List of vertebrate fauna of the Maastrichtian stage explained

This is an incomplete list that briefly describes vertebrates that were extant during the Maastrichtian, a stage of the Late Cretaceous Period which extended from 72.1 to 66 million years before present. This was the last time period in which non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs existed.

Amphibians

†Amphibians of the Maastrichtian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
†Albanerpeton †Albanerpeton galaktion †Albanerpeton gracilis †Albanerpeton nexuosus	105.3–65.043 Ma, Albian to Maastrichtian	CanadaUSA	A salamander-like albanerpetontid that thrived in North America and Europe from the Early Cretaceous to the late Pliocene.
†Beelzebufo †Beelzebufo ampinga	70 Ma	Maevarano Formation, Mahajanga Province, Madagascar	A horned frog. The largest frog to ever live, known to have grown to over 40cm (20inches) and 4kg (09lb).
†Habrosaurus †Habrosaurus dilatus	Maastrichtian to Danian	Lance Formation, Wyoming, USAHell Creek Formation, Montana, USA	A large sirenid, about the size of a hellbender. The palate is specialized for crushing, suggesting it may have fed on hard-bodied prey.
†Paranecturus †Paranecturus garbanii		Hell Creek Formation, Montana USA	A proteid closely related to the modern mudpuppies.
†Piceoerpeton †Piceoerpeton naylori	Maastrichtian to Thanetian	Wyoming & Montana, USA	A scapherpetontid salamander, one of the largest-known salamanders.
†Scotiophryne †Scotiophryne pustulosa	125–60.5 Ma, Aptian to Selandian	Hell Creek Formation, Montana, USAMexico Saskatchewan, Canada	A little-known frog.

Dinosaurs

†Ornithischians

†Ankylosaurs

†Ankylosaurs of the Maastrichtian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
†Ankylosaurus †Ankylosaurus magniventris	68.5–66 Ma	Hell Creek Formation, Montana, USA	An ankylosaurine ankylosaurid. The largest-known ankylosaur, estimated at 9m (30feet) and up to 6 tonnes (13,000 lb).
†Anodontosaurus †Anodontosaurus lambei	72.8–67 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada	A medium-sized ankylosaurine ankylosaurid with a wide, pointed tail club.
†Antarctopelta †Antarctopelta oliveroi	74–70 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Santa Marta Formation, James Ross Island, Antarctica	A medium-sized parankylosaur, reaching no more than 4m (13feet) in length, with characteristics of both polacanthids and nodosaurs.
†Brachypodosaurus †Brachypodosaurus gravis	66 Ma	Lameta Formation, India	An ankylosaur, originally described as a stegosaur.
†Denversaurus †Denversaurus schlessmani	68–66 Ma	Lance Formation, South Dakota, USA	An ankylosaur, originally described as a species of Edmontonia
†Edmontonia †Edmontonia longiceps †Edmontonia schlessmani	76.5–69 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, CanadaLance Formation, Wyoming, USA St. Mary River Formation, Alberta, Canada	A nodosaur estimated to be roughly 6.6m (21.7feet) long.
†Glyptodontopelta †Glyptodontopelta mimus	69–66 Ma	Ojo Alamo Formation, New Mexico, USA	A nodosaur once thought to be a species of Edmontonia.
†Patagopelta †Patagopelta cristata	73-69 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Allen Formation, Argentina	A small nodosaur, the first euankylosaur from South America
†Shanxia †Shanxia tianzhenensis	99-71 Ma, Cenomanian to Maastrichtian	Huiquanpu Formation, Shanxi, China	An ankylosaurine ankylosaurid which a few scientists consider a possible synonym of Tianzhenosaurus.
†Stegouros †Stegouros elengassen	74–71 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Dorotea Formation, Chile	A small-sized Parankylosaur.
†Struthiosaurus †Struthiosaurus austriacus †Struthiosaurus languedocensis †Struthiosaurus transylvanicus	85–66 Ma, Santonian to Maastrichtian	Sanpetru Formation, Hunedoara County, Romania	A struthiosaurine nodosaur, one of the smallest-known and most basal nodosaurs from the Late Cretaceous.
†Tarchia †Tarchia kailanae	84.9–70.6 Ma, Santonian to Maastrichtian	Barun Goyot Formation, Ömnögovi Province, Mongolia	An ankylosaurine ankylosaurid, and one of the geologically youngest-known Asian ankylosaurs. It has an estimated body length of 8mto8.5mm (26feetto27.9feetm) and weighing as much as 4.5 tonnes (5.0 short tons).
†Tianzhenosaurus †Tianzhenosaurus youngi	99–70.6 Ma, Cenomanian to Maastrichtian	Huiquanpu Formation, Shanxi, China	An ankylosaurine ankylosaurid. Suggested by some to be a junior synonym of Saichania.

†Parksosauridae

†Thescelosaurids of the Maastrichtian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
†Parksosaurus †Parksosaurus warreni	70 Ma	Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada	A parksosaur that is one of the few basal neornithischians from the end of the Cretaceous.
†Thescelosaurus †Thescelosaurus garbanii †Thescelosaurus neglectus †Thescelosaurus assiniboiensis	68–66 Ma	Hell Creek Formation, South Dakota, USAScollard Formation, Alberta, Canada	A parksosaur known from several partial skeletons.

†Ornithopoda

†Ornithopods and †Hypsilophodonts of the Maastrichtian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
†Adynomosaurus †Adynomosaurus arcanus	72-70 Ma	Tremp Formation, Spain	A lambeosaurine hadrosaur
†Amurosaurus †Amurosaurus riabinini	70-66 Ma	Udurchukan Formation, China, Russia	A lambeosaurine hadrosaur
†Arenysaurus †Arenysaurus ardevoli	66 Ma	Spain	A lambeosaurine hadrosaur
†Augustynolophus †Augustynolophus morrisi	70–66 Ma	Moreno Formation, California, USA	A saurolophine hadrosaur originally thought to be a species of Saurolophus.
†Barsboldia †Barsboldia sicinskii	70 Ma	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A hadrosaur originally described as a lambeosaurine, now believed to instead be a saurolophine.
†Blasisaurus †Blasisaurus canudoi	66 Ma	Aren Formation, Spain	A medium-sized lambeosaurine hadrosaur
†Canardia †Canardia garonnensis	67.5–66 Ma	Marnes d'Auzas Formation, Haute-Garonne, France	A recently found lambeosaurine hadrosaur.
†Charonosaurus †Charonosaurus jiayinensis	66 Ma	Yuliangze Formation, Heilongjiang, China	A lambeosaurine hadrosaur appearing similar in skull shape to Parasaurolophus. It was a very large lambeosaurine, with an estimated length of around 10m (30feet) long.
†Edmontosaurus †Edmontosaurus regalis †Edmontosaurus annectens	73–66 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Hell Creek Formation, Montana, USALaramie Formation, Colorado, USA Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada Frenchman Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada	A well-known genus of saurolophine hadrosaur. E. annectens has been previously named Anatosaurus and Anatotitan. This was one of the largest hadrosaurids, measuring up to 12m (39feet) long and weighing around 4.0 metric tons (4.4 short tons).
†Gilmoreosaurus †Gilmoreosaurus mongoliensis	70 Ma	Iren Dabasu Formation, Inner Mongolia, China	A hadrosauroid originally assigned as a species of Mandschurosaurus.
†Gryposaurus †Gryposaurus notabilis †Gryposaurus latidens †Gryposaurus monumentensis †Gryposaurus alsatei?	83–74 Ma	Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, Canada Two Medicine Formation, Montana, USA Kaiparowits Formation, Utah, USA
†Huaxiaosaurus †Huaxiaosaurus aigahtens	70 Ma	Xingzhuang Formation, Shandong, China	A large saurolophine hadrosaur, some of its estimated dimensions include a length of 18.7m (61.4feet) and a height of 11.3m (37.1feet) (in a tripodal posture) makes it one of the largest ornithopods known.
†Hypacrosaurus †Hypacrosaurus altispinus	75–67 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada	A lambeosaurine hadrosaur that has a tall, hollow rounded crest similar to Corythosaurus. The animal is estimated to have been around 9.1m (29.9feet) long, and to have weighed up to 4.0 tonnes (4.4 tons).
†Kamuysaurus †Kamuysaurus japonicus	72.4-70.6 Ma	Hakobucho Formation, Mukawa, Hokkaido, Japan	An Edmontosaurini Saurolophine
†Kerberosaurus †Kerberosaurus manakini	66 Ma	Udurchukan Formation, Amur Oblast, Russia	A saurolophine hadrosaur.
†Koutalisaurus †Kerberosaurus manakini	67.5–66 Ma	Tremp Formation, Province of Lleida, Catalonia, Spain	A lambeosaurine hadrosaur
†Kritosaurus †Kritosaurus navajovius	74–66 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Kirtland Formation, New Mexico, USA	A saurolophine hadrosaur
†Kundurosaurus †Kundurosaurus nagornyi	67–66 Ma	Udurchukan Formation, Amur Oblast, Russia	A saurolophine hadrosaur
†Lapampasaurus †Lapampasaurus cholinoi	76–70 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Allen Formation, La Pampa Province, Argentina	A hadrosaur named in honor the late collector Jose Cholino. It is one of the few hadrosaurs to live in Gondwana.
†Mandschurosaurus †Mandschurosaurus amurensis †Mandschurosaurus laosensis	66 Ma	Yuliangze Formation, Heilongjiang, China	A poorly-known hadrosaur.
†Microhadrosaurus †Microhadrosaurus nanshiungensis		Nanxiong Formation, Guangdong, China	A hadrosaur based on juvenile remains.
†Morrosaurus †Morrosaurus antarcticus	70–66 Ma	Snow Hill Island Formation, James Ross Island, Antarctica	An elasmarian iguanodont that was a medium-sized animal. The descriptors were able to establish some distinctive features. Two of these are autapomorphies, i.e. derived features that are unique. In bottom view, the greater trochanter of the femur has an undulating profile with a thick edge output and a main thin edge. The fourth metatarsal bone has a triangular profile with a rearward projection that wraps around her and the third metatarsal. In addition, there is a unique combination of two features that by themselves are not unique features. In the femur, the lesser trochanter is inclined diagonally, right next to the greater trochanter. In the tibia, medial malleolus has a triangular outline view showing a front concave surface.
†Nanningosaurus †Nanningosaurus dashiensis	72.1–66 Ma, Maastrichtian	Guangxi, China	A lambeosaurine hadrosaur known from an incomplete skeleton including skull, arm, and hip remains. The first hadrosaur discovered in southern China.
†Olorotitan †Olorotitan arhanensis	72–66 Ma	durchukan Formation, Amur Oblast, Russia	A lambeosaurine hadrosaur.
†Orthomerus †Orthomerus dolloi	66 Ma	Maastricht Formation, Limburg, NetherlandsBelgium	An obscure genus of hadrosaur. In the past it was conflated with the much better known Telmatosaurus.
†Pararhabdodon †Pararhabdodon isonensis	67.5–66 Ma	Tremp Formation, province of Lleida, Catalonia, Spain	A lamebosaurine hadrosaur
†Pareisactus †Pareisactus evrostos	67.5–66 Ma	Spain	A rhabdodontid known from a scapula.
†Rhabdodon †Rhabdodon priscus †Rhabdodon septimanicus	70–66 Ma	RomaniaSpain France Czech Republic	A rhabdodontid common in Cretaceous Europe.
†Riabininohadros †Riabininohadros weberae	72–66 Ma	Ukraine	A genus of styracosternan ankylopollexian that was unearthed in Ukraine.
†Sahaliyania †Sahaliyania elunchunorum	68–66 Ma	Yuliangze Formation, Heilongjiang, China	A lambeosaurine hadrosaur known only from a few remains.
†Saurolophus †Saurolophus angustirostris †Saurolophus osborni	70–66 Ma	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, MongoliaHorseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada	A saurolophine hadrosaur distinguished by a spike-like cranial crest.
†Secernosaurus †Secernosaurus koerneri		Argentina	A saurolophine hadrosaur once considered to be a species of Kritosaurus. It is one of the few Gondwanan hadrosaurs.
†Sektensaurus †Sektensaurus sanjuanboscoi	80–66 Ma	Lago Colhué Huapí Formation, Patagonia, Argentina	A possible elasmarian ornithopod from Patagonia. The first non-hadrosaurid ornithopod of central Patagonia.
†Shantungosaurus †Shantungosaurus giganteus	70 Ma	Wangshi Group, Shandong, China	A saurolophine hadrosaur, the largest-known Hadrosaur, and one of the largest-known ornithischians, estimated to be over 14.72m (48.29feet) in length and weighing as much as 16 tonnes (18 short tons).
†Telmatosaurus †Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus	70–66 Ma	Sanpetru Formation, Hunedoara County, Romania	A relatively small hadrosaur, approximately 5m (16feet) long.
†Tethyshadros †Tethyshadros insularis	70 Ma	Liburnia Formation, Province of Trieste, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy	A relatively small species of hadrosauroid. It had a length of about 4m (13feet) and a weight of 350kg (770lb).
†Thespesius †Thespesius occidentalis	66 Ma	Lance Formation, South Dakota, USA	A dubious saurolophine hadrosaur notable for its taxonomic history
†Trinisaura †Trinisaura santamartaensis	80–66 Ma	Snow Hill Island Formation, James Ross Island, Antarctica	An elasmarian iguanodont.
†Tsintaosaurus †Tsintaosaurus spinorhinus	70 Ma	Jingangkou Formation, Shandong, China	A lambeosaurine hadrosaur
†Ugrunaaluk †Ugrunaaluk kuukpikensis	69.2 Ma	Colville River, Alaska, USA	A saurolophine hadrosaur, originally thought to be the bones of juvenile Edmontosaurus regalis.
†Velafrons †Velafrons coahuilensis	72 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Cerro del Pueblo Formation, Coahuila, Mexico	A lambeosaurine hadrosaur known from a mostly complete skull and partial skeleton of a juvenile individual
†Willinakaqe †Willinakaqe salitralensis	Campanian to Maastrichtian	Allen Formation, La Pamapa Province, Argentina	A saurolophine hadrosaur that had long spines on its pelvis and tail base. One of the few Gondwanan hadrosaurs.
†Wulagasaurus †Wulagasaurus dongi	69-66 Ma	Yuliangze Formation, Heilongjiang, China	A basal saurolophine hadrosaur
†Zalmoxes †Zalmoxes robustus †Zalmoxes shqiperorum	70-66 Ma	Sanpetru Formation, Hunedoara County, RomaniaAlbania	A small but stoutly built rhabdodontid.

†Ceratopsians

†Ceratopsians of the Maastrichtian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
†Agathaumas †Agathaumas sylvestris	66 Ma	Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA	A chasmosaurine ceratopsid, and the first Ceratopsian known to science. Often considered a nomen dubium, provisionally considered a synonym of Triceratops.
†Anchiceratops †Anchiceratops ornatus	72–71 Ma	St. Mary River Formation, Alberta, CanadaHorseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada	A chasmosaurine ceratopsid with a distinctive frill lined with large epioccipitals.
†Arrhinoceratops †Arrhinoceratops brachyops	70.6–70 Ma	Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada	A chasmosaurine ceratopsid
†Bravoceratops †Bravoceratops polyphemus	70 Ma	Javelina Formation, Texas, USA	A rare chasmosaurine ceratopsid that may be the sister taxon of Coahuilaceratops
†Coahuilaceratops †Coahuilaceratops magnacuerna	72.5–71.4 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Cerro del Pueblo Formation, Coahuila, Mexico	A chasmosaurine ceratopsid thought to possess among the largest horns of any dinosaur currently known, rivaling those of larger chasmosaurines like Triceratops and Torosaurus.
†Eotriceratops †Eotriceratops xerinsularis	68–67.6 Ma	Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada	One of the largest chasmosaurines and ceratopsians, weighing in at 10 tonnes and measuring 8.5 to 9 meters long
†Gobiceratops †Gobiceratops minutus	83–69 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Barun Goyot Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A bagaceratopsid known from the skull of a young individual.
†Lamaceratops †Lamaceratops tereschenkoi	84.9–70.6 Ma, Santonian to Maastrichtian	Barun Goyot Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	It is debated whether this is a bagaceratopsid or a protoceratopsid.
†Leptoceratops †Leptoceratops gracilis	68.8–66 Ma	Hell Creek Formation, Montana, USALance Formation, Alberta, Canada Scollard Formation, Alberta, Canada	A leptoceratopsid
†Micropachycephalosaurus †Micropachycephalosaurus hongtuyanensis	69.5 Ma	Wangshi Group, Shandong, China	A basal ceratopsian, originally thought to be a pachycephalosaur, with the longest generic name of any dinosaur.
†Montanoceratops †Montanoceratops cerorhynchos	70 Ma	St. Mary River Formation, Montana, USA	A leptoceratopsid distinguished by the presence of claws instead of hooves and having teeth in its upper jaw instead of a toothless beak.
†Nedoceratops †Nedoceratops hatcheri	67–66 Ma	Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA	A chasmosaurine ceratopsid that may be a specimen of Triceratops.
†Ojoceratops †Ojoceratops fowleri	68 Ma	Ojo Alamo Formation, New Mexico, USA	A chasmosaurine ceratopsid, possibly synonymous with Triceratops or Eotriceratops.
†Pachyrhinosaurus †Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis †Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai †Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum	73.5–68.5 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	St. Mary Formation, Montana, USAHorseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada Prince Creek Formation, Alaska, USA Wapiti Formation, Alberta, Canada Bearpaw Formation, Alberta, Canada	A common centrosaurine ceratopsid with large, thick bosses on the skull. The largest Pachyrhinosaurus species were 8m (26feet) long. This species is also regarded as the last of the North American centrosaurines before the K/T event.
†Platyceratops †Platyceratops tatarinovi	75–71 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Barun Goyot Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A bagaceratopsid, sometimes considered synonymous with Bagaceratops.
†Polyonax †Polyonax mortuarinus	66 Ma	Denver Formation, Colorado, USA	A dubious chasmosaurine ceratopsid. It has sometimes been listed as a synonym of Agathaumas or Triceratops.
†Protoceratops †Protoceratops andrewsi †Protoceratops hellenikorhinus	83.5–70.6 Ma	Djadochta Formation, Omnogovi Province, MongoliaBayan Mandahu Formation, Inner Mongolia, China	A common protoceratopsid.
Regaliceratops Regaliceratops peterhewsi	68.5–67.5 Ma	St. Mary River Formation, Alberta, Canada	A chasmosaurine ceratopsid named for its plated frill, which its describers thought looked somewhat like a crown.
†Sierraceratops †Sierraceratops turneri	72-70 Ma	Hall Lake Formation, New Mexico, USA	A chasmosaurine ceratopsid related to Bravoceratops and Coahuilaceratops.
†Sinoceratops †Sinoceratops zhuchengensis	72–70 Ma	Xingezhuang Formation, Shandong, China	A centrosaurine ceratopsid, currently the only known Asian Ceratopsid.
†Tatankaceratops †Tatankaceratops sacrisonorum	66 Ma	Hell Creek Formation, South Dakota, USA	A chasmosaurine ceratopsid, probably a juvenile specimen of Triceratops.
†Torosaurus †Torosaurus latus †Torosaurus utahensis	68–66 Ma	Lance Formation, Wyoming, USAHell Creek Formation, Montana, USA North Horn Formation, Utah, USA	A chasmosaurine ceratopsid with one of the largest skulls of any known land animal. Some researchers consider it an ontogenic stage of Triceratops.
†Triceratops †Triceratops horridus †Triceratops prorsus	68–66 Ma	Hell Creek Formation, Montana, USALance Formation, Wyoming, USA	Possibly the most iconic ceratopsian, Triceratops May have grown up to 6.5 to 12 tonnes and measured 7.5 to 9 meters long.
†Zhuchengceratops †Zhuchengceratops inexpectus	70 Ma	Wangshi Group, Shandong, China	A leptoceratopsid slightly larger than most adult specimens of the similar Leptoceratops. It is known from a partial articulated skeleton including vertebrae, ribs, teeth, and parts of the skull and mandibles.

†Pachycephalosaurs

†Pachycephalosaurs of the Maastrichtian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
†Alaskacephale †Alaskacephale gangloffi	80–69 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Prince Creek Formation, Alaska, USA
†Dracorex †Dracorex hogwartsia	66 Ma	Hell Creek Formation, South Dakota, USA	Named as a tribute to both dragons and the Harry Potter book series. Some paleontologists consider it a synonym of Stygimoloch or Pachycephalosaurus.
†Goyocephale †Goyocephale lattimorei	76 Ma, Santonian to Maastrichtian	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	Formally described from an incomplete skull, mandibles, and fragmentary postcranial material.
†Pachycephalosaurus †Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis	70–66 Ma	Hell Creek Formation, Montana, USALance Formation, Montana, USA	The largest-known pachycephalosaur. It has been estimated that Pachycephalosaurus was around 4.5m (14.8feet) long and weighed 450kg (990lb).
†Platytholus †Platytholus clemensi	68-66 Ma	Hell Creek Formation, Montana, USA
†Prenocephale †Prenocephale prenes	80-75 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia
†Sphaerotholus †Sphaerotholus bucholtzae †Sphaerotholus edmontonensis	73–66 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Hell Creek Formation, Montana, USAHorseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada	This species had a widespread distribution and a characteristically dome-shaped skull.
†Tylocephale †Tylocephale gilmorei	80–70 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Barun Goyot Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	This species is estimated to have been about 1.4m (04.6feet) in length, with the tallest dome of any known pachycephalosaur.

†Sauropods

†Sauropods of the Maastrichtian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Aeolosaurus	72-66 Ma	Angostura Colorada Formation Bajo Barreal Formation; Los Alamitos Formation; Allen Formation all in Argentina; Adamantina Formation; Marília Formation, both in Brazil	A 14m (46feet) aeolosaurid titanosaur
†Alamosaurus †Alamosaurus sanjuanensis	70–66 Ma	Ojo Alamo Formation, New Mexico, USANorth Horn Formation, Utah, USA Black Peaks Formation, Texas, USA El Picacho Formation, Texas, USA Javelina Formation, Texas, USA	An opisthocoelicaudiine saltasaurid that was one of the largest dinosaur known from North America.
†Ampelosaurus †Ampelosaurus atacis	70–66 Ma	Marnes Rouges Inferieures Formation, France	Like most sauropods, this nemegtosaurid would have had a long neck and tail, but it also carried armor in the form of osteoderms 25cm-28cmcm (10inches-11inchescm) long. The four osteoderms found have three different morphologies, they are plate, bulb, and spine-shaped. This dinosaur would have stretched up to about 15m (49feet) from snout to tail.
†Argyrosaurus †Argyrosaurus superbus	70 Ma	Lago Colhué Huapi Formation, Argentina
†Arkharavia †Arkharavia heterocoelica	66 Ma	Udurchukan Formation, Russia	A somphospondylan known from a few remains that were probably actually of a hadrosaur.
†Bonatitan †Bonatitan reigi	75-70 Ma, Santonian to Maastrichtian	Argentina	A saltasaurid known from a partial skeleton, including a braincase and caudal vertebrae. It may be a saltasaurine.
†Campylodoniscus †Campylodoniscus ameghinoi	95 or 70 Ma, Cenomanian or Maastrichtian	Argentina	A little-known titanosaur known from a single jawbone, the maxilla, holding seven teeth.
†Dreadnoughtus †Dreadnoughtus schrani	75 Ma, Santonian to Maastrichtian	Cerro Fortaleza Formation, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina	A giant titanosaur that is one of the largest of all known terrestrial vertebrates, possessing the greatest mass of any land animal that can be calculated with reasonable certainty, using limb bone measurements. It is known to be 26m (85feet) long in total body length and a 2-story-tall (6m (20feet)) shoulder height.
†Gannansaurus †Gannansaurus sinensis	66.7–66 Ma	Nanxiong Formation, Ganzhou Basin, Jiangxi Province, southern China	Likely more closely related to the basal somphospondylan, Euhelopus, than to titanosaurs, it might have been one of the latest surviving not-titanosaur sauropods.
†Gondwanatitan †Gondwanatitan faustoi	70 Ma	Adamantina Formation and Cambabe Formation, Brazil	An aeolosaurid titanosaur that had elongated centra in the vertebrae from the middle part of its tail. It had vertebral lateral fossae that resembled shallow depressions, similar to Saltasaurus, Alamosaurus, Malawisaurus and Aeolosaurus.
†Huabeisaurus †Huabeisaurus allocotus	95-72 Ma, Cenomanian to Maastrichtian	Huiquanpu Formation, Shanxi, China	A titanosaur that was mid-sized by sauropod standards, closely related to Tangvayosaurus.
†Hypselosaurus †Hypselosaurus priscus	70 Ma	Grès à Reptiles Formation, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France	A titanosaurid with proportionally robust legs. The eggs are also unusually large; measuring at around in length.
†Isisaurus †Isisaurus colberti	70 Ma	Lameta Formation, Maharashtra, India	An antarctosaurid that had a "bizarre" appearance with a short, vertically directed neck and long forelimbs, making it considerably different from other sauropods.
†Jainosaurus †Jainosaurus septentrionalis	68 Ma	Lameta Formation, Madhya Pradesh, India	A large titanosaur that would have measured around eighteen meters long and held its head six meters high. No accurate estimate of the weight has yet been made. The humerus of the type specimen is 134 centimeters long.
†Loricosaurus †Loricosaurus scutatus	71 Ma	Allen Formation, Neuquén Province, Argentina	A saltasaurine saltasaurid that, due to the presence of armor, was first thought to be an ankylosaur.
†Magyarosaurus †Magyarosaurus dacus	71–66 Ma	Sanpetru Formation, Hunedoara County, Romania	A nemegtosaurid that is one of the smallest-known species of sauropod, measuring only six meters in length.
†Nemegtosaurus †Nemegtosaurus mongoliensis †Nemegtosaurus pachi	70 Ma	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A nemegtosaurid with a skull resembling that of a diplodocoid in being long and low, with pencil-shaped teeth.
†Neuquensaurus †Neuquensaurus australis †Neuquensaurus robustus	80 Ma	Anacleto Formation, Neuquén Province, ArgentinaUruguay	A saltasaurine saltasaurid that is a relatively small sauropod, with a femur only 0.75m (02.46feet) long. It is one of the most completely known of Patagonian sauropods.
†Opisthocoelicaudia †Opisthocoelocaudia skarzynskii	70 Ma	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	An opisthocoelicaudiine saltasaurid that was a relatively small sauropod, measuring over 11m (36feet) from the head to the tip of the tail. It is one of the best-known sauropods from the Late Cretaceous.
†Paludititan †Paludititan nalatzensis	70-66 Ma	Hunedoara County, Romania	A titanosaur known from a partial skeleton.
†Quaesitosaurus †Quaesitosaurus orientalis	85–70 Ma, Santonian to Maastrichtian	Barun Goyot Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A little-known nemegtosaurid. Its fossils consist solely of a partial skull. Long, low and horse-like with frontally located peg-like teeth, it is similar enough to the skulls of Diplodocus and its kin to have prompted informed speculation that the missing body was formed like those of diplodocids. It is possible that Nemegtosaurus, also known from only skull material, is a very close relative of Quaesitosaurus, if not indeed a variation of the same animal.
†Rapetosaurus †Rapetosaurus krausei	70–66 Ma	Maevarano Formation, Mahajanga Province, Madagascar	A nemegtosaurid that was fairly modest in size, for a titanosaur, being less than half the length of Argentinosaurus and Paralititan.
†Rocasaurus †Rocasaurus muniozi	75–70	Allen Formation, Rio Negro Province, Argentina
†Saltasaurus †Saltasaurus loricatus	85-70 Ma	Lecho Formation, Salta Province, ArgentinaUruguay	A well-known saltasaurine saltasaurid. Relatively small among typically sized sauropods, though still massive by the standards of modern terrestrial creatures, Saltasaurus is characterized by a diplodocid-like head (with blunt teeth, only in the front of the mouth). It was the first genus of sauropod known to possess armour of bony plates embedded in its skin. The small bony plates (osteoderms) have since been found on other titanosaurs. When the plates of a saltasaur were originally found, independently of skeletal remains, they were assumed to be from an ankylosaur, whose plates they resemble. A crest of scutes has also been discovered running down the back of diplodocid sauropods.
†Titanosaurus †Titanosaurus indicus †Titanosaurus blandfordi	70 Ma	Lameta Formation, India	A dubious titanosaurid estimated to have grown up to 9m–12mm (30feet–39feetm) long and about 13 tons in weight. Titanosaurus has traditionally been treated as a "wastebin taxon" for poorly preserved sauropod remains that demonstrate a distinctive vertebrae anatomy. The original Titanosaurus remains consist only of limb bones and a few vertebrae that have these characteristics. However, discoveries of more and better-preserved titanosaur species have shown that these once distinctive features are in fact widespread across many genera. Therefore, Titanosaurus itself is considered a nomen dubium by most paleontologists, since the original Titanosaurus specimens cannot be distinguished from those of related genera.
†Uberabatitan †Uberabatitan ribeiroi	67 Ma	Marilia Formation, Brazil	A little-known titanosaur known from specific bones including neck, back, and tail vertebrae, pelvic bones and limb bones.
†Vahiny †Vahiny depereti	70–66 Ma	Maevarano Formation, Mahajanga Province, Madagascar	A rare titanosaur coexisting with the more common Rapetosaurus. It is distinguished from other titanosaurs by characteristics of its braincase, including the basal tubera, basipterygoid processes, parasphenoid, and cranial nerve foramina. Differences in the braincases of Vahiny and Rapetosaurus indicate that they are not closely related to one another. Vahiny is most similar to Jainosaurus, and bears similarities to Muyelensaurus and Pitekunsaurus.

†Theropods (non-maniraptoran)

†Non-avian theropods of the Maastrichtian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
†Albertosaurus †Albertosaurus sarcophagus	71–68 Ma	Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada	An albertosaurine tyrannosaurid
†Alioramus †Alioramus remotus	70 Ma	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A tyrannosauroid
†Anserimimus †Anserimimus planinychus	70 Ma	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	An ornithomimid with more powerful forelimbs than other orinithomimids.
†Archaeornithomimus †Archaeornithomimus asiaticus	70 Ma	Iren Dabasu Formation, Inner Mongolia, China	An ornithomimid, originally thought to have lived from the Cenomanian to the Turonian.
†Betasuchus †Betasuchus bredai	66 Ma	Maastricht Formation, Limburg, Netherlands	One of the few abelisaurs to be found in the Northern Hemisphere.
†Carnotaurus †Carnotaurus sastrei	72–66 Ma	La Colonia Formation, Chubut Province, Argentina	A highly derived carnotaurine abelisaurid
†"Coelosaurus" antiquus	70-66 Ma	Navesink Formation, New Jersey	In 1979, Baird and Horner discovered that the name "Coelosaurus" was preoccupied by another dubious taxon (based on a single vertebra), named Coelosaurus by an anonymous author now known to be Richard Owen in 1854.
†Coeluroides †Coeluroides	66 Ma	Lameta Formation, India	A small, little-known theropod.
†Compsosuchus †Compsosuchus solus	69 Ma	Lameta Formation, India	A poorly-known theropod
Chenanisaurus Chenanisaurus	68-66 Ma	Ouled Abdoun Basin in Morocco, Africa	A species of predatory abelisaurid theropod.
†Deinocheirus †Deinocheirus mirificus	71–69 Ma	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A very large and distinctive ornithomimosaur
†Diplotomodon †Diplotomodon horrificus	70-66 Ma	Navesink Formation, New Jersey, USA	A dubious tyrannosauroid, possibly a synonym of Dryptosaurus.
†Dryptosauroides †Dryptosauroides grandis	66 Ma	Lameta Formation, India	A dubious abelisaurid.
†Dryptosaurus †Dryptosaurus aquilunguis	67 Ma	New Jersey, USA	A primitive tyrannosaur and among the first theropod dinosaurs known to science.
†Gallimimus †Gallimimus bullatus	70 Ma	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	An ornithomimid that was one of the largest ornithomimosaurs.
†Indosaurus †Indosaurus matleyi	69 Ma	Lameta Formation, India	A majungasaurine abelisaurid.
†Indosuchus †Indosuchus raptorius	70–66 Ma	Lameta Formation, Madhya Pradesh, India	A carnotaurine abelisaurid, very similar to Indosaurus.
†"Joan Wiffen's Theropod"		Hawke's Bay Region, North Island, New Zealand	A little-known theropod with no official scientific name as of yet.
†Jubbulpuria †Jubbulpuria tenuis	70 Ma	Lameta Formation, Madhya Pradesh, India	A poorly-known theropod that may have been a ceratosaur.
†Laevisuchus †Laevisuchus indicus	70 Ma	Lameta Formation, Madhya Pradesh, India	Originally thought to be a coelurid coelurosaur, now considered a noasaurid abelisaur.
†Lametasaurus †Lametasaurus indicus	70 Ma	Lameta Formation, Madhya Pradesh, India	A possibly dubious carnotaurine abelisaurid, originally considered a possible chimera.
†Maip †Maip Macrothorax	66 Ma	Chorrillo Formation, Santa Cruz, Argentina	The largest megaraptorid.
†Majungasaurus †Majungasaurus crenatissimus	70–66 Ma	Maevarano Formation, Mahajanga Province, Madagascar	A majungasaurine abelisaurid.
†Masiakasaurus †Masiakasaurus knopfleri	70 Ma	Maevarano Formation, Mahajanga Province, Madagascar	A noasaurid ceratosaur.
†Nanuqsaurus †Nanuqsaurus hoglundi	69.1 Ma	Prince Creek Formation, Alaska, USA	A small tyrannosaurid
†Noasaurus †Noasaurus leali	70 Ma	Lecho Formation, Salta Province, Argentina	A noasaurid originally thought to be a dromaeosaur.
†Ornithomimoides †Ornithomimoides barasimlensis †Ornithomimoides mobilis	70–66 Ma	India	A dubious theropod that was probably a small variety of abelisaur.
†Ornithomimus †Ornithomimus edmontonicus †Ornithomimus velox	75.5–66, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Denver Formation, Colorado, USAHorseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada Hell Creek Formation, Montana, USA	A well-known ornithomimid.
†Orthogoniosaurus †Orthogoniosaurus matleyi	66 Ma	Lameta Formation, Madhya Pradesh, India	A poorly-known theropod, possibly an abelisaur.
Pycnonemosaurus Pycnonemosaurus nevesi	70 Ma	Mato Grosso, Brazil	A carnotaurine abelisaurid known so far from fragmentary remains.
†Qianzhousaurus †Qianzhousaurus sinensis	72–66 Ma	Nanxiong Formation, Guangdong, China	A tyrannosaurid nicknamed "Pinocchio rex" for its long snout in comparison to other known tyrannosaurs. A close relative of Alioramus.
†Qiupalong †Qiupalong henanensis	99.7–66 Ma, Cenomanian to Maastrichtian	Qiupa Formation, Henan, China	An Ornithomimid
†Quilmesaurus †Quilmesaurus curriei	Campanian to Maastrichtian	Allen Formation, Neuquén Province, Argentina	A carnotaurine abelisaurid.
†Rahiolisaurus †Rahiolisaurus gujaratensis	72.1–66 Ma	Lameta Formation, Gujarat, India	A large-sized majungasaurine abelisaurid similar to the closely related Rajasaurus.
†Rajasaurus †Rajasaurus narmadensis	69 Ma	Lameta Formation, Gujarat, India	A majungasaurine abelisaurid
†Raptorex †Raptorex kriegsteini	70 Ma	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A dubious tyrannosaurid known from only juvenile remains, possibly synonymous with Tarbosaurus.
†Richardoestesia †Richardoestesia isosceles	76.5–66 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Aguja Formation, Texas, USA	A little-known coelurosaur known from a few jaws and teeth.
†Struthiomimus †Struthiomimus altus †Struthiomimus sedens	75–66 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Lance Formation, Wyoming, USAHell Creek Formation, Montana, USA Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada	An ornithomimid
†Tarbosaurus †Tarbosaurus bataar	70-66 Ma	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A tyrannosaurine tyrannosaurid, sometimes considered an Asian species of Tyrannosaurus.
†Tyrannosaurus †Tyrannosaurus rex	68–66 Ma	Hell Creek Formation, Montana & South Dakota, USA North Horn Formation, Utah, USA Frenchman Formation, Alberta & Saskatchewan, Canada Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA	Probably the most iconic dinosaur, Tyrannosaurus is a tyrannosaurine tyrannosaurid. The largest-known Tyrannosaruoid and among the last large non-avian dinosaurs. It is also one of the largest theropod dinosaurs to have ever lived, and one of the largest carnivores to have ever roamed North America
†Vitakridrinda †Vitakridrinda sulaimani	69 Ma	Pab Formation, Pakistan	An abelisaurid known from partial remains.
†Vitakrisaurus †Vitakrisaurus saraiki	70 Ma	Vitaki Formation, Pakistan	A rare noasaurid.

†Maniraptora (non-avian)

†Non-avian theropods of the Maastrichtian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
†Acheroraptor †Acheroraptor temertyorum	66 Ma	Hell Creek Formation, Montana, USA	The youngest-known velociraptorine dromaeosaur.
†Adasaurus †Adasaurus mongoliensis	70 Ma	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A dromaeosaur unique in having relatively small sickle claws on its hind feet.
†Ajancingenia †Ajancingenia yanshini	70 Ma	Barun Goyot Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	An oviraptorid. Originally called Ingenia, a name already preoccupied by a nematode.
†Albertonykus †Albertonykus borealis	68.5 Ma	Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada	A parvicursorine and the earliest-known North American alvarezsaurid.
†Anzu †Anzu wyliei	66 Ma	Hell Creek Formation, Montana & South Dakota, USA	A caenagnathine caenagnathid, originally thought to be a species of Chirostenotes. Anzu measured about 3mto3.5mm (10feetto11.5feetm) long, up to 1.5m (04.9feet) tall at the hips and 200kgto300kgkg (400lbto700lbkg) in weight.
†Atrociraptor †Atrociraptor marshalli	68.5 Ma	Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada	A dromaeosaur
†Austroraptor †Austroraptor cabazai	70 Ma	Allen Formation, Rio Negro Province, Argentina	An unenlagiine and the largest dromaeosaur from the Southern Hemisphere.
†Avimimus †Avimimus portentosus	70 Ma	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A caenagnathoid oviraptorosaur
†Banji †Banji long	66 Ma	Nanxiong Formation, Jiangxi, China	An oviraptorine oviraptorid
†Bonapartenykus †Bonapartenykus ultimus	70 Ma	Argentina	A patagonykine alvarezsaurid
†Borogovia †Borogovia gracilicrus	70 Ma	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A troodontid
†Bradycneme †Bradycneme draculae	70 Ma	Sanpetru Formation, Hunedoara County, Romania	An alvarezsaurid, formerly believed to be a giant owl
†Ceratonykus †Ceratonykus oculatus	84–70 Ma, Santonian to Maastrichtian	Barun Goyot Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A parvicursorine alvarezsaurid.
Conchoraptor Conchoraptor gracilis	70-66 Ma	Red Beds of Hermiin Tsav, Nemegt Formation, Mongolia	A heyuannin oviraptorid.
Corythoraptor Corythoraptor jacobsi	66 Ma	Nanxiong Formation, China
†Dakotaraptor †Dakotaraptor steini	66 Ma	Hell Creek Formation, South Dakota, USA	A very large dromaeosaur; possibly a chimaeric genus.
Dromaeosaurus Dromaeosaurus albertensis	80–69.7 Ma	Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, CanadaPrince Creek Formation, Alaska, USA
†Elmisaurus †Elmisaurus rarus	70 Ma	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	An elmisaurine caenagnathid, once thought to be a Mongolian species of Chirostenotes.
†Elopteryx †Elopteryx nopcsai	70 Ma	Sanpetru Formation, Hunedoara County, Romania	A largely viewed as dubious maniraptoran, possibly a troodontid, originally believed to be a pelecaniform bird.
†Epichirostenotes †Epichirostenotes curriei	72 Ma	Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada	A caenagnathine caenagnathid originally thought to be the same species as Chirostenotes.
†Erliansaurus †Erliansaurus bellamanus	85 Ma	Iren Dabasu Formation, Inner Mongolia, China	A therizinosauroid that, for a therizinosaur, had a rather short neck.
†Euronychodon †Euronychodon portucalensis	92-70 Ma	Portugal	A troodontid with teeth similar to those of Paronychodon.
†Ganzhousaurus †Ganzhousaurus nankangensis	72-66 Ma	Nanxiong Formation, Jiangxi, China	An oviraptorine oviraptorid distinguished by a combination of primitive and derived features.
†Gobiraptor †Gobiraptor minutus	70 Ma	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	An oviraptorid.
†Heptasteornis †Heptasteornis andrewsi	67 Ma	Sânpetru Formation, Hunedaora County, Romania	An alvarezsaurid originally presumed to be a giant prehistoric owl.
†Heyuannia †Heyuannia huangi	70-66 Ma	Dalangshan Formation, Guangdong, China	An oviraptorine that was the first oviraptorid found in China.
†Hulsanpes †Hulsanpes perlei	70 Ma	Barun Goyot Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A halszkaraptorine dromaeosaur.
†Imperobator †Imperobator antarcticus	71 Ma	Snow Hill Island Formation, James Ross Island, Antarctica	A paravian, one of the first non-avian theropods described from Cretaceous Antarctica.
†Jiangxisaurus †Jiangxisaurus ganzhouensis	72–66 Ma	Nanxiong Formation, Jiangxi, China	An oviraptorid similar to Heyuannia
†Luanchuanraptor †Luanchuanraptor henanensis	99.7–66 Ma, Cenomanian to Maastrichtian	Qiupa Formation, Henan, China	A moderately sized dromaeosaur, and the first Asian dromaeosaurid described from outside the Gobi Desert or northeastern China.
†Leptorhynchos †Leptorhynchos elegans †Leptorhynchos gaddisi	75–66 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Hell Creek Formation, Montana, USAAguja Formation, Texas, USA	A elmisaurine caenagnathid that was once thought to be a species of Chirostenotes.
†Mononykus †Mononykus olecranus	70 Ma	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A parvicursorine alvarezsaurid
†Nankangia †Nankangia jiangxiensis	72–66 Ma	Nanxiong Formation, Jiangxi, China	A caenagnathoid oviraptorosaur
†Nanshiungosaurus †Nanshiungosaurus brevispinus	67 Ma	Nanxiong Formation, Jiangxi, China	A therizinosaurid
†Neimongosaurus †Neimongosaurus yangi	85 Ma	Iren Dabasu Formation, Inner Mongolia, China	A therizinosauroid
†Nemegtomaia †Nemegtomaia barsboldi	70 Ma	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	An oviraptorine oviraptorid
†Nomingia †Nomingia gobiensis	70 Ma	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	An oviraptorid characterized by a pygostyle-like mass of five fused vertebrae at the tail end, which probably supported a feather fan like Caudipteryx.
†Ojoraptorsaurus †Ojoraptorsaurus boerei	69-66 Ma	Ojo Alamo Formation, New Mexico, USA	A caenagnathid known from an incomplete pair of fused pubic bones.
†Paronychodon †Paronychodon caperatus	75-66 Ma	Hell Creek Formation, North Dakota, USALance Formation, Wyoming, USA	A disputed coelurosaur, mainly believed to be a troodontid.
†Pectinodon †Pectinodon bakkeri	66 Ma	Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA	A troodontid that has been historically considered synonymous with Troodon, now a valid genus.
†Pyroraptor †Pyroraptor olympius	70.6 Ma	France	A dromaeosaur known only from a few bones: the distinctive foot claws, as well as fossilized teeth, arm and vertebrae.
†Rahonavis †Rahonavis ostromi	70 Ma	Maevarano Formation, Mahajanga Province, Madagascar	A small unenlagiine dromaeosaur with possible gliding abilities
†Rinchenia †Rinchenia mongoliensis	70 Ma	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	An oviraptorid originally classified as a species of Oviraptor
†Saurornitholestes †Saurornitholestes langstoni	77–69 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	CanadaUSA	A saurornitholestine dromaeosaur that was more long-legged and lightly built than other dromaeosaurs.
†Shixinggia †Shixinggia oblita	70 Ma	Guangdong, China	An oviraptorid
†Tamarro †Tamarro insperatus	67.6-66 Ma	Talarn Formation, Spain	A jinfengopterygine troodontid, the first known from Europe.
†Therizinosaurus †Therizinosaurus cheloniformis	75-66 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A therizinosaurid, one of the last and largest therizinosaurs.
†Tochisaurus †Tochisaurus nemegtensis	69 Ma	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A relatively large troodontid.
†Troodon †Troodon formosus	77.5–71 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Judith River Formation, Montana US	A troodontid, from the late Cretaceous known from a few teeth.
†Variraptor †Variraptor mechinorum	70 Ma	Grès à Reptiles Formation, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France	A dromaeosaur
†Velociraptor †Velociraptor mongoliensis	75–66 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Djadochta Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A velociraptorine dromaeosaur, one of the most familiar genera.
†Yulong †Yulong mini	99.7–66 Ma, Cenomanian to Maastrichtian	Qiupa Formation, Henan, China	One of the smallest-known oviraptorids.
†Zanabazar †Zanabazar junior	70 Ma	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A troodontid, originally classified as a species of Saurornithoides.

Avialans (avian theropods)

Birds of the Maastrichtian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
†Alamitornis †Alamitornis minutus	70 Ma	Los Alamitos Formation, Rio Negro Province, Argentina	A basal euornithine, possibly a patagopterygiform.
†Anatalavis †Anatalavis rex	66–55 Ma, Maastrichtian to Danian	Hornerstown Formation, New Jersey, USA	An anseriform, possibly resembling the magpie goose.
†Asiahesperornis †Asiahesperornis bazhanovi	70 Ma	Kazakhstan	A hesperornithine that lived on the shores of the shallow Turgai Sea.
†Avisaurus †Avisaurus archibaldi †Avisaurus gloriae	70.6–66 Ma	Hell Creek Formation, Montana, USA	A genus of avisaurid enantiornithine that is known from the humid low-lying swamps, lakes and river basins of the western shore of the Western Interior Seaway.
†Balaur †Balaur bondoc	70 Ma	Sebes Formation, Alba County Romania	An avialian from Romania
†Brodavis †Brodavis americanus †Brodavis baileyi †Brodavis mongoliensis	80.5-66 Ma	Frenchman Formation, Alberta & Saskatchewan, CanadaHell Creek Formation, South Dakota, USA Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A freshwater, possibly flighted hesperornithine dating back to the Campanian.
†Canadaga †Canadaga arctica	67 Ma	Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada	A genus of hesperornithine that, unlike its relatives which are mainly known from subtropical or tropical waters, seemed to have ranged in temperate or even subarctic areas.
†Ceramornis †Ceramornis major	66 Ma	Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA	A charadriiform that might be mistaken for an anseriform.
†Cimolopteryx †Cimolopteryx maxima †Cimolopteryx minima †Cimolopteryx rara †Cimolopteryx petra	66 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Lance Formation, Wyoming, USAHell Creek Formation, Montana, USA	A fairly small charadriiform, with a maximum size about equal to that of a small gull.
†Elbretornis †Elbertornis bonapartei	70 Ma	Lecho Formation, Salta Province, Argentina	A euenantiornithine.
†Enantiornis †Enantiornis leali	70 Ma	Argentina	Among the largest enantiornithines discovered to date, having an ecological niche resembling that of a mid-sized accipitrid.
†Gargantuavis †Gargantuavis philoinos	73.5-71.5 Ma	Marnes Rouges Inferieures Formation, France	A large flightless euornithine bird that occupied an ecological niche somewhat similar to that of modern ratites or certain non-avian dinosaurs. Its eggs were previously attributed to titanosaurs.
†Graculavus †Graculavus augustus	68-62 Ma	Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA	A charadriiform that lived on the shores of the northwestern Atlantic and the Western Interior Seaway.
†Gurilynia †Gurilynia nessovi	70–66 Ma	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A euenantiornithine known from three partial bones.
†Hesperornis †Hesperornis regalis †Hesperornis crassipes †Hesperornis gracilis †Hesperornis altus †Hesperornis montana †Hesperornis rossicus †Hesperornis bairdi †Hesperornis chowi †Hesperornis macdonaldi †Hesperornis mengeli	83.5–66 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian
†Judinornis †Judinornis nogontsavensis	70 Ma	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A basal hesperornithine that, unlike its relatives, apparently lived in estuaries and rivers from the mountains thrown up by the Cimmerian Orogeny through the arid lands of continental East Asia towards the Turgai Sea and the former Shigatze Ocean.
†Laornis †Laornis edvardsianus	66–63 Ma, Maastrichtian to Danian	Hornerstown Formation, New Jersey, USA	A neognath that may have been semiaquatic.
†Lectavis †Lectavis bretincola	70.6–66 Ma	Lecho Formation, Salta Province, Argentina	A genus of euenantiornithine with uncertain evolutionary affinities, it had legs resembling and a body approximately the size of a modern curlew.
†Martinavis †Martinavis cruzyensis †Martinavis minor †Martinavis saltariensis †Martinavis vincei †Martinavis whetstonei	75–70 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Lecho Formation, Salta Province, ArgentinaGres a Reptiles Formation, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France	A euenantiornithine known mostly from a collection of humeruses per species.
†Neogaeornis †Neogaeornis wetzeli	70–67 Ma	Quiriquina Formation, Quiriquina Island, Chile	A rare hesperornithine closely related to Baptornis (yet some believe it to be a gaviiform). Though apparently somewhat migratory, it is only known from temperate to warm subtropical climates, and it seems that towards the end of the Cretaceous their range shifted towards the South Pole.
†Palintropus †Palintropus retusus	76.5-66 Ma	Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA	A poorly-known bird that is sometimes believed to be an early charadriiform or galliform. It is now primarily known to be an ambiortiform.
†Polarornis †Polarornis gregorii	66 Ma	Lopez de Bertodano Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctica	A gaviiform that was semiaquatic is suggested to be flightless or near-flightless, feeding on fish and large invertebrates. It was very similar to its loon relatives, as well as to grebes, hesperornithines, and penguins.
†Potamornis †Potamornis skutchi	66 Ma	Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA	A hesperornithine with unclear relationships.
†Soroavisaurus †Soroavisaurus australis	70 Ma	Lecho Formation, Salta Province, Argentina	An avisaurid known from only a few remains.
†Telmatornis †Telmatornis priscus	71–68 Ma	Navesink Formation, New Jersey, USA	A charadriiform with grebe-like forelimbs
†Teviornis †Teviornis gobiensis	70 Ma	Nemegt Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A presbyornithid known from pieces of a crushed right forelimb.
†Tytthostonyx †Tytthostonyx glauconiticus	66 Ma	Hornerstown Formation, New Jersey, USA	A little-known bird of unclear affiliations.
†Vegavis †Vegavis iaai	68–66 Ma	Lopez de Bertodano Formation, Vega Island, Antarctica	An anseriform known from very few bones.
†Vorona †Vorona berivotrensis	70 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Maevarano Formation, Mahajanga Province, Madagascar	A euornithine sometimes confused with Rahonavis, a confusion that has led to the common misconception that Vorona had a dromaeosaur-like sickle claw on each foot.
†Yungavolucris †Yungavolucris brevipedalis	70.6–66 Ma	Lecho Formation, Salta Province, Argentina	A small, little-known euenantiornithine that may have been adapted for swimming.

Cartilaginous fish

Cartilaginous fish of the Maastrichtian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
†Coupatezia †Coupatezia trempina			A myliobatiform ray whose genus survived into the Lutetian.
†Cretolamna	Turonian to Ypresian
†Ctenopristis
†Dalpiazia
Dasyatis	100–0 Ma, Cenomanian to present
†Ganopristis
†Gibbechinorhinus
†Igdabatis
†Microetmopterus
†Paraginglymostoma
†Parasquatina
†Proetmopterus
†Pucabatis
†Pucapristis
Raja	70–0 Ma, Maastrichtian to present
†Rhombodus †Rhombodus binkhorsti †Rhombodus levis
†Schizorhiza
†Squalicorax †Squalicorax kaupi †Squalicorax pristodontus	80–66 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	New ZealandJapan Kazakhstan Jordan France Netherlands Egypt Morocco Madagascar USA Syria Israel Bulgaria Brazil Russia Ukraine Sweden

Crocodylomorphs

Crocodylomorphs of the Maastrichtian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
†Acynodon †Acynodon iberoccitanus †Acynodon lopezi	Early Campanian - Late Maastrichtian 83.5–66 Ma	France, Spain, Italy, and Slovenia	Initially placed within Alligatoridae but has since been reclassified as a more basal globidontan, the oldest and most primitive known to date.
†Adamantinasuchus †Adamantinasuchus navae	72.1–68 Ma	Adamantina Formation, Brazil	A notosuchian.
†Allodaposuchus †Allodaposuchus palustris †Allodaposuchus precedens	84.9–66.043 Ma	Conques Formation, Province of Huesca, Aragon, SpainRomania	An average-sized eusuchian, growing to around 3m (10feet) long. The main feature that distinguishes this species from other related crocodylomorphs is the orientation of a groove at the back of the skull called the cranioquadrate passage; unlike the cranioquadrate passages of other crocodylomorphs, which are only visible at the back of the skull, the cranioquadrate passage of this variety is visible when the skull is viewed from the side.
†Araripesuchus †Araripesuchus tsangatsangana	125–66 Ma	Maevarano Formation, Mahajanga Province, Madagascar	A uruguaysuchid that can be distinguished by their laterally bulged edges of the snout, with the bulge being the most prominent around the area of an enlarged maxillary tooth.
†Arenysuchus †Arenysuchus gascabadiolorum	67.6–66 Ma	Tremp Formation, province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain	A crocodyloid known a partial skull and four teeth. One feature linking it to early crocodilians is the contact of the frontal bones with the margin of the supratemporal fenestrae, two holes in the top of the skull. The frontal bone is also unusual in that its front end is extremely long. A sharp projection of the frontal divides the nasal bones, making up most of the midline length of the snout. Usually, the nasal bones would occupy the midline and the frontal would be restricted near the eye sockets. Near the frontal, the lacrimal bones are unusually wide in comparison to their length.
†Armadillosuchus †Armadillosuchus arrudai	~72–68 Ma	Adamantina Formation, Brazil	A notosuchian.
†Barreirosuchus †Barreirosuchus franciscoi	~72–68 Ma	Adamantina Formation, Brazil	A trematochampsid.
†Baurusuchus †Baurusuchus albertoi †Baurusuchus pachechoi †Baurusuchus salgadoensis	~72–68 Ma	Adamantina Formation, Brazil	A baurusuchid notosuchian.
†Borealosuchus †Borealosuchus sternbergii		Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	A medium-sized crocodilian genus that lived into the Eocene. Borealosuchus sternbergii is the most basal out of the six species in the genus and the one known from the Cretaceous.
†Brachychampsa †Brachychampsa montana	83.5–63.3 Ma	Hell Creek Formation, Montana, USA	A globidontan distinguished by an enlarged fourth maxillary tooth in the upper jaw. Its genus dates back to the Campanian and lived until the Danian.
†Brasileosaurus †Brasileosaurus pachecoi	~72–68 Ma	Adamantina Formation, Brazil	A genus of possible notosuchid notosuchian.
†Campinasuchus †Campinasuchus dinizi	~72–68 Ma	Adamantina Formation, Brazil	A baurusuchid.
†Caipirasuchus †Caipirasuchus paulistanus	72.1–68 Ma	Adamantina Formation, São Paulo, Brazil	A sphagesaurid.
†Caryonosuchus †Caryonosuchus pricei	72.1–68 Ma	Adamantina Formation, São Paulo, Brazil	A sphagesaurid characterized by a unique combination of characters, including three autapomorphies such as a rostrum with horn-like tubercles on the maxilla and on the premaxilla. Caryonosuchus also has autapomorphic rough ornamentation with grooves and bony ridges on its rostrum.
†Chenanisuchus †Chenanisuchus lateroculi	Maastrichtian to Danian	MaliMorocco	A dyrosaurid with the shortest snout relative to the dorsal skull length among all dyrosaurids.
†Eothoracosaurus †Eothoracosaurus mississippiensis	Late Cretaceous to early Paleocene	Ripley Formation, Mississippi	This genus is usually regarded as a gavialoid, one of the earliest and most basal known, though a recent study indicates that it was more likely to be a non-crocodilian eusuchian. It survived into the Paleocene.
†Itasuchus †Itasuchus jesuinoi	70.6–66 Ma	Marilia Formation, Minas Gerais, Brazil	A trematochampsid known from a 370 mm skull, suggesting a total body length of about 3m (10feet).
†Labidiosuchus †Labidiosuchus amicum	70-66 Ma	Marilia Formation, Minas Gerais, Brazil	A notosuchian.
†Mahajangasuchus †Mahajangasuchus insignis	70–65 Ma	Maevarano Formation, Mahajanga Province, Madagascar	A mahajangasuchid that was a fairly large predator, measuring up to 3m (10feet) with a weight up to 360kg (790lb).
†Mariliasuchus †Mariliasuchus amarali †Mariliasuchus robustus	84.9–66 Ma, Santonian to Maastrichtian	Adamantina Formation, São Paulo, Brazil	A notosuchian that may have had a pig-like diet and was almost certainly warm blooded.
†Miadanasuchus †Miadanasuchus oblita	74–70 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Maevarano Formation, Mahajanga Province, Madagascar	A trematochampsid known from only a few remains.
†Montealtosuchus †Montealtosuchus arrudacamposi	~72–68 Ma	Adamantina Formation, Brazil	A peirosaurid.
†Morrinhosuchus †Morrinhosuchus luziae	84.9–66 Ma, Santonian to Maastrichtian	Adamantina Formation, São Paulo, Brazil	A notosuchian.
†Ocepesuchus †Ocepesuchus eoafricanus	70.6 to 66.043 Ma	Oulad Abdoun Basin, Khouribga Province, Morocco	A gavialoid a long snout with a tubular shape, wider than high. It is the oldest-known true crocodilian from Africa.
†Pabwehshi †Pabwehshi pakistanensis	66 Ma	Pab Formation, Balochistan, Pakistan	A baurusuchid notosuchian.
†Peirosaurus †Peirosaurus torminni	68–66 Ma	Marilia Formation, Minas Gerais, Brazil	A peirosaurid with a ziphodont dentition that is somewhat heterodont, with conical premaxillary teeth and serrated maxillary and posterior mandibular teeth. The rostrum is laterally compressed with a grove between the maxilla and premaxilla to accommodate for an enlarged mandibular tooth. A maxillary wedge-like anterior process is also present. The external nares face slightly forward and anteriorly protrude. The dorsal osteoderms are thin and sculptured with low longitudinal keels while the abdominal ones are smaller and lack keels.
†Pepesuchus †Pepesuchus deiseae	84.9–66 Ma	Presidente Prudente Formation, São Paulo, Brazil	A peirosaurid.
†Pissarrachampsa †Pissarrachampsa sera	Campanian to Maastrichtian	Vale do Rio do Peixe Formation, São Paulo, Brazil	A baurusuchid.
†Rhabdognathus †Rhabdognathus aslerensis †Rhabdognathus keiniensis	66.043 to 61.7 Ma	NigeriaMali	A dyrosaurid with an extremely elongated snout that makes up around 75% of the length of the entire skull.
†Roxochampsa †Roxochampsa paulistanus	72–68 Ma	Adamantina Formation, São Paulo, Brazil	A member of itasuchidae, previously known as "Goniopholis" paulistanus. Known from teeth, splenials and dentaries.
†Sabresuchus †Sabresuchus sympiestodon	130.0 to 66.043 Ma	Romania, Spain	A genus of neosuchian crocodyliform in the family Paralligatoridae.
†Simosuchus †Simosuchus clarki	70–66 Ma	Maevarano Formation, Mahajanga Province, Madagascar	A ziphosuchian notosuchian which had teeth shapes like cloves, which coupled with its short and deep snout suggest it was not a carnivore like most other crocodylomorphs. In fact, these features have led many to consider it a herbivore.
†Sphagesaurus †Sphagesaurus huenei	84–70 Ma, Santonian to Maastrichtian	Adamantina Formation, São Paulo, Brazil	A sphagesaurid.
†Stratiotosuchus †Stratiotosuchus maxhechti	72.1–68 Ma, Santonian to Maastricthian	Adamantina Formation, São Paulo, Brazil	A baurusuchid
†Thoracosaurus †Thoracosaurus borissiaki †Thoracosaurus macrorhynchus †Thoracosaurus neocesariensis †Thoracosaurus pneumaticus	73.6–50.3 Ma, Campanian to Ypresian	CrimeaMaastrichter Tuffkreide Formation, Limburg, Netherlands France Hornerstown Formation, New Jersey, USA Navesink Formation, New Jersey, USA	A fairly large gavialoid that comes in a number of species, but most are dubious. A recent study suggests that it might have been a non-crocodylian eusuchian
†Uberabasuchus †Uberabasuchus terrificus	85–66 Ma, Santonian to Maastrichtian	Marilia Formation, Minas Gerais, Brazil	A peirosaurid that was about 2.5 m long and appears to have a high skull like that of the sebecosuchians, but differs from them in having teeth with circular cross-section. Thus, rather than slicing flesh and blood vessels, it is likely to have inflicted powerful crushing bites. It lived in an arid climate, indicating that it was likely a terrestrial predator.

Ray-finned fish

Bony fish of the Maastrichtian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
†Andinichthys
Arius
†Belonostomus †Belonostomus lamarquensis †Belonostomus longirostris	82–65 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Allen Formation, ArgentinaAlberta & Saskatchewan, Canada Chile USA
†Congorhynchus
†Coriops †Coriops amnicolus		Hell Creek Formation, Montana, USA
†Eodiaphyodus
†Gasteroclupea
†Goudkoffia
†Hemilampronites
†Hoffstetterichthys
†Incaichthys
†Kankatodus
†Lepisosteus occidentalis		Hell Creek Formation	A species of Gar
†Melvius		Hell Creek Formation	A type of large fish of the order Amiiformes
†Natlandia
†Paleopsephurus		Hell Creek Formation	A type of paddlefish
†Xiphactinus †Xiphactinus audax †Xiphactinus vetus	94.3–66 Ma, Cenomanian to Maastrichtian		A voracious, predatory ichthyodectid, resembling a gargantuan, fanged tarpon.

Mammals

Mammals of the Maastrichtian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
†Alphadon †Alphadon marshi		Hell Creek Formation, Montana, USANew Mexico, USA Alberta, Canada	An opossum-like metathere that fed on fruits, invertebrates and possibly smaller vertebrates.
†Argentodites †Argentodites coloniensis	70–66 Ma	La Colonia Formation, Chubut Province, Argentina	An allothere that is either a multituberculate or a gondwanathere.
†Barbatodon †Barbatodon oardaensis †Barbatodon transylvanicum †Barbatodon ungureanui		Sanpetru Formation, Hunedoara County, Romania	A small and very rare kogaionid.
†Bharattherium †Bharattherium jederi	70–66 Ma	Intertrappean Beds, Telangana, India	A sudamericid known from a total of eight isolated teeth.
†Buginbaatar †Buginbaatar clarki		Mongolia	A cimolomyid known from incomplete remains.
†Catopsbaatar †Catopsbaatar catopsaloides	83–70 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Barun Goyot Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A djadochtatheriid that was originally regarded as a species of Djadochtatherium. One of its most characteristic features is a very deep anterior zygomatic ridge, and a small medial zygomatic ridge, the latter forming about a quarter of a circle and adhering the anterior one from behind.
†Cimexomys †Cimexomys minor	Maastrichtian to Danian	Hell Creek Formation, Montana, USADenver Formation, Colorado, USA	An unspecified multituberculate known from small teeth of an eighth to a tenth of an inch in length.
†Cimolestes †Cimolestes incisus	75–56 Ma, Campanian to Thanetian	USA	A basal cimolestan that was once considered to be a marsupial, then a primitive placental mammal, but now is considered to be a member of the order Cimolesta (which was named after the genus), outside of placental mammals proper.
†Cimolomys †Cimolomys clarki †Cimolomys gracilis †Cimolomys trochuus	Campanian to Maastrichtian	USASaskatchewan, Canada	A widespread cimolomyid that probably weighed about the same as a modern rat.
†Clemensodon †Clemensodon megaloba		Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA	A eucosmodontid strictly known from tooth remains.
†Deccanolestes †Deccanolestes hislopi †Deccanolestes robustus		Intertrappean Beds, Andhra Pradesh, India	Previously referred to as a palaeoryctid, but recent evidence has shown that it is probably the most basal euarchontan, probably more specifically an adapisoriculid.
†Didelphodon †Didelphodon coyi †Didelphodon padanicus †Didelphodon vorax	73–66 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Hell Creek Formation, Montana, USALance Formation, Wyoming, UA Scollard Formation, Alberta, Canada	A stagodont metathere that was one of the largest Mesozoic mammals.
†Djadochtatherium †Djadochtatherium matthewi	84–70 Ma, Santonian to Maastrichtian	Djadochta Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A djadochtatheriid that was a relatively large multituberculate. It was originally diagnosed as an Asian species of Catopsalis.
†Essonodon †Essonodon browni		Hell Creek Formation, Montana, USAFrenchman Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada Wyoming, USA New Mexico, USA
†Ferugliotherium †Ferugliotherium windhauseni	70 Ma	Los Alamitos Formation, Rio Negro Province, Argentina	A ferugliotheriid with long upper and lower incisors that are rodent-like.
†Gondwanatherium †Gondwanatherium patagonicum	84.9–65 Ma, Santonian to Maastrichtian	Los Alamitos Formation, Rio Negro Province, Argentina	A sudamericid that, even though it lived earlier than Sudamerica, is considered more anatomically advanced. Thus, an ancestral lineage outlived their later, more specialized descendants.
†Gypsonictops †Gypsonictops hypoconus	70–65 Ma	CanadaUSA
†Indotriconodon †Indotriconodon magnus		Intertrappean Beds, Andhra Pradesh, India	The youngest eutriconodont known, as well as one of the largest Mesozoic mammals.
†Kharmerungulatum †Kharmerungulatum vanvaleni		Intertrappean Beds, Andhra Pradesh, India	Originally interpreted as one of the earliest-known "condylarths", now possibly a zhelestid.^[1]
†Kimbetohia †Kimbetohia campi	66–63 Ma, Maastrichtian to Danian	Nacimiento Formation, New Mexico, USA	A ptilodontid that was briefly mistaken for Clemensodon.
†Kogaionon †Kogaionon ungureanui		Sanpetru Formation, Hunedoara County, Romania	An insectivorous kogaionid, based on a well-preserved skull.
†Kryptobaatar †Kryptobaatar gobiensis †Kryptobaatar saichanensis	70.6 Ma	Djadochta Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A djadochtatheriid with a skull length of perhaps 3 centimeters.
†Lavanify †Lavanify miolaka	71–65 Ma	Maevarano Formation, Mahajanga Province, Madagascar	A sudamericid with high-crowned, curved teeth and probably ate hard plant material.
†Nanocuris †Nanocuris improvida		Saskatchewan, CanadaWyoming, USA	One of the largest deltatheroidan carnivores.^[2]
†Orretherium †Orretherium tzen		Dorotea Formation	Large mesungulatid meridiolestidan
†Patagomaia †Patagomaia chainko		Dorotea Formation	Unspecified therian mammal, the largest Mesozoic mammal of all time
†Patagorhynchus †Patagorhynchus pascuali		Dorotea Formation	Platypus-like monotreme, earliest to occur in South America.
†Paracimexomys †Paracimexomys priscus		Hell Creek Formation, Montana, USA	An unspecified multituberculate closely related to Cimexomys.
†Purgatorius †Purgatorius janisae †Purgatorius titusi †Purgatorius unio	66–63 Ma, Maastrichtian to Danian	Hell Creek Formation, Montana, USATullock Formation, Montana, USA	A non-placental eutherian.^[3]
†Reigitherium †Reigitherium bunodontum	70–66 Ma	Los Alamitos Formation, Rio Negro Province, ArgentinaLa Colonia Formation, Chubut Province, Argentina	At first mistaken for either a dryolestid or a docodont, now known to be a meridiolestid dryolestoid.
†Sahnitherium †Sahnitherium rangapurensis		Intertrappean Beds, Andhra Pradesh, India
†Stygimys †Stygimys kuszmauli		Hell Creek Formation, Montana, USA
†Trapalcotherium †Trapalcotherium matuastensis		Allen Formation, Rio Negro Province, Argentina	A ferugliotheriid known from one tooth, a first lower molar.
†Vintana †Vintana sertichi	65 Ma	Madagascar	A caviomorph-like sudamericid with supersensory capabilities.
†Zalambdalestes †Zalambdalestes lechei	84–70.6 Ma, Santonian to Maastrichtian	Djadochta Formation, Omnogovi Province, Mongolia	A hopping, insectivorous eutherian.

†Plesiosaurs

†Plesiosaurs of the Maastrichtian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
†Albertonectes †Albertonectes vanderveldei	83–70.6 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Alberta, Canada
†Aphrosaurus †Aphrosaurus furlongi	70–66 Ma	California, USA	An elasmosaur named after University of California Berkeley field assistant and specimen preparator Eustace Furlong.
†Aristonectes †Aristonectes parvidens †Aristonectes quiriquiensis	70–66 Ma	Quiriquina Formation, Quiriquina Island, ChileAntarctica	An aristonectine elasmosaur that has been classified variously since the 1941 description of it. It is now known to be an elasmosaurid.
†Cardiocorax †Cardiocorax mukulu		Mocuio Formation, Angola
†Dolichorhynchops †Dolichorhynchops herschelensis	93.5–66 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Bearpaw Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada	A short-necked plesiosaur from the Late Cretaceous. The only known specimens were found in Herschel, Saskatchewan at the Ancient Echoes Interpretive Centre.
†Fresnosaurus †Fresnosaurus drescheri	70.6–66 Ma	California, USA	An elasmosaur named in honor of Fresno County and Arthur Drescher.
†Hydrotherosaurus †Hydrotherosaurus alexandrae		California, USA	An elasmosaur named for its discoverer, Annie Montague Alexander by Samuel Paul Welles.
†Kaiwhekea †Kaiwhekea katiki	70–69 Ma	Katiki Formation, Otago, South Island, New Zealand	A leptocleidid known from a single, nearly complete specimen.
†Leurospondylus †Leurospondylus ultimus		Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada	A little-known plesiosaur, probably either an elasmosaur or a late-surviving plesiosaurid. Offspring most likely spent their early lives in brackish rivers and estuaries.
†Mauisaurus †Mauisaurus haasti	80–69 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Conway Formation, Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand	An elasmosaur that was the largest plesiosaur and, perhaps, the largest marine reptile in New Zealand waters at the time.
†Trinacromerum †Trinacromerum kirki	93–70 Ma, Turonian to Maastrichtian	Manitoba, Canada
†Tuarangisaurus †Trinacromerum kirki	72-68 MA	Tahora Formation, New Zealand
†Zarafasaura †Zarafasaura oceanis		Ouled Abdoun Basin, Khouribga Province, Morocco

†Pterosaurs

†Pterosaurs of the Maastrichtian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
†Aerotitan †Aerotitan sudamericanus	70 Ma, Maastrichtian	Allen Formation, Argentina	Known to be the first unambiguous azhdarchid from South America. The wingspan has been estimated as at least 5m (16feet).
†Alcione †Alcione elainus	66 Ma	Oulad Abdoun Basin, Khouribga Province, Morocco	A tiny Nyctosaurid from Africa.
†Arambourgiania †Arambourgiania philadelphiae	70.6–66 Ma	Zarqa Governorate, Jordan	An azhdarchid known only from fragmentary remains, this pterosaur had a very complicated past. The neck vertebrae that the species is known from was highly elongated, more so then the vertebrae of Quetzalcoatlus; indicating that this creature was indeed quite large.
†Barbaridactylus †Barbaridactylus grandis	66 Ma	Oulad Abdoun Basin, Khouribga Province, Morocco	A relatively large animal for a Nyctosaurid native to Africa.
†Eurazhdarcho †Eurazhdarcho langendorfensis	69 Ma	Sebes Formation, Alba County, Romania	A medium-sized azhdarchid (having an estimated wingspan of 3 meters) with some distinctive traits, all present in the cervical vertebrae.
†Hatzegopteryx †Hatzegopteryx thambema	66 Ma	Densus-Ciula Formation, Hunedoara County, Romania	An azhdarchid known from incomplete remains. The skull fragments, left humerus, and other fossilized remains indicate it was among the largest pterosaurs, very similar (almost identical) to Quetzalcoatlus. The authors estimated the size of Hatzegopteryx by comparing the humerus fragment, 236mm long, with that of Quetzalcoatlus, of which one specimen has a 544mm long humerus. Observing that the Hatzegopteryx fragment presented less than half of the original bone, they established that it could possibly have been "slightly longer" than that of Quetzalcoatlus. They noted that the wing span of the latter had in 1981 been estimated at 11mto12mm (36feetto39feetm), while earlier estimates had strongly exceeded this at 15mto20mm (49feetto70feetm). From this they concluded that an estimate of a 12m (39feet) wingspan for Hatzegopteryx was conservative if its humerus was indeed somewhat longer than that of Quetzalcoatlus. In 2003 they moderated the estimates to a close to 12m (39feet) wing span and an over 2.5abbr=offNaNabbr=off skull length. In 2010 Mark Witton e.a. stated that any appearance that the Hatzegopteryx humerus was bigger than TMM 41450–3 had been caused by a distortion of the bone after deposition and that the species thus likely had no larger wingspan than Quetzalcoatlus, today generally estimated at 10mto11mm (30feetto36feetm).
†Navajodactylus †Navajodactylus boerei	75.56–74.44 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	Kirtland Formation, New Mexico, USA	A pterosaur of uncertain affinities with an estimated wingspan of 3.5m (11.5feet). Its autapomorphies largely exist in the unique form of the process on the first wing phalanx for the extensor tendon.
†Phosphatodraco †P. mauritanicus	66 Ma	Oulad Abdoun Basin, Khouribga Province, Morocco	The first azhdarchid found in North Africa, as well as being unusual among azhdarchids for having elongate vertebrae at the base of the neck (also with neural spines), interpreted as modified dorsal vertebrae; the neck is also one of the most complete known for azhdarchids. The cervical vertebrae are thought to be a series from the fifth (the longest with a length of thirty centimeters) to the ninth. The individual to which the neck belonged would have had a wingspan of about 5m (16feet).
†Quetzalcoatlus †Quetzalcoatlus northropi	68–66 Ma	Hell Creek Formation, Montana, USAJavelina Formation, Texas, USA	An azhdarchid named after the Mesoamerican Aztec feathered serpent god Quetzalcoatl. Alongside Q. northropi, a second species exists without an official specific name yet, currently called Quetzalcoatlus sp.. One of the largest-known flying animals of all time, it had a stork-like lifestyle. When it was first discovered, scientists estimated that the largest Quetzalcoatlus fossils came from an individual with a wingspan as large as 15.9m (52.2feet), choosing the middle of three extrapolations from the proportions of other pterosaurs that gave an estimate of 11, 15.5 and 21 meters, respectively (36 feet, 50.85 feet, 68.9 feet). In 1981, further study lowered these estimates to 11m–12mm (36feet–39feetm). More recent estimates based on greater knowledge of azhdarchid proportions place its wingspan at 10m–11mm (30feet–36feetm). It is known to have a scavenging lifestyle similar to a marabou stork, rather than a fishing lifestyle.
†Simurghia †Simurghia robusta	66 Ma	Oulad Abdoun Basin, Khouribga Province, Morocco	A Nyctosaurid native to Africa.
†Tethydraco †Tethydraco regalis	66 Ma	Oulad Abdoun Basin, Khouribga Province, Morocco	A late surviving Pteranodontid native to Africa.
†Pterosauria indet †Pterosauria indet	70 to 66 Ma	Inter-trappean beds, India	The only late cretaceous Pterosaur native to India.

Squamates

Squamates of the Maastrichtian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
†Carinodens †Carinodens belgicus		Netherlands	A mosasaurine mosasaur measuring approximately 3.5m (11.5feet) in length, making it one of the smallest-known mosasaurs.
†Cerberophis †Cerberophis robustus		Hell Creek Formation, USA	An advanced snake of uncertain phylogenetic placement.
†Eremiasaurus †Eremiasaurus heterodontus		Morocco
†Globidens †Globidens alabamaensis †Globidens dakotensis †Globidens phosphaticus †Globidens schurmanni †Globidens timorensis †Globidens simplex	84.9–70.6 Ma, Santonian to Maastrichtian	USA East Timor Morocco Angola	A mosasaurine mosasaur with teeth vastly different from other mosasaurs, as they were globular, as suggested in its generic name. While many other mosasaurs were capable of crushing the shells of ammonites, none were as specialized in dealing with armored prey like Globidens. Globidens, unlike most other mosasaurs, had semispherical teeth with rounded nubbin-like points, which were much better suited for crushing tough armored prey like smaller reptiles and mollusks.
†Goronyosaurus †Goronyosaurus nigeriensis		Sokoto State, NigerNigeria	A mosasaur with an almost crocodilian-like head and was one of the few kinds to live in freshwater. It lived in rivers and hunted both aquatic and terrestrial animals in the area.
†Hainosaurus †Hainosaurus bernardi	70.6–66 Ma	Sweden	A tylosaurine mosasaur that had more vertebrae in the neck and tail than its Tylosaurus cousin. It is one of the largest mosasaurs, though its size has been revised more than once.
†Halisaurus †Halisaurus platyspondylus		USA	With a length of 3m–4mm (10feet–13feetm), this species of halisaurine mosasaur is small compared to most other mosasaurs.
†Igdamanosaurus †Igdamanosaurus aegyptiacus	70–65 Ma	Egypt
†Kaikaifilu †Kaikaifilu hervei	66 MA	Lopez de Bertodano Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctica	With a total length estimated over 10 m (33 ft) this species is among the largest members of the Tylosaurines, And the only really large antarctic tylosaurine
†Kelyophis †Kelyophis hechti	70–66 Ma	Maevarano Formation, Mahajanga Province, Madagascar
†Liodon †Liodon anceps †Liodon compressidens †Liodon mosasauroides †Liodon sectorius	99.7–66 Ma, Cenomanian to Maastrichtian	FranceNetherlands Spain
†Madtsoia †Madtsoia madagascariensis †Madtsoia pisdurensis	Campanian to Maastrichtian	MadagascarIndia
†Menarana †Menarana nosymena	70–66 Ma	Maevarano Formation, Mahajanga Province, Madagascar	A madtsoiid snake that was probably fossorial, borrowing with its head.
†Moanasaurus †Moanasaurus mangahouangae		North Island, New Zealand	A mosasaurine mosasaur that was one of the largest of the mosasaurs.
†Mosasaurus †Mosasaurus beaugei †Mosasaurus conodon †Mosasaurus dekayi †Mosasaurus hoffmannii †Mosasaurus missouriensis †Mosasaurus mokoroa	70–66 Ma	NetherlandsUSA Saskatchewan, Canada Morocco Angola Bulgaria Belgium Denmark Italy Poland Turkey Syria Conway Formation, Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand
†Nedophis †Nedophis insularis		Romania
†Obamadon †Obamadon gracilis	66–65 Ma	Hell Creek Formation, Montana, USALance Formation, Wyoming, USA	A polyglyphanodontian lizard known from two lower jaw fragments, each less than a centimeter in length. It had a V-shaped connection between the two halves of the lower jaw, a slot-and-ridge type connection between the dentary bone of the lower jaw and another missing bone called the splenial bone, and teeth that are implanted within the jaw bone. Its jaw is thin and straight, unlike the curved jaws of most other polyglyphanodontians. Obamadon is estimated to have been about 30cm (10inches) in length and may have preyed on insects. It was named after United States president Barack Obama.
†Plesiotylosaurus †Plesiotylosaurus crassidens		California, USA
†Plotosaurus †Plotosaurus tuckeri		California, USA	A mosasaurine mosasaur that was probably a faster swimmer than most other mosasaurs.
†Polyglyphandon		Utah, USA
†Prognathodon †Prognathodon currii †Prognathodon giganteus †Prognathodon kianda †Prognathodon overtoni †Prognathodon rapax †Prognathodon saturator †Prognathodon solvayi †Prognathodon waiparaensis	84.9–66 Ma, Santonian to Maastrichtian	USAAlberta, Canada Netherlands South Island, New Zealand Morocco Jordan Angola Spain	A mosasaurine mosasaur that had protective bony rings surrounding its eye sockets, indicating it lived in deep water. Its teeth are similar to those of some Triassic placodonts, so it may have lived a similar lifestyle, feeding on shellfish, large fish and sea turtles.
†Sanajeh †Sanajeh indicus	68 Ma	Lameta Formation, India	A madtsoiid snake that is known to eat the eggs and hatchlings of dinosaurs.
†Socognathus †Socognathus unicuspis	Campanian to Maastrichtian	Lance Formation, Wyoming, USAAlberta, Canada
†Taniwhasaurus †Taniwhasaurus antarcticus †Taniwhasaurus mikasaensis †Taniwhasaurus oweni	85.8–66.043 Ma, Santonian to Maastrichtian	Santa Marta Formation, James Ross Island, AntarcticaConway Formation, Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand Japan	A widespread tylosaurine mosasaur. T. owni was the first species discovered and the two other species (T. antarcticus and T. mikasaensis) were at first assigned to two different genera: Lakumasaurus and Yezosaurus.

Turtles

Testudines of the Maastrichtian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
†Adocus †Adocus beatus		USA
†Alienochelys †Alienochelys selloumi		Oulad Abdoun Basin, Khouribga Province, Morocco
†Archelon †Archelon ischyros	75–66 Ma, Campanian to Maastrichtian	USA
†Cedrobaena †Cedrobaena putorius	66–56.8 Ma, Maastrichtian to Selandian	Hell Creek Formation, Wyoming, USA
†Compsemys †Compsemys victa		Hell Creek Formation, Montana, USA	A dermatemydid that was a moderately-sized turtle up to 30cm (10inches) long, with a carapace covered with raised, flattened tubercles, which are not seen in any other turtle. Similar to an alligator snapping turtle, with its sharply hooked beak; this relative of the Central American river turtle must have been a semiaquatic carnivore.
†Dollochelys †Dollochelys atlantica †Dollochelys coatesi	70–65 Ma	New Jersey & Maryland, USA
†Gamerabaena †Gamerabaena sonsalia		Hell Creek Formation, North Dakota, USA	A baenid that was similar to Palatobaena, but it differs in its lack of a posterior expansion of the triturating (or chewing) surface, a somewhat rectangular skull, and a wide angle between the maxillae. Gamerabaena also has a lingual ridge on the inner side of the jaw that is not seen in Palatobaena. It is named after Gamera, the kaiju created by the Daiei Motion Picture Company.
†Gigantatypus †Gigantatypus salahi		Jordan	A cheloniid sea turtle that was one of the largest sea turtles ever.
†Gilmoremys †Gilmoremys lancensis		Hell Creek Formation, North Dakota, USALance Formation, Wyoming, USA	A softshell turtle that is known from five skulls, a mandible and an incomplete postcranial skeleton. One find consists of a nearly complete carapace and an isolated hyoplastral fragment.
†Kurmademys †Kurmademys kallamedensis	70.6–65 Ma	Kallamedu Formation, India
†Ocepechelon †Ocepechelon bouyai	67 Ma	Oulad Abdoun Basin, Khouribga Province, Morocco	A dermochelyid with a feeding apparatus unique among tetrapods and shares unique convergences with both syngnathids (unique long tubular bony snout ending in a rounded and forward directed mouth) and beaked whales (large size and elongated edentulous jaws).
†Palatobaena †Palatobaena bairdi †Palatobaena cohen	70.6–65 MA	Fort Union Formation, Wyoming, USAHell Creek Formation, North Dakota, USA
†Patagoniaemys †Patagoniaemys gasparinae	Campanian to Maastrichtian	La Colonia Formation, Chubut Province, Argentina	A little-known basal turtle.
†Peckemys †Peckemys brinkman		Hell Creek Formation, USA
†Pneumatoarthrus †Pneumatoarthrus peloreus		Kansas, USA	A protostegid sea turtle that was at first mistakenly believed to be a hadrosaur by Edward Drinker Cope.
†Shweboemys †Shweboemys pisdurensis	94–65, Cenomanian to Maastrichtian	India

†Choristoderes

Choristoderes of the Maastrichtian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
†Champsosaurus †Champsosaurus albertensis †Champsosaurus annectens †Champsosaurus laramiensis †Champsosaurus lindoei †Champsosaurus natator	84.9–36 Ma, Santonian to Eocene	Alberta & Saskatchewan, CanadaHell Creek Formation, Montana & Wyoming, USA	A gharial-like champsosaurid that hunted in rivers and swamps, catching fish with its long, tooth-lined jaws. The genus survived until the Ypresian.
†Cteniogenys †Cteniogenys antiquus	167.7–70.6 Ma, Bathonian to Maastrichtian	USACanada	A cteniogenid originally believed to be either a lizard or a frog. It lived from the Jurassic to the Cretaceous.
†Eotomistoma †Eotomistoma multidentata	99.7–66 Ma, Cenomanian to Maastrichtian	China

See also

• List of fossil sites (with link directory)
• Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
• List of vertebrate fauna of the Campanian stage

Notes and References

1. James David Archibald · Alexander Olegovich Averianov, Phylogenetic analysis, taxonomic revision, and dental ontogeny of the Cretaceous Zhelestidae (Mammalia: Eutheria), Article · Feb 2012 · Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2. Rougier . G. W. . Davis . B. M. . Novacek . M. J. . 2015 . A deltatheroidan mammal from the Upper Cretaceous Baynshiree Formation, eastern Mongolia . Cretaceous Research . 52 . 167–177 . 10.1016/j.cretres.2014.09.009 .
3. 10.1111/brv.12242. 28075073. Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals. Biological Reviews. 92. 1. 521–550. 2017. Halliday. Thomas J. D.. Upchurch. Paul. Goswami. Anjali. 6849585.