detailed analysis of the night sky than had been possible with solely eye-based observations. In order to obtain optical spectra for measurement, male astronomers at the Observatory worked at night, exposing glass photographic plates to capture the astronomical images.During the daytime, female assistants like Florence analyzed the resultant spectra by reducing values, computing magnitudes, and cataloging their findings.^{[6] [7]} She is credited with determining the positions and magnitudes of the stars listed in the 1918 edition of the Henry Draper Catalogue,^{[8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]} which featured the spectra of roughly 222,000 stars. In describing the dedication and efficiency with which the Harvard Computers, including Florence, undertook this effort, Edward Pickering said, "a loss of one minute in the reduction of each estimate would delay the publication of the entire work by the equivalent of the time of one assistant for two years."^[17]

See also

• Harvard College Observatory
• Harvard Computers
• Henry Draper Catalogue

External links

• Harvard College Observatory History in Images

Notes and References

1. Web site: The Famous Women Who Explored Space. Hern. Daisy. ez. 2019-05-23. Popular Mechanics. en-US. 2020-05-02.
2. Web site: The Female Astronomers Who Captured the Stars.
3. Spradley. Joseph. 1990. Women in the Stars. The Physics Teacher. 28. 6. 372–377. 10.1119/1.2343078. 1990PhTea..28..372S.
4. Encyclopedia: Cushman, Florence. Women in science : antiquity through the nineteenth century : a biographical dictionary with annotated bibliography. MIT Press. Cambridge, Mass.. Ogilvie. Marilyn Bailey. 1986. Reprinted. 181. 9780262650380.
5. Web site: The pioneering women who helped us picture the stars. Cosmos Magazine. en. 2020-05-02. 2020-07-31. https://web.archive.org/web/20200731182421/https://cosmosmagazine.com/space/the-pioneering-women-that-helped-us-picture-the-stars. dead.
6. Web site: Computers at Work: Astronomical labor at the HCO at the turn of the century. 2018-10-10. 2019-09-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20190929142114/http://altbibl.io/gazette/computersatwork/. dead.
7. Web site: How One Woman Helped Measure the Universe. Vidyasagar. Aparna. 2019-11-13. KCET. en. 2020-05-02.
8. 1918AnHar..91....1C . The Henry Draper catalogue 0h, 1h, 2h, and 3h . Cannon . Annie J. . Pickering . Edward C. . Annals of Harvard College Observatory . 1918 . 91 . 1 .
9. 1918AnHar..92....1C . The Henry Draper catalogue : 4h, 5h and 6h . Cannon . Annie Jump . Pickering . Edward Charles . Annals of Harvard College Observatory . 1918 . 92 . 1 .
10. 1919AnHar..93....1C . The Henry Draper catalogue : 7h and 8h . Cannon . Annie Jump . Pickering . Edward Charles . Annals of Harvard College Observatory . 1919 . 93 . 1 .
11. 1919AnHar..94....1C . The Henry Draper catalogue : 9h, 10h, and 11h . Cannon . Annie Jump . Pickering . Edward Charles . Annals of Harvard College Observatory . 1919 . 94 . 1 .
12. 1920AnHar..95....1C . The Henry Draper catalogue : 12h, 13h, and 14h . Cannon . Annie Jump . Pickering . Edward Charles . Annals of Harvard College Observatory . 1920 . 95 . 1 .
13. 1921AnHar..96....1C . The Henry Draper catalogue : 15h and 16h . Cannon . Annie Jump . Pickering . Edward Charles . Annals of Harvard College Observatory . 1921 . 96 . 1 .
14. 1922AnHar..97....1C . The Henry Draper catalogue : 17h and 18h . Cannon . Annie Jump . Pickering . Edward Charles . Annals of Harvard College Observatory . 1922 . 97 . 1 .
15. 1923AnHar..98....1C . The Henry Draper catalogue : 19h and 20h . Cannon . Annie Jump . Pickering . Edward Charles . Annals of Harvard College Observatory . 1923 . 98 . 1 .
16. 1924AnHar..99....1C . The Henry Draper catalogue : 21h, 22h, and 23h . Cannon . Annie Jump . Pickering . Edward Charles . Annals of Harvard College Observatory . 1924 . 99 . 1 .
17. Book: Dava, Sobel. The Glass Universe : How the Ladies of the Harvard Observatory Took the Measure of the Stars . 31 October 2017 . 978-0143111344. New York. 972263666.