Flag of South Vietnam explained

Republic of Vietnam
Nickname:	"Heritage and Freedom Flag" (Vietnamese: Lá cờ Tự do và Di sản) "Yellow Flag with Three Red Stripes" (Vietnamese: Cờ vàng ba sọc đỏ)
Use:	110000
Proportion:	2:3
Adoption:	2 June 1948
Designer:	Lê Văn Đệ^[1]
Relinquished:	30 April 1975
Design:	A yellow flag with three horizontal red stripes.
Nickname2:	Flag of the RVNMF
Use2:	001000
Design2:	A yellow flag with three red stripes, and the emblem of RVNMF (red eagle) in the middle.
Designer2:	Design is a variant of the flag of South Vietnam.
Image3:	FNL Flag.svg
Imagetext3:	Flag of the Republic of South Vietnam (1975–1976)
Nickname3:	Flag of the Viet Cong
Use3:	011110
Design3:	A large yellow star centered on a bi-colored red and azure field.
Designer3:	Huỳnh Tấn Phát

The flag of South Vietnam was first introduced by the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam, later served as the national flag of the State of Vietnam (known as "South Vietnam" after 1954), and its successor, the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) from 1948 to 1975 until the fall of Saigon. The design consists of a yellow background with three red horizontal stripes through the middle.^[2] It is used to represent the "Vietnamese Heritage and Freedom Flag".

The flag was designed by Lê Văn Đệ in 1948.^[1] The flag consists of a yellow field and three horizontal red stripes, and can be explained as emblematic of the common blood running through northern, central, and southern Vietnam.

Although South Vietnam ceased to exist in 1975, the flag is still represented among private citizens in other countries by some Vietnamese emigrés, particularly in North America and Australia of refugee-descent. Since June 2002, several American governmental bodies adopted resolutions recognizing the former flag as "Vietnamese Heritage and Freedom Flag."^{[3] [4] [5] [6]}

History

Nguyễn dynasty

During the reign of Emperor Gia Long (1802–1820), the yellow flag was also used as the symbol of the Empire of Vietnam. This was continued as the emperor's flag when the court of Huế became a French protectorate. Later the flag added a red bend on two sides.

After the deportation and exile of the emperors Thành Thái and Duy Tân, the new pro-French puppet emperor Khải Định introduced new imperial flag as a yellow flag with single horizontal band of red, following the Imperial Order of the Dragon of Annam. Formally known as the "", the flag was the official flag of the Nguyễn court.

In 1945 with the French ousted by Japan, Prime Minister Trần Trọng Kim of the newly restored Empire of Vietnam adopted another variant of the yellow flag. It included three red bands, but the middle band was broken to form the . Derived from the trigrams, Quẻ Ly is the third of the Bát Quái (the Eight Trigrams – Ba gua): Càn (乾), Đoài (兌), Ly (離), Chấn (震), Tốn (巽), Khảm (坎), Cấn (艮), Khôn (坤). It was chosen to symbolize the sun, fire, light, and civilization. And most importantly, it represents the southern lands under the "Later Heaven" order, that is Vietnam. This flag was used briefly from June to August 1945 when Emperor Bảo Đại abdicated.

Provisional Central Government of Vietnam and the State of Vietnam

On 2 June 1948, the prime minister of the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam, Brigadier General Nguyễn Văn Xuân, signed the decree with the specifications for the Vietnamese national flag as follows: "The national emblem is a flag of yellow background, the height of which is equal to two-thirds of its width. In the middle of the flag and along its entire width, there are three horizontal red bands. Each band has a height equal to one-fifteenth of the width. These three red bands are separated from one another by a space of the band's height."^[7]

The new national flag was raised for the first time on 5 June 1948 on a boat named Dumont d'Urville outside of Hạ Long Bay during the signing of the Halong Bay Agreements (Accords de la baie d’Along) by High Commissioner Emile Bollaert and Nguyễn Văn Xuân.^{[8] [9]}

A detailed design of the flag appeared on the newspaper on 3 June 1948, and again on the next day (with correction to the flag ratio). The residents of Hanoi were requested to display the flag at their home on 5 June 1948 to celebrate the Hạ Long Bay event.^[10]

When the former emperor Bảo Đại was made chief of state in 1949, this design was adopted as the flag of the State of Vietnam.

The three red bands have the divination sign of Quẻ Càn, the first of the Eight Trigrams mentioned above. Quẻ Càn represents heaven. Based on the traditional worldview of the Vietnamese people, Quẻ Càn also denotes the South (as of the "Earlier Heaven" order), the Vietnamese Nation, Vietnamese people, and the people's power. Another interpretation places the three red bands as symbols of the three regions of Vietnam: North, Central, and South.

Republic of Vietnam and later

With the foundation of the republic in 1955, the flag was adopted by the successor state, the Republic of Vietnam (more commonly known as South Vietnam). It was the national flag for the entire duration of that state's existence (1955–1975) from the First Republic to the Second Republic. With the capitulation of Saigon on 30 April 1975, the Republic of Vietnam came to an end and the flag ceased to exist as a state symbol. Afterwards, it has been adopted by many in the Vietnamese diaspora to symbolically distance themselves from the Communist government and continues to be used either as an alternative symbol for ethnic unity or as a protest tool against the current government.

Political significance

The flag of the former South Vietnam is popular with the case of Vietnamese Americans, Vietnamese Australians, and other Vietnamese around the world who fled Vietnam after the war, who call it the "Vietnamese Heritage and Freedom Flag", and they started the movement to struggle for recognitions for their political identity.

In the United States, few Vietnamese immigrants of that time period use the current flag of Vietnam,^[11] which many of them consider offensive. Instead, they prefer to use the flag of South Vietnam in its place. The same is true for Vietnamese Canadians in Canada, Vietnamese Germans in western Germany, for Vietnamese in the Netherlands, France, Norway and the United Kingdom, and for Vietnamese Australians in Australia for that time period as well.

Official recognition

• In 1965, the South Vietnamese flag's design was incorporated into the Vietnam Service Medal which was created by President Lyndon Johnson and designed by Thomas Hudson Jones and Mercedes Lee.
• In 2003, the Virginian state government rejected a bill that would have recognized the South Vietnamese flag.^[12]
• From 2002 onward, the lobbying efforts of Vietnamese Americans resulted in the state governments of Virginia, Hawaii, Georgia, Colorado, Florida, Texas, Oklahoma,^[5] Louisiana,^[13] Ohio,^[14] California,^[15] Missouri,^[16] Pennsylvania,^[17] and Michigan^[18] recognizing it as the symbol of the Vietnamese American Community. Also, at least 15 counties and 85 cities in 20 states have also adopted similar resolutions.^{[4] [6]}
• In early 2008, Jason Kenney, Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship, posted an announcement on his website, declaring that the Canadian government recognized the flag of the Republic of Vietnam as the symbol of the Vietnamese-Canadian community. Further, he declared that "attempts to disparage [the flag] are a deeply troubling attack on one of Canada's ethnic communities and on the principles of multiculturalism."^[19] In May 2008, he made a speech at an Army of the Republic of Vietnam rally, lending support to the program.^[20]
• From 2015 onward in Australia, the City Councils of Maribyrnong,^[21] Greater Dandenong,^[22] Yarra,^[23] Fairfield,^[24] Port Adelaide Enfield,^[25] and Brimbank,^[26] respectively, have passed motions recognizing the "Cờ Vàng" Vietnamese Heritage Flag.

Controversies

• When a Vietnamese American video tape store owner displayed the current flag of Vietnam and a photo of Ho Chi Minh in front of his store in Westminster, California, in 1999, a month-long protest against it climaxed when 15,000 people held a candlelight vigil one night, sparking the Hi-Tek incident (Hi-Tek was the name of the store).^[27]
• A faux pas by the United States Postal Service in using the current Vietnamese flag in a brochure to represent the Vietnamese American community that it serves caused outrage among Vietnamese Americans and resulted in an apology.
• In 2004, many Vietnamese American students at the California State University, Fullerton, threatened to walk out on their graduation ceremony when the university chose to use the current flag of Vietnam to represent its Vietnamese students. The Vietnamese American students demanded that the university use the former flag of South Vietnam instead. This resulted in the university scrapping all foreign flags for the ceremony.^[28]
• In 2006, Vietnamese-American students at the University of Texas at Arlington protested against the use of the Vietnamese flag in the Hall of Flags in Nedderman Hall and the exclusion of the South Vietnamese flag at a cultural diversity show during International Week.^[29] After weeks of protests, the university decided to scrap all flags from the display.
• During World Youth Day 2008 in Sydney, tensions flared between the 800 Vietnamese pilgrims who used the flag of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the 2300 Vietnamese Australians pilgrims who used the Republic of Vietnam flag.^[30]
• In 2008, many protested against Nguoi Viet Daily News, a Vietnamese-language newspaper in Orange County, California, for publishing a photograph of an art installation^[31] depicting a foot spa bearing the colors of the flag.^[32]
• In October 2014, the Vietnamese Student Association chapter at the University of Arizona discovered that the university had removed the South Vietnamese flag from the campus bookstore's Flag Display (which includes flags from all over the world to celebrate the diversity found among students). Afterwards, the VSA chapter launched an online petition in protest to the decision.^[33] The university then responded and explained that the removal was due to a misunderstanding amongst the staff. It then apologized and promised to reinstall the flag afterwards.
• Some theories claimed the flag was first introduced by Emperor Thành Thái via an imperial decree in 1890.^[34] Some views even claimed this flag (called The Yellow Flag for short) is the first true "national flag" of the Vietnamese people for it reflects the aspiration and hope of the people, not just the emperors, for independence and unification of the Viet nation.^{[35] [36] [37]} However, Flags of the World opposed these claims, arguing that no such flag showed up in images from Thành Thái's era, and associated claims on the Internet are not credible.^[38] Phạm Quang Tuấn, professor of Chemical Engineering from University of New South Wales, traced the claim – that the yellow flag with three red stripes had originated during Thành Thái's reign – back, at the earliest, to Nguyễn Đình Sài, a former member of the anti-communist organization Việt Tân, who had written the article Quốc Kỳ Việt Nam: Nguồn Gốc và Lẽ Chính Thống (The National Flag of Viet Nam: Its Origin and Legitimacy) in September 2004. To back up his claim, Nguyền Đình Sài cited a webpage from Worldstatesmen website by Ben Cahoon, an American researcher affiliated with University of Connecticut. However, Nguyễn Đình Sài admitted Cahoon "did not name any specific documents" for Cahoon's claim that the yellow flag with three red stripes was used between 1890 and 1920.^{[39] [40]}
• During the January 6 United States Capitol attack, many South Vietnamese flags were seen in the crowd of rioters.^{[41] [42]} There were mixed reactions among Vietnamese Americans in Southern California.^[43] Forty-five Vietnamese American community advocates, politicians, and business leaders signed a statement condemning the use of the South Vietnamese flag in this context,^[44] and various Vietnamese American government officials also wrote statements opposing such use.^[45]
• During a 2022 FIFA World Cup qualifying match in Melbourne between Australia and Vietnam, Vietnamese broadcasters delayed showing the match by ten minutes due to several Vietnamese Australians waving South Vietnamese flags in support of Australia, though local security did try to prevent the flags from going into the stands. A similar issue would occur when Vietnam also delayed broadcasting a qualifying match against Japan that year when South Vietnamese flags were found in the crowd.^{[46] [47]}
• In 2023, Vietnam took issue with an Australian coin featuring the flag in its design to honour Australians who fought in the Vietnam War.^[48]
• NewJeans member Hanni Pham faced backlash from Vietnamese fans in 2023 after her family had posted photos with the flag.^[49]

Specifications

A 2 June 1948 ordinance defined the construction of the flag in the following way: The national emblem is a flag of yellow background, the height of which is equal to two-thirds of its width. In the middle of the flag and along its entire width, there are three horizontal red bands. Each band has a height equal to one-fifteenth of the width. These three red bands are separated from one another by a space of the band's height. ^[50] Hence it is blazoned as Or, three bars Gules.

See also

• List of flags of the Republic of Vietnam Military Forces
• Flag of Vietnam
• List of flags of Vietnam
• Tonkin Gulf Yacht Club
• Vietnam Service Medal
• Vietnam Presidential Unit Citation
• Imperial Persian Flag
• Belarusian early flag
• Catalan flag, similar colors and design.

External links

• The National Flag of Free Vietnam
• CNN article on the Vietnamese-American community adoption of the flag of former South Vietnam as their emblem
• The National Flag of Viet Nam: Its Origin and Legitimacy or in Vietbao.com or in PDF
• Chiến Dịch Vinh Danh Cờ Vàng Ba Sọc Đỏ

Notes and References

1. Nguyễn, Ngọc Huy. (March & April 1988) "National Flags and National Anthems of Vietnam" Tự Do Dân Bản magazine, issue: 27 & 28. Re-published in July 2015. Archived from original (in Vietnamese). p. 3 of 15
2. Web site: The Freedom and Heritage Flag of Vietnam: the formal symbol of the Vietnamese Community in Australia. 6 April 2021. Vietnamese Community in Australia – WA Chapter. en-US.
3. Web site: Nearly 40 years after war's end, flag of South Vietnam endures. Anh Do, By Anh. Do. Los Angeles Times. 28 December 2014 .
4. http://www.vpac-usa.org/flag/flag_recognition.htm States and Localities Recognizing the Vietnamese Freedom and Heritage Flag
5. Quoc Ky Vietnam: A Map and List of state and city legislation recognizing the Freedom and Heritage Flag Retrieved 7 August 2013
6. Vietnamese American Television: List of states and cities that recognize the Vietnam Freedom and Heritage Flag Retrieved 7 August 2013
7. Book: Nguyễn Khắc Ngữ . Bảo-Đại, các Đảng-phái Quốc-gia và sự Thành-lập Chính-quyền Quốc-gia . 1991 . Nhóm Nghiên-cứu Sử Địa . Montréal, Canada . 50, 62 .
8. Réalités vietnamiennes (Les réalités permanentes), Saigon, 1969, p. 52 (in French).
9. http://baochi.nlv.gov.vn/baochi/cgi-bin/baochi?a=d&d=WOIt19480609.2.6 "Ngày lịch sử trên vịnh Hạ Long 5-6-48 tức là ngày 28 tháng tư năm Mậu-tý". Ngày Mới số 252
10. http://baochi.nlv.gov.vn/baochi/cgi-bin/baochi?a=d&d=WOIt19480604 Ngày Mới số 247 bis
11. Book: The transnational politics of Asian Americans. Temple University Press. 2009. Christian Collet, Pei-te Lien. 67. 9781592138623.
12. News: Va. Bill Promoting S. Vietnam Flag Dies. AP via Lycos.com. 17 February 2003.
13. Web site: RS 49:153.3. Louisiana Legislature. 1 June 2009. 25 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201125155259/http://legis.la.gov/Legis/Law.aspx?d=181342. dead.
14. Ohio Legislature, 126 SB 114
15. Office of the Governor, Executive Order S-14-06
16. Missouri Legislature, HCR0026I
17. Pennsylvania Legislature, HR 863
18. Michigan Legislature, Resolution No. SR148 and HR16
19. Web site: Conservative Party Of Canada . Announcement on Jason Kenney's website re the Republic of Vietnam . Jasonkenney.com . 5 June 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090328174023/http://www.jasonkenney.com/EN/4961/70870 . 28 March 2009 .
20. Web site: Speech at ARVN rally . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/J_PB6BmTHkQ. 12 December 2021 . live. YouTube . 5 June 2010.
21. Web site: Maribyrnong to allow flying of former South Vietnam flag. News. 15 December 2015.
22. Web site: Recognition of the Vietnamese Heritage Flag by Greater Dandenong City Council. SBS Your Language. 15 December 2015.
23. Web site: Civic Flag Policy. 26 April 2019. 26 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190426025431/https://www.yarracity.vic.gov.au/-/media/files/about-us/governance/civic-flag-policy.pdf. dead.
24. Web site: Acknowledgement of heritage and culture. 26 April 2019 .
25. Web site: Council Meeting Minutes. 26 April 2019. 14 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190414090014/https://www.cityofpae.sa.gov.au/webdata/resources/minutesAgendas/Public%20Ordinary%20Council%20Meeting%20Minutes%2013%20June%202017.pdf. dead.
26. Web site: Vietnamese cheer flag victory. Papworth. Tate. Star Weekly. 26 April 2019. 26 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190426025439/https://www.starweekly.com.au/news/vietnamese-cheer-flag-victory/. dead.
27. [KOCE]
28. Web site: College Defuses Flag Protest. Jeff. Gottlieb. Los Angeles Times. 12 May 2004. 11 January 2024.
29. News: Protests will last until finals week. A.J.. Eaton. 20 April 2006. 30 April 2008. The Shorthorn Online.
30. News: Vietnamese Flag Choice Sparks Ideological Debate. David Ramli. Special Broadcasting Service. 15 July 2008. 28 July 2008. 15 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121015004725/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/551821/Vietnamese-Flag-Choice-Sparks-Ideological-Debate. dead.
31. Web site: art installation. 12 November 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081219194750/http://research.berkeley.edu/haas_scholars/scholars/2005-2006/news/confhighlightsSatC.html. 19 December 2008. dead.
32. News: Vietnamese Americans protest published photo. My-Thuan Tran. 12 February 2008. 11 November 2008. Los Angeles Times.
33. Web site: HELP GET OUR FLAG BACK!. 2 October 2014. 19 August 2016. 15 January 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170115112044/http://fascinasians.tumblr.com/post/99025321917/help-get-our-flag-back. dead.
34. Book: Dang. Thanh Thuy Vo. Anticommunism as cultural praxis: South Vietnam, War, and Refugee Memories in the Vietnamese American Community. 28 March 2011. 2008. San Diego, California. 9780549560173.
35. Web site: Tìm lại những lá cờ hoàng gia xưa ở Việt Nam. 4 June 2013. 25 September 2014. Kỷ vật lịch sử. Cuộc vận động Sưu tầm và Tuyên truyền Kỷ vật lịch sử Công an Nhân dân. Chế độ Cộng sản Việt Nam. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20141006203202/http://www.kyvatlichsucand.vn/vn/news/935/234/Tim-lai-nhung-la-co-hoang-gia-xua-o-Viet-Nam.html. 6 October 2014.
36. Web site: Vietnam. Ben. Cahoon. www.worldstatesmen.org.
37. https://web.archive.org/web/20050512031344/http://www.vpac-usa.org/flag/The%20National%20Flag%20of%20VN.pdf The National Flag of Viet Nam: Its Origin and Legitimacy
38. Web site: Republic of Viet Nam (South Viet Nam) . Flags of the World . 19 August 2021.
39. Nguyễn, Đình Sài (2004) The National Flag of Viet Nam: Its Origin and Legitimacy or in Vietbao.com or in PDF,
40. Web site: CỜ VÀNG SỌC ĐỎ CÓ TỪ THỜI VUA THÀNH THÁI?. 5 December 2014. 19 August 2021. Phạm Quang Tuấn. Văn Việt . vi.
41. News: Alarm, Confusion and Embarrassment Over Southeast Asian Symbols at Pro-Trump Riot. 10 January 2021. Vice News. en.
42. News: Decoding the Far-Right Symbols at the Capitol Riot. Matthew. Rosenberg. Ainara. Tiefenthäler. The New York Times. 13 January 2021. 13 January 2021.
43. News: Mang cờ VNCH đi biểu tình ở Quốc Hội Mỹ: Đồng tình hay phản đối?. Bringing the Republic of Vietnam flag to the Capitol protest: Agree or disagree?. Nguoi Viet Daily News. Westminster, California. 12 January 2021. 13 January 2021. vi.
44. News: Những Tổ Chức Người Mỹ Gốc Việt Lên Án Việc Đánh Phá Nền Dân Chủ Hoa Kỳ. Vietnamese-American Organizations Condemn Raid on American Democracy. Việt Báo. Garden Grove, California. 10 January 2021. 13 January 2021. vi.
45. News: Người Việt Nghĩ Gì Về Biến Cố Bạo Động Chiếm Quốc Hội Hoa Kỳ Và Sự Tham Dự Của Lá Cờ Vàng?. How do Vietnamese People View the Invasion of the United States Capitol and Appearance of the Yellow Flag?. Việt Báo. Garden Grove, California. 12 January 2021. 13 January 2021. vi.
46. Web site: Vietnam drew with Japan, and the 'yellow flag incident on television'.. March 29, 2022. July 26, 2023. Phan Ngoc . British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) . vi.
47. Web site: Trận Úc-Việt Nam: Cờ vàng là lý do VTV phát sóng trận đấu chậm 10 phút?. Australia-Vietnam match: Is the yellow flag the reason why VTV broadcasts the match 10 minutes late?. 28 January 2022. 11 January 2024. Nguyễn Quang Duy . British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) . vi.
48. Web site: Vietnam objects to Australian coin with war-era yellow flag.. "We regret and resolutely protest against the Royal Australian Mint's and Australia Post's releases and circulation of items containing the yellow flag with three stripes, the flag of a regime which is no longer in existence," said Pham Thu Hang, deputy spokesperson of Vietnam's foreign ministry.. 5 May 2023. 27 July 2023. Joel . Guinto . Bùi . Thư. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). en.
49. Web site: Hanni Phạm - ca sĩ K-pop bị tẩy chay vì gia đình có gốc gác VNCH?. Hanni Pham - K-pop singer was ostracized because her family came from the Republic of Vietnam?. vi. Bùi . Thư. BBC. 8 February 2023. 11 January 2024.
50. Web site: The National Flag of Free Vietnam. 4 February 2009. Khải Chính Phạm Kim Thư. https://web.archive.org/web/20090204021516/http://www5.brinkster.com/vla/pkt1.asp . 4 February 2009 . en.